黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林对水质的影响

对黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了测定.结果表明:大气降水经过白桦人工林生态系统后,浊度和总溶解固体值逐渐升高.穿透水除Ca元素外,其他化学元素含量均有不同程度的增加,化学元素含量排序为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Mn＞ Fe ＞Zn＞ Cu.树干茎流中各化学元素含量排序为:K＞Ca＞Mg ＞Na＞Fe ＞Mn ＞Zn ＞Cu.地表径流中各化学元素含量为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Fe＞ Mn＞ Zn＞ Cu.除Na、Ca元素外,大气降水中其他元素的变异系数均较大.穿透水和树干茎流中Cu元素的变异系数大于其他元素,地表径流中Zn元素的变异系数最大.根据淋溶系数的大小排列,穿透水中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:Mn＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Na＞ Ca.树干茎流中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:K ＞Mn＞ Mg＞ Fe ＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Ca＞ Na.经过淋洗后,穿透水和树干茎流中K和Mg元素增加较多,Ca元素出现负淋溶.     

野生欧李萌动期各器官中矿质元素的分配率变化

研究了野生欧李萌动期不同阶段矿质营养元素在各组织器官中的分配及其与干物质和水分分配的关系。结果表明：Ca、Fe、Mn、K元素在各器官中的分配总体表现为韧皮部＆gt;花器官＆gt;木质部,与干物质分配规律一致;Cu、Zn、Mg元素在各器官中的分配总体表现为韧皮部＆gt;木质部＆gt;花器官,与水分分配规律一致。随萌动期发育进程,木质部中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、K元素分配率下降,与干物质和水分分配率呈正相关,Ca、Mg元素分配率无明显改变;韧皮部中Fe、Mn、Mg、K元素分配率下降,与水分分配率呈正相关,Cu、Zn、Ca元素分配率略增加但不显著;花器官中除Ca元素分配率无明显改变外,其它6种元素分配率呈明显增加,与干物质和水分分配率呈高度正相关。花器官中各类矿质营养元素分配率增加幅度大小为Fe〉K〉Mg〉Mn〉Cu〉Zn〉Ca。     

微波消解-ICP-OES法测定麻竹中12种矿质元素含量的实验

利用微波消解对麻竹叶进行前期处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定竹叶中的12种元素含量。结果表明,该测定方法快速、准确、分析精度高;麻竹叶中所含的12种元素从高到低的排序为K、Ca、Mg、P、Mn、Al、Si、Na、Fe、Zn、Cr和Cu,其中,富含人体必需的Fe、Ca、Si等常量元素和Mn、Cu等微量元素,且K、Ca、Mg、P等元素的含量较高。本项实验建立了微波消解-ICP-OES法测定麻竹竹叶中的矿质元素的检测方法,麻竹叶中微量元素含量丰富。     

神农箭竹开花前后植物体内矿质元素之动态

矿质元素在神农箭竹(Fargesia murielae)体内的分布规律由大到小顺序为:Ca、M、Fe、Na、Mn、Ba、Zn、B、Cr、Ti、Cu、Ni、Li、Co、Ca、Mg、Na、Mn、Zn、B、Ba。Co、Ca、Mg、Na、Mn、Zn、B、Ba等元素主要在叶中积累;Fe、Ni、Co、Cr、Li、Ti主要在根中积累;Cu主要在鞭中积累;几乎所有矿质元素在竿中的含量都低于其它器官。随着开花过程的进行,神农箭竹体内各器官中Mg、Fe、Ba、Cr、Li、Ti等元素的含量逐渐降低,B的含量逐渐升高,其它矿质元素在不同的器官和生长发育时期变化很大。     

西藏绿萝花中矿质元素的分析测定

采用HNO3/H2O2湿法微波消解制样,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES),全面详细地分析测定西藏绿萝花中的矿质元素,共检出K、P、Ca、Mg、S、Al、Si、Fe、Na、Mn、Zn、Sr、B、Ba、Cu、Ti等16种矿质元素.分析结果相对标准偏差(RSD)值,除Ti元素外,其余15种都在4％以内;加标回收率在90.3 ％～110.9％之间,其中10种元素在(100±5)％范围内.绿萝花中所含人体常量元素K、P、Ca、Mg、S、Na等的质量分数分别为0.66％、0.40％、0.27％、0.23％、0.17％和0.004％;微量元素Fe、Zn、Cu、Si、Mn、B等的质量分数分别为48.4、30.8、6.5、151.0、36.3、16.5 mg/ks.     

