2004/2005年冬季连江县低温考察和橄榄树冻害指标初探

通过对浦东农场两个山坡地晴天的低温考察得出：相对高差小于50m的山坡,最大的逆温出现在坡顶;相对高差为80m的山坡,最大的逆温出现的坡位约为相对高差的0.88倍处.从坡底到最大逆温效应出现的坡位,最低气温随着高度的升高而升高.2004/2005年冬季低温,浦东农场海拔44m以下的橄榄树全部受冻,海拔越低,冻害越严重;68-85m处的橄榄树基本都未受冻,这是坡地逆温影响所致.据对14个考察点附近的橄榄树冻害调查资料和相应的低温资料进行初步分析,得出：当最低气温低于-2.0℃时,橄榄树叶片受冻;当最低气温低于-2.7℃时,橄榄树末一枝条受冻;当最低气温低于-3.0℃时,橄榄树末二枝条受冻,研究结果可为当地橄榄的发展、布局和防冻提供依据.     

闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察和适地果树树种的选择

据对闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察资料分析,对于相对高差为60m的小山坡,晴天最低气温随高度的增加而增加,越近坡顶,最低气温越高;对相对高差为86m的小山坡,在相对坡位为0.86的山坡中上部,晴天最低气温常出现最高,逆温最明显。孔源村四周被群山环抱,仅西南面有一狭小的出口,冷空气易进难出,最低气温偏低。山坡地逆温仅体现同一山坡不同坡位之间最低气温的差别,尽管所考察的两个山坡最大的逆温差达到2.6℃,但所考察的14个点最低气温都比闽侯县气象局低,故在果树建园选择园址时,不要过分夸大坡地逆温的作用。据考察的资料分析,孔源村可选下部较开阔、坡位为0.6-1、海拔约140-180m处适当种植橄榄树;山坡的下部和坡底海拔高度低于80m的山间垄田洼地可种植宽皮桔,其它坡位以种植甜橙为好。     

1.5m贴地气层内最低温度考察和贴地层逆温特征分析

福建省年度极端最低气温绝大多数是由平流降温后的晴夜辐射降温（A型低温）引起的,使果树遭受重或严重冻害的低温都出现在A型中。据坡顶、坡中、坡下的1.5m贴地气层内最低温度考察资料分析,晴天A型低温在1.5m贴地气层内也存在贴地层逆温。贴地层逆温强度随相对坡位增大而增大;随排汇比的减小而减小。应用贴地层逆温特征,在果树的嫁接中采用高位嫁接,用耐冻力强的树种作砧,让其处于温度最低的气层中,可减轻或避免低温给果树造成的冻害。而处于空气易进难出的坡底冷湖中的贴地层逆温现象不明显,即使采用高位嫁接,其减轻冻害的作用不大。     

福建省东部近海地区冬季坡地逆温分析

山坡地果树在冬季强低温下会表现出不同的冻害特征,研究坡地逆温特征、选择适宜的坡位种植果树对避免或减轻低温给果树造成的损失具有重要意义。为研究山坡地逆温特征,2007／2008年度在永泰县境内山坡的不同坡位上布点进行最低温度考察,结果显示,在相对高差近300m的山坡上,相对坡位约7／10附近晴天的最低温度常出现最高,与坡底的最大逆温差达1．9℃。结合福建省东部4个市县10个山坡地的考察资料,分析得出坡地逆温具有以下特征：最大逆温出现的坡位与山坡的总高度差成反相关,随着总高度差的增加,最大逆温差出现的坡位呈下降趋势;随着排汇比（可排泄的方位角与360°之比）的减小,最大逆温差出现的坡位呈升高的趋势。最大逆温差值与山坡的排汇比、坡度和总高度差有关,最大逆温差值随着排汇比的减小呈增大的趋势、随坡度的增大呈增大的趋势;当排汇比和坡度相同时,最大逆温差值随山坡的总高度差的增大而减小。     

黔中典型岩溶石漠化地区土壤水分动态变化规律研究

土壤水分动态变化研究在岩溶石漠化地区生态恢复和重建过程中具有重要意义.根据坡位和季节的不同,通过24组样品分析了土壤水分空间分布特征及变异性.结果表明:表层土壤水分沿上坡向下具有不断减小的变化趋势,坡面土壤水分呈中等变异,不同坡位间的差异不大,坡顶和坡底土壤含水量较高,与坡地相比,坡底受外界条件的干扰相对较小;与坡位相比季节对岩溶土壤水的影响相对较大,在雨季来临时土壤水分的变异系数突然变大,随着雨季的延续变异系数逐渐变小,到雨季末期达到最小,其含水量在4-8月之间达到最大,其变化幅度总体与降雨量呈正比.     

