百脉根液泡膜H+-PPase基因LcVP1植物表达载体构建与转基因毛白杨的获得

为通过基因工程手段进行杨树耐盐性状的遗传改良,本文分析已克隆的百脉根液泡膜H+-PPase基因LcVP1的cDNA序列,根据其与植物表达中间载体pGN上的酶切位点设计一对带酶切位点的特异性引物,以测序质粒为模板,PCR扩增百脉根液泡膜H+-PPase基因开放阅读框片段。双酶切PCR回收产物和pGN载体,将目的片段定向连接构建成植物表达载体pGVP,并转入根癌农杆菌;在此基础上,利用根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法,将百脉根液泡膜H+-PPase基因转入毛白杨基因组中。转基因杨树的获得,为获得耐盐性提高的杨树品系提供了基础。     

植物体内的淀粉磷酸化

淀粉是植物主要储存碳水化合物的形式,是食品及工业应用中最重要的植物原材料之一。植物淀粉中的高度磷酸化作用,使磷酸酯淀粉含量增加,从而改善了淀粉的品质和理化性质。介绍了淀粉磷酸化作用的机制,概述了α-葡聚糖水合二激酶(α-glucanwaterdikinase,GWD)功能与磷酸化作用和淀粉代谢的关系及其生物学研究进展,在此基础上,讨论利用基因工程改良淀粉品质的可能途径以及今后的研究任务。     

液泡膜质子泵与植物耐盐相关性研究

土壤盐渍化是一个世界性的资源问题和生态问题,盐分胁迫几乎会影响植物所有重要的生命活动,造成植物的减产或其他不利影响.液泡膜质子泵(H~+-ATPase和H~+-PPase)在植物细胞的跨膜物质转运、胞内pH值平衡等诸多生理活性方面都发挥关键作用.因此,在植物对环境胁迫的响应过程中,液泡膜质子泵活性的调节对植物的耐盐性具有重要意义.本文结合植物液泡膜H~+-ATPase和H~+-PPase的分子结构、生理功能及其在盐胁迫下调节机理的研究结果,阐述了植物液泡膜质子泵的生理功能与植物耐盐性的相关性,并对其仍未解决的问题进行了展望.     

一个新的拟南芥磷饥饿反应突变体筛选体系

磷是植物必需的一种大量营养元素。农作物的产量经常因磷饥饿而受损。研究植物在磷饥饿条件下所发生的变化,有利于以后运用基因工程的手段培育耐低磷农作物。将野生型拟南芥与磷饥饿反应突变体进行对比研究,能够为植物对磷饥饿反应的研究提供重要线索。筛选植物对磷饥饿反应突变体,筛选方法是非常重要的。野生型拟南芥在供磷正常的培养基上竖直培养时主根向下,同时呈较大幅度的弯曲。在磷饥饿的培养基上主根则几乎是垂直向下的,而且主根相对较为短小。利用这种现象,在供磷正常的培养基上种植的拟南芥植株中发现了一株可能的新的磷饥饿反应突变体。     

NaCl和Na2CO3 对玉米生长和生理胁迫效应的比较研究

分别用不同浓度的NaCl和Na2CO3溶液处理玉米,然后测定干重、渗透调节能力的变化,离子、丙二醛(MDA)、氨基酸（AA）、有机酸（OA）、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)的含量,液泡膜H+-ATPase（V-H+-ATPase）,液泡膜H+-PPase(V-H+-PPase)、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）的活性。结果表明,玉米在Na2CO3作用下,其生长和生理变化和NaCl胁     

马蔺VP基因的克隆与植物表达载体构建

以马蔺幼根总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到马蔺H+-PPase全长序列并克隆到p MD19-T载体,命名为Il VP。序列分析表明该基因的开放阅读框为2 316 bp,编码771个氨基酸,推测等电点为5.16,分子量为80.7 k D,所得到的序列与Gen Bank中注册的高等植物液泡膜H+-PPase的核苷酸序列相比,其同源性均达到70%以上,其氨基酸序列的同源性则达到79%以上。用SmaⅠ和SacⅠ分别对目的基因质粒和植物表达载体p BI121进行双酶切,在DNA连接酶的作用下进行定向连接,构建成植物重组质粒p BI121-35S-Il VP-Nos,再转入根癌农杆菌EHA105中,为该基因在烟草等植物中遗传转化和基因功能研究奠定基础。     