牡竹属10种竹叶矿质元素含量分析

为了明确牡竹属竹叶中矿质元素的组成,采用ICP-MS法测定了牡竹属10种竹叶中主要矿质元素的含量。结果表明,10种竹叶中含有丰富的矿质元素,其中K、Ca、Mg含量较高,其次是Mn、Fe、Al、Na、Zn元素,Cr、Ni、Cu元素在竹叶中的含量较少,Co、As、Se、Mo、Hg和Pb含量很低。研究结果为牡竹属竹叶的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

天津滨海湿地不同植物矿质元素的分布及迁移特征分析

滨海湿地位于海陆交错地带,属于典型的生态脆弱区。探究滨海湿地植物中矿质元素的分布及迁移特征,有助于正确认识和理解滨海湿地生物地球化学循环这一关键过程。本文以天津滨海地区7种常见的湿地植物作为研究对象,研究P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Cu、Sr、Zn、Mn、Cr等12种矿质元素在植物不同器官中的分布与迁移特征。结果表明：Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、P在植物叶片和根系中的含量显著高于Sr、Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu、K、Na等矿质元素,且不同植物之间矿质元素含量的差异多与其抗盐和磷吸收的能力有关。所有植物中,大蓟对矿质元素的吸收能力弱,但转移能力强,狗尾草则趋势相反。其它如柽柳、刺儿菜、碱蓬、青蒿、盐地碱蓬等植物对多种矿质元素的吸收和转移能力均较高。相关分析表明12种元素组成的66对元素中,仅有14对元素密切相关,矿质元素之间的这种耦合与拮抗关系与植物自身代谢和不同器官的需求有关。主成分分析结果表明12种矿质元素根据功能可大致划分为三个组合,而碱蓬与盐地碱蓬在盐离子的吸收和转移功能上与其他植物明显不同。     

中亚热带地区几个树种树干茎流的养分特征研究

对湖南株洲22～25年生的樟树、火炬松、槲栎、醉香含笑4个树种树干茎流及林外大气降水中N、P、SiO2、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、和Mn 9种养分元素含量进行了为期一年的测定.结果表明:不同月份大气降水养分元素含量不同,各元素各月平均含量按大小排序为Ca＞NH4-N＞SiO2＞Zn＞K＞NO3-N＞Mg＞Fe＞Mn＞P＞Cu;大气降水经过林冠层后,树干茎流中各养分元素含量变化基本一致,均表现季节动态变化,相对于大气降水,大多数元素含量增加;不同树种间树干茎流养分特征表现不同,按总含量值排序依次为火炬松、槲栎、樟树、醉香含笑;不同养分元素之间的相对含量也表现出较大的差别,NH4-N、Ca、K、SiO2含量最高,Mg、NO3-N、Zn、Mn含量居中,P、Fe、Cu含量最低.与大气降水相比,4个树种茎流共同表现为,Cu的含量变化较小,其它元素含量均有较大的变化,其中樟树茎流中Zn,SiO2,Fe,Cu;火炬松、槲栎茎流中Zn,Fe;醉香含笑茎流中Zn为负淋洗,4个树种对Zn的负淋洗表现的尤为显著.     

不同年龄秦岭细鳞鲑肌肉中矿质元素含量特征

采集太白山南坡红水河野生细鳞鲑肌肉样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn元素含量。结果表明:细鳞鲑肌肉中常量元素K平均含量很高,而Na含量相对较低;微量元素Zn和Fe含量较丰富,同时,1龄鱼肌肉中Ca及Cu、Mn和Zn含量最高。随年龄增长,细鳞鲑肌肉中矿质元素含量也发生了改变。     

氮磷钾配方施肥对库尔勒香梨果7种重要元素含量的影响

在田间条件下,进行了给20年树龄的库尔勒香梨树施用不同配比氮、磷、钾肥,对其梨果的Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Na 7种重要元素含量影响的试验研究。结果表明,对其树体施用配比的氮、磷、钾肥能明显提高梨果的Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Na元素的含量,其中施用氮肥对梨果中的Mg、Zn、Cu、Na元素含量的提高效果显著,施用磷肥对梨果中Ca元素含量的提高效果显著,施用钾肥对梨果中Mn元素含量的提高效果显著,当施用的氮、磷、钾配比较为适当时,果实中的Fe元素含量最高。研究结果还表明,库尔勒香梨果实中,Ca、Mg、Fe、Na元素的含量相对较高,Zn、Cu、Mn元素的含量相对较低。     