福建龙眼树冻害指标初探

强低温常给龙眼树造成伤害,重则死亡,探讨龙眼树的冻害指标对龙眼树的合理布局和低温预警具有重要意义。为此,本文收集福建省近几年冬季低温考察资料、龙眼树冻害调查资料,引用考察文献中的龙眼树冻害和同期的低温资料,参考广西壮族自治区气象减灾研究所1999／2000年冬季10多县（市）龙眼树冻害的照片资料和对应的低温资料;经统计处理整理成同时同地龙眼树的冻害级别与百叶箱中的最低气温资料;相关分析表明：龙眼树冻害级别与最低气温间可以用一元二次方程拟合,龙眼树的无冻害、轻冻害、中冻害、重冻害、严重冻害对应的最低气温分别为-0．2℃、-1．6℃、-2．6℃、-3．3℃、-3．5℃;各冻害级别之间平均温差随着冻害级别的提高而缩小。     

地形闭塞的山坡下部冬季气温特征分析

根据龙海站过去50a(1959-2009年)的低温历史资料分析,并没有达到荔枝树遭受冻害的标准,但1991/1992年度、1999/2000年度冬季位于该站西南偏南11km的双第华侨农场的荔枝树却遭受了较严重的冻害。为探寻冻害产生的真正原因,本文利用2008/2009年冬季在龙海气象站和龙海市境内的双第华侨农场自动站(位于地形闭塞的山坡地下部)观测的气温资料进行对比分析发现:与龙海站相比,双第站的平均气温和最低气温偏低、最高气温偏高、气温日较差偏大;两站日最低气温间呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.9468r0.001,n=90),两站的日最低气温差值随着龙海站最低气温的降低呈增大的趋势,说明龙海站的最低气温较低时双第站的会更低。采用差值法对龙海迁站(2001年)前后的年度极端最低气温资料进行了均一性订正,采用线性回归关系式推算出1991/1992年度和1999/2000年度冬季双第站的最低气温为-4.9℃和-3.8℃,这就是双第华侨农场当年冬季荔枝树发生冻害的真正原因。     

不同坡位条件对毛乌素沙地长柄扁桃林地土壤水分的影响

[目的]揭示半干旱区固定沙丘不同坡位条件下土壤水分空间变化规律,为固定沙丘土壤水分合理利用提供决策依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙漠东南缘陕西省神木市生态协会毛乌素治沙造林基地,以固定沙丘12 a龄人工长柄扁桃林地为研究对象,建立土壤水分定位观测小区,使用CNC503DR型中子仪对2018年7—10月0—300 cm土层土壤水分进行测定,并分析不同坡位条件下长柄扁桃林地生长季土壤水分时空变化特征。[结果](1)坡顶与坡上0—300 cm土壤剖面含水量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小,之后趋于稳定的变化趋势,而坡中(上、下)与坡底表现为类似S形的变化规律,土壤含水量表现为:坡底坡中(上)坡上≥坡顶坡中(下);(2)坡底土壤含水量表现出强变异性,其他4种坡位条件下为中等变异;(3)不同坡位条件下蒸散发表现为:坡底坡顶坡中(下)坡上坡中(上),坡上属强变异,而坡底则表现出中等变异且变异系数最小。[结论]不同坡位条件对固定沙丘土壤水分及蒸散耗水具有重要影响,坡底土壤含水量及蒸散发量均最大,且具有较强的不稳定性。     

宁南山区不同坡位土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的分布特征

对宁夏固原黄土丘陵区天然草地不同坡位上土壤微生物量和酶活性进行研究,旨在了解坡位对土壤微生物量及酶活的影响,通过分析土壤微生物量及酶活性间的相关关系,进一步了解其内在联系.结果表明,在3个坡面地形部位(上坡位,中坡位和下坡位)上,土壤微生物量碳随着坡位的降低而减小;土壤微生物量氮在坡顶和坡底较高,坡中较低;微生物量磷在坡中部和坡底较高,坡顶较低.土壤酶活性基本不随坡位的变化而变化.显著性分析发现,微生物量碳和酶活性没有差异显著性,微生物量氮坡顶和坡底差异显著(P<0.05,n=3),微生物量磷坡顶较坡底和坡中差异显著(P<0.05,n=3).     