植物对磷饥饿的反应研究进展

磷是构成生命的重要元素之一,也是土壤中有效性最低的一种营养元素。我国是世界上最大的小麦生产国。但是我国耕地中有59%的土壤缺磷。农作物的产量常受到缺磷的影响而受损。土壤缺磷并不是土壤中总磷量低,而是土壤中可供植物直接吸收利用的有效态磷含量低。植物在磷饥饿时会发生各种各样的变化,以尽最大可能满足自身对磷的需求。植物对缺磷的反应是一个复杂的网络过程。大约有100多个基因参与了植物对缺磷的反应。其中主要的有磷转运蛋白基因、核糖核酸酶基因、磷酸酶基因等。植物在吸收外界的磷的过程中磷转运蛋白发挥了重要作用。植物磷转运蛋白基因按照序列相似性可以划分为H+/Pi共转运家族(Pht1家族)和Na+/Pi共转运家族(Pht2家族)。按照吸收动力学的标准可以分为高亲和力磷转运蛋白和低亲和力磷转运蛋白两种。磷饥饿时植物对磷吸收能力的增强的原因之一是增加了磷转运蛋白分子的合成数目。目前尽管人们对植物吸收磷的理解已经有了长足的进步,但是在植物对磷的具体调控机制、磷的跨液泡膜运输等重要方面仍然没有明确的结果。     

谷子酸性磷酸酶ACP家族基因鉴定与SiACP1耐低磷单倍型分析

细胞内酸性磷酸酶(ACP)是一种将液泡内的磷酸酯水解为无机磷的酶,普遍存在于植物组织中,在调控植物磷营养方面起着重要作用。谷子具有耐贫瘠特性,蕴藏着重要的耐低磷优异位点。挖掘谷子SiACP基因的关键变异位点和单倍型,促进分子标记辅助培育新品种,是解决土壤有效磷缺乏的主要遗传育种途径之一。通过同源序列比对的方式共获得了13个谷子以及其他3种禾本科作物的ACP家族基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析,结果发现,ACP家族基因在禾本科作物的数量和分布具有一定的规律性,均具有高度保守的磷酸酶结构域和基序。通过家族进化树分析发现,单子叶植物ACP基因与双子叶植物ACP基因在进化过程中出现明显的分支。转录组数据的表达模式结果显示,C4植物谷子的SiACP1基因表达模式具有明显的组织表达特异性,而SiACP2和SiACP3基因在整个生长发育阶段的不同组织表达量均较高。通过候选基因关联分析和单倍型分析发现,位于SiACP1启动子的SNP与耐低磷相关性状显著关联,并初步鉴定到一个与谷子耐低磷性状相关的有利单倍型ACPHap2。研究结果将为作物耐低磷优良种质育种提供一定的基因遗传信息参考。     

不同耐低磷水稻基因型秧苗对难溶性磷的吸收利用

选取4个典型耐低磷水稻基因型99011、508、580和99112,并以2个磷敏感基因型99012和99056为参照,采用营养液培养和砂培的方法,研究不同磷处理对秧苗生长的影响以及不同耐低磷基因型对3种难溶性磷源(有机磷、铝磷和磷矿粉)吸收利用能力的差异。结果表明,不同无机磷处理,6个基因型生物量和根干重基本上均为全磷处理（P）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）>对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）> 对照（CK）;4个耐低磷基因型根干重和根冠比均大于2个磷敏感基因型;对于根冠比,耐低磷基因型580和99011为对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）> 对照（CK）> 全磷处理（P）,耐低磷基因型508、99112和磷敏感基因型99012为CK> CK+RP> CK+Al-P > P,磷敏感基因型99056为CK+Al-P > CK+RP > P>CK;缺磷处理,秧苗活化吸收难溶性磷源的能力均为OP> Al-P> RP,且不同基因型的分解吸收能力对OP为99011> 508> 580> 99012> 99112> 99056（表2）,对Al-P为580> 99011> 99112> 508> 99056> 99012（表3）,对RP为580> 99112> 99011> 508> 99012> 99056（表2）。此外,缺磷即CK处理,508对低浓度的磷吸收最多(表2和表3),而580对磷的利用效率显著高于其他基因型（表3）,这些特征可能也是它们耐低磷的重要贡献因子之一。     

大豆耐低磷胁迫研究进展

磷是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素之一,但它在土壤中有效性是非常低的.缺磷是限制目前农业产量的一个重要因子,传统的农业生产主要通过施肥和土壤改良来满足植物对磷的需求,近年来人们开始发掘磷高效利用植物来替代传统方法提高磷的利用效率.在缺磷胁迫下,植物会产生一系列的包括根系形态及生理方面的适应性变化.本文综述了低磷胁迫对大豆根系、光合作用等影响的研究进展,大豆耐低磷胁迫的遗传学研究进展,以及讨论当前大豆磷效率遗传研究中存在的主要问题.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.