Leaf and twig litter decomposition of main species in different forests along the north slope of Changbai Mountain, northeast China

From 2001 to 2003, the litter decomposition dynamics of dominant tree species were conducted using a litterbag burying method in the broadleaf-Korean pine forest, spruce-fir forest and Ermans birch forest, which represents three altitudinal belts in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The spatial and temporal dynamics of litter decomposition and the effects of litter properties were examined. Furthermore, the decomposition trend of different species was simulated by the Olson model, and results showed that annual mass loss rates increased over time, but was not significantly correlated. Leaf decomposition rates increased after decomposing for 638 days (1.75 years), and the order of dry weight remaining rates of leaf litter for different species is: Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla) (24.56%) < Amur linden (Tilia amurensis) (24.81%) < Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) (38.48%) < spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) (41.15%) < Ermans birch (Betula ermanii) (41.53%) < fir (Abies nephrolepis) (42.62%). The dry weight remaining rates of twig litter was smaller than that of leaf litter, and followed the order of Amur linden (44.98%) < fir (64.62%) < Korean pine (72.07%) < spruce (73.51%) < Asian white birch (77.37%) < Ermans birch (80.35%). The simulation results by the Olson model showed that, in leaf, the 95%-decomposition rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 years, and annual decomposition rate (k) followed the order of Amur linden (0.686) > Asian white birch (0.624) > Korean pine (0.441) > spruce (0.406) > fir (0.397) > Ermans birch (0.385); in twig, it ranged from 7.8 to 29.3 years, and k follows the order: Amur linden (0.391) > fir (0.204) > Korean pine (0.176) > spruce (0.157) > Asian white birch (0.148) > Ermans birch (0.102). In general, the differences of decomposition rate are evident between leaf and twig litter and among species, and were higher in broad-leaved species compared with coniferous species at the same elevation, and decreased with the ascending of elevation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,037–1,046 [译自: 生态学报]     

Nutrient dynamics in decomposing forest leaf litter: A comparison of field and laboratory microcosm approach

The effect of incubation setting (greenhouse: GM and field: FM microcosms) on nutrient element dynamics during decomposition of Japanese Konara Oak (Quercus serrata Murray) and Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et. Zucc.) litter was studied. Results show a disparity in relative concentrations and amounts of the same type of litter when incubated in different settings. The nutrient mobility, however, showed similar trend. The order of elemental mobility after 12 months forQuercus in FM was: P>K>Mg>C>Mn>Ca>N>Al>Cu>Zn>Fe; for GM it was: P>K>Mn>Mg>C>Ca>N>Al>Cu>Zn>Fe. ForPinus, elemental mobility in FM was: K>Mg>C>Mn>N>P>Cu>Zn>Al>Fe; while for GM was: K>C>Mn>N>Ca>Mg>Cu>Al>P>Zn>Fe. The elements inQuercus that lost their mass were P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn and C while those that increased were N, Cu, Al, Fe and Zn. ForPinus, K and Mg lost their nutrient mass while the other elements had increased or fluctuated but tended to increase. Three patterns of nutrient mobility were observed: first, the concentration increased while the nutrient mass (absolute amount) decreased; second, both concentration and nutrient mass increased; third, the concentration and nutrient mass decreased. On tracing nutrient mobility over time, the linear regression of nutrient element mass and litter element mass was preferred over the carbon to element ratios because the former gave a clearer picture of the relationship. On the over-all, the pattern of nutrient changes in greenhouse microcosms were different from those observed in the field, hence nutrient cycling studies using greenhouse-microcosm approach alone may give inaccurate results. This study was conducted while the senior author holds a Japanese government scholarship (MONBUSHO Grant No. 920205).     