刺槐根系抗弯特性研究

从根径和坡位两方面研究了石质陡边坡刺槐根系的抗弯特性。通过对刺槐根系进行室内单根弯曲试验,分析了不同坡位下坡向侧根的抗弯特性。试验结果表明,根系的抗弯强度与坡位的关系显著,不同坡位抗弯强度关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。坡顶和坡底根系的抗弯强度与根径之间存在递增的幂函数关系,而坡中根系抗弯强度与根径之间的关系不显著。弯曲弹性模量与根径存在递减的幂函数关系,在根径大于8mm左右,不同坡位根系弯曲弹性模量大小关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。不同坡位根系的最大弯曲力之间差异不显著,最大弯曲力沿着坡面向下呈递减趋势。不同坡位根系的断裂挠度之间差异也不显著,但根系的断裂挠度沿着坡面向下呈递增趋势。综合这些结果,可以发现坡顶根系的抗弯性能最佳,对边坡稳定的贡献较大。     

通风量对粪渣与树叶共堆肥的影响

为实现园林废物的无害化与资源化并获得合适的通风量,以粪渣与树叶为原料,采用0.08、0.14和0.20 m3/(min·m3) 3个通风量进行了静态好氧堆肥,分析了不同通风量对堆肥过程中的堆体温度、二氧化碳浓度、发芽指数、肥效指标氮磷钾以及重金属质量分数等指标的影响。结果表明：在粪渣与树叶含水率分别为80%和8%左右,粪渣与树叶质量比例为3/1,通风量为0.078、0.14和0.20 m3/(min·m3)时,均可以实现高温好氧堆肥。通风量为0.14 m3/(min·m3)时堆肥效果较佳。所得堆肥产品肥效指标和重金属质量分数均符合国家相应标准。     

无膜棉花产量及其根区温湿盐对灌溉量的响应

为揭示无膜棉花产量及其根区温湿盐对深层、夜间灌溉量的响应机制,在等行距密植（26株/m2）条件下,以早熟品种''新陆早 74 号''为试材,设置5个灌水量处理（W1,2 649 m3/hm2;W2,2 925 m3/hm2;W3,3 201 m3/hm2;W4,3 477 m3/hm2;W5,3 753 m3/hm2）,研究了棉花产量形成及根区水分、温度和盐分浓度变化规律。结果表明：棉花籽棉产量2020年较2019年增加45.6%～65.5%（P<0.05）,其中W4处理较高,较其他处理增加4.1%～10.3%（P<0.05）。土壤含水率盛花期前W5> W4> W3> W2> W1,盛铃期后处理间无差异,但较盛花期前降低21.2%～35.0%（P<0.05）。土壤温度W4较其他处理高0.3%～1.2%（P>0.05）。W4处理土壤pH值在初花期前0～30 cm土层和盛铃期后>10～20 cm土层较其他处理分别低0.1%～0.8%和0.6%～1.3%（P>0.05）。土壤电导率W3处理0～30 cm土层较其他处理高6.4%～19.4%（P<0.05）。相关分析表明,籽棉产量与土壤0～10 cm土层电导率显著正相关（P<0.05）、与pH值显著负相关（P<0.05）、与土壤>10～20 cm土层电导率和花期土壤含水率显著正相关（P<0.05）、与盛铃后期温度和pH值显著负相关（P<0.05）。因此,无膜高密度深层、夜间滴灌条件下,灌水量为3 477 m3/hm2可营造适宜棉花生长的根区（尤其是>10～20 cm土层）温度以及盐分环境,从而获得较高棉花产量。     

High night temperature stimulates photosynthesis,biomass production and growth during the vegetative stage of rice plants

Abstract

The effects of night temperature on biomass accumulation and plant morphology were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth. Plants were grown under three different night temperatures (17, 22 and 27°C) for 63 days. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in all treatments. The final biomass of the plants was greatest in the plants grown at the highest night temperature. Total leaf area and tiller number were also the greatest in this treatment. Growth analysis indicated that the relative growth rate in the 27°C night-temperature treatment was maximal between days 21–42 and this was caused by increases in leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. Plant total nitrogen contents did not differ among treatments. However, nitrogen allocation to the leaf blades was highest and the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the leaf blades and sheaths was the lowest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment by day 42. Despite this, dark respiration was also highest, and both the gross and net rates of CO₂ uptake at the level of the whole plant at day 63 were the highest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment. Thus, high night temperature strongly stimulated the growth of leaf blades during the early stage of rice plant growth, leading to increased biomass during the vegetative stage of the rice plants. As the CO₂ uptake rate per total leaf area was higher, photosynthesis at the level of the whole plant was also stimulated by a high night temperature.     

High night temperature stimulates photosynthesis, biomass production and growth during the vegetative stage of rice plants

The effects of night temperature on biomass accumulation and plant morphology were examined in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth. Plants were grown under three different night temperatures (17, 22 and 27°C) for 63 days. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in all treatments. The final biomass of the plants was greatest in the plants grown at the highest night temperature. Total leaf area and tiller number were also the greatest in this treatment. Growth analysis indicated that the relative growth rate in the 27°C night-temperature treatment was maximal between days 21–42 and this was caused by increases in leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. Plant total nitrogen contents did not differ among treatments. However, nitrogen allocation to the leaf blades was highest and the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the leaf blades and sheaths was the lowest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment by day 42. Despite this, dark respiration was also highest, and both the gross and net rates of CO₂ uptake at the level of the whole plant at day 63 were the highest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment. Thus, high night temperature strongly stimulated the growth of leaf blades during the early stage of rice plant growth, leading to increased biomass during the vegetative stage of the rice plants. As the CO₂ uptake rate per total leaf area was higher, photosynthesis at the level of the whole plant was also stimulated by a high night temperature.     

夜间补充UV-C和蓝光对黄瓜病害防控及植株生长发育的影响

为探究夜间补光对黄瓜病害防控及植株生长发育的影响,以黄瓜品种津优35号为试验材料,设置UV-C(253.7 nm)、蓝光(460 nm)、蓝光/UV-C(复合光)及不补光(CK)4个处理,研究不同光质处理对黄瓜病害防控和植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,UV-C处理对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果显著好于蓝光/UV-C和蓝光,达到96.01%;不同光质处理对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果均不明显;UV-C 处理下的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性和木质素含量均显著高于CK,而蓝光和蓝光/UV-C处理对上述指标无显著作用;各处理对黄瓜植株的株高、茎粗、叶面积等生长指标和产量均无显著影响。本研究结果为温室黄瓜病害防控提供了理论依据。     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.     

Effect of spectral composition of artificial light on the attraction of moths

During the last decades, artificial night lighting has increased globally, which largely affected many plant and animal species. So far, current research highlights the importance of artificial light with smaller wavelengths in attracting moths, yet the effect of the spectral composition of artificial light on species richness and abundance of moths has not been studied systematically. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that (1) higher species richness and higher abundances of moths are attracted to artificial light with smaller wavelengths than to light with larger wavelengths, and (2) this attraction is correlated with morphological characteristics of moths, especially their eye size. We indeed found higher species richness and abundances of moths in traps with lamps that emit light with smaller wavelengths. These lamps attracted moths with on average larger body mass, larger wing dimensions and larger eyes. Cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, e.g. pollination, can be expected when larger moth species are attracted to these lights. Predatory species with a diet of mainly larger moth species and plant species pollinated by larger moth species might then decline. Moreover, our results indicate a size-bias in trapping moths, resulting in an overrepresentation of larger moth species in lamps with small wavelengths. Our study indicates the potential use of lamps with larger wavelengths to effectively reduce the negative effect of light pollution on moth population dynamics and communities where moths play an important role.     