Comparative analyses on the litter in Korean pine Mongolian Scots pine and Dahurian Larch plantations

Comparative analyses were conducted on the nutrient element content and returning amount of main fractional compositions of litter in Korean pine (KP), Mongolian Scots pine (MSP) and Dahurian larch (DL) plantations in Laoshan Plantation Experiment Station of Maoershan Experiment Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University. The results are as follows: (1) The nutrient element content and returning amount in litter varies among different fractional compositions and tree species, the total returning amount of all nutrient elements and the returning amount of K, Ca, Mg, N and P are DL > MSP > KP, the returning amount of Cu is DL > KP > MSP, the returning amount of Fe and Mn are MSP > DL > KP; (2) To KP and DL plantations, the main nutrient element returned is dead needles; dead branches, bark scales and dead cones account for a little proportion; whereas to MSP plantation, besides dead needles, dead branches and bark scales also play an important role in the return of nutrient elements; (3) A little deal of dead leaves can provided a great deal of returning amount of nutrient elements.     

Microelement contents of litter, soil fauna and soil in Pinus koraiensis and mixed broad-leaved forest

The Mn, Zn and Cu contents of litter, soil fauna and soil in Pinus koraiensis and mixed broad-leaved forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve of Xiaoxing’an Mountains were analyzed in this paper, results showed that the tested microelement contents in the litter, soil fauna and soil followed the order: Mn>Zn>Cu, but varied with environmental components, for Mn the order is soil>litter>soil fauna, for Zn is soil fauna>litter and soil, and for Cu is soil fauna>soil>litter. The change range of the tested microelement contents in litter was larger in broad-leaved forest than those in coniferous forest. Different soil fauna differed in their microelementenrichment capability, the highest content of Mn, Zn and Cu existed in earthworm, centipede and diplopod, respectively. The contents of the tested microelements in soil fauna had significant correlations with their environmental background values, litter decomposition rate, food habit of soil fauna, and its absorbing selectively and enrichment to microelements. The microelements contained in 5–20 cm soil horizon were more than those in 0–5 cm humus layer, and their dynamics differed in various horizons. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(2): 277–282 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Dynamics of some mineral nutrients and heavy metals in decomposing forest litter

The dynamics of three major mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) and six heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) were studied in decomposing natural, unpolluted litter in two forest types: Scots pine needle litter in a pure Scots pine forest and oak‐hornbeam leaf litter in a mixed oak‐hornbeam stand. Of the mineral nutrients, only K in the oak‐hornbeam system showed a significant decrease in concentration during the course of litter decomposition. For Ca and Mg in both systems and for K in the Scots pine system no clear relation between concentration and accumulated litter‐mass loss was observed. On the other hand, for Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd at both sites, as well as for Mn in the oak‐hornbeam stand and Cu in the Scots pine stand highly significant positive relations were found between heavy metal concentrations and accumulated mass loss. A decrease in concentration was noted only in the case of Mn in the Scots pine system. No clear pattern was found for Cu in the oak‐hornbeam stand. Concentrations of heavy metals in the decomposing litter reached levels at or above those reported to retard decomposition in other studies. At the oak‐hornbeam stand increased also the absolute amounts of Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd.     

Long-term dynamics of leaf and root decomposition and nitrogen release in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands

The decomposition of the leaf litter, fine roots (d?<?2?mm) and coarser roots (2?≤?d?<?5?mm) of grey alder and silver birch, as well as of α-cellulose sheets using the litterbag method was studied in two experimental stands on Podzoluvisol soils in Southern Estonia. For both tree species, the coarser roots decomposed faster than the fine roots, (p?<?.05), tree species did not affect the decomposition rate of the roots (p?>?.5). The nitrogen (N) input to soil from aboveground litter was multiple times higher than the N flux from roots. The remaining relative ash-free mass of the leaves of grey alder and silver birch after three and a half years was similar. After 11 years the remaining relative ash-free mass of the fine and coarser roots of grey alder still accounted for around 10% of the initial value. For silver birch the remaining value was around 20% after 9 years. The litterbag method to underestimates in fertile soils the decomposition of organic matter and thus did not reflect the actual dynamics of decomposition.     

Mineral Nutrition in Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer: Wildfire Effects,Species Distinctions,and Temporal Variation

An investigation of wildfire effects on mineral nutrition of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) along with species comparisons of the nutrition of unburned specimens of this pine to those of unburned California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.) were conducted in an eastern Sierran mixed conifer stand. Foliar Fe and Mn concentrations were frequently higher and Al was consistently so in burned than in the unburned pine as assessed in six sampling periods distributed over more than two postfire growing seasons while base cation/metallic element molar ratios consisting of Ca/Al, K/Al, K/Mn, Ca/Fe, Mg/Fe, K/Fe, and Ca/Zn were often lower in the former. Foliar N, P, Fe, Zn, and Cu were frequently higher in