昼夜温差对番茄果实品质动态变化的影响及模拟

为了研究昼夜温差对番茄果实膨大-成熟期各阶段果实品质动态变化的影响,并构建昼夜温差对果实品质影响的模拟模型,以番茄品种"金冠5号"为试验材料,在人工气候箱对坐果后的番茄植株进行昼夜温差处理,设置25℃日平均温度下5个昼夜温差(DIF)水平,即-18℃(16℃/34℃,昼温/夜温)、-12℃(19℃/31℃)、0℃(25℃/25℃)、+12℃(31℃/19℃)、+18℃(34℃/16℃),测定各处理下番茄果实品质指标。结果表明:正昼夜温差可提高番茄果实营养成分含量和品质,而负昼夜温差使其降低。正昼夜温差使可溶性糖、糖酸比、可溶性蛋白、Vc含量增加,+12℃DIF处理下各营养品质含量高于+18℃DIF下,而负昼夜温差使其降低,且随负昼夜温差的增大而降低。有机酸含量在正昼夜温差下减少,而在负昼夜温差下增加。番茄红素含量在+12℃DIF下上升,而在+18℃DIF和负昼夜温差下降低。不同昼夜温差处理下,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均与辐热积呈Logistic模型关系,通过拟合昼夜温差值与Logistic模型参数的数量关系,得到昼夜温差对可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白动态变化影响的模拟模型。有机酸、Vc含量均与辐热积呈二次多项式关系,通过拟合昼夜温差与二次多项式模型参数的数量关系,得到昼夜温差对有机酸、Vc动态变化影响的模拟模型。检验结果表明,模型模拟效果良好。     

富氧灌溉池塘中反硝化细菌丰度昼夜垂直变化特征分析

为了探讨农用灌溉池塘蓄积的生活污水在富氧条件下反硝化细菌丰度变化及其与水质参数的相关性,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术对富氧灌溉池塘水体不同深度水层中(上层10~30 cm、中层90~110 cm、和下层150~170 cm)反硝化功能基因丰度昼夜变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:水质参数中溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)浓度、p H值、水温、光照度及NO3--N浓度均具有垂向分层效应,随水层的加深而逐渐降低,NH4+-N及PO43--P浓度则呈现与前者相反的趋势,随水层加深而逐渐升高;nir K,nir S和nos Z 3类反硝化基因受DO浓度和p H值调节作用显著,均表现为白天丰度高,晚间丰度低的时间效应;3类反硝化基因丰度整体表现为表层水体中的基因丰度高,其次为中层水体,底层水体中的丰度最低的趋势,即同样表现出垂向分层效应。nir S基因丰度总是比nir K基因丰度高,说明nir S型反硝化细菌更能适应富氧灌溉池塘水质环境。3类反硝化基因丰度与环境参数中的DO浓度和p H值呈显著正相关(P0.01)。综上,富氧条件下灌溉池塘水质参数尤其是DO浓度昼夜垂向变化促使nir K,nir S和nos Z 3类反硝化细菌丰度变化具有一定的时间效应和垂直空间分层效应,说明在自然条件下也可能有大量的好氧反硝化细菌存在,并且因为长时间受富氧条件驯化,导致反硝化细菌丰度受DO浓度变化影响较大,可能会促使不同深度水层断面发生的氮转化过程及其强度具有差异。进而为原位状态下好氧反硝化脱氮的可能性提供了更有利的佐证。该研究为富氧污水在用于农田灌溉使用时提供背景参数。     

苹果采摘机器人夜间图像边缘保持的Retinex增强算法

为了提高采摘机器人的适用性和工作效率,保证成熟苹果果实的及时采摘,需要机器人具有夜间连续识别、采摘作业的能力。针对夜间苹果图像的特点,该文提出一种基于引导滤波的具有边缘保持特性的Retinex图像增强算法。利用颜色特征分量采用具有边缘保持功能的引导滤波来估计出照度分量;进而利用单尺度Retinex算法对图像进行对数变换获得仅包含物体本身特性的反射分量图像;分别对照度分量和反射分量图像增强后,再合成为新的夜间苹果的增强图像。文中选取30幅荧光灯辅助照明下采集到的夜间苹果图像进行试验的结果显示,该文增强算法处理后的30幅图像的平均灰度值,分别比原始图像、直方图均衡算法、同态滤波算法和双边滤波Retinex算法处理后的图像平均提高230.34%、251.16%、14.56%、7.75%,标准差平均提高36.90%、-23.95%、53.37%、28.00%,信息熵平均提高65.88%、99.68%、66.85%、17.53%,平均梯度提高161.70%、64.71%、139.89%、17.70%。且该文算法较双边滤波Retinex方法的运行时间平均减少74.56%。表明该文算法在夜间图像增强效果和运行时间效率上有明显的提高,为后续夜间图像的分割和目标识别提供了保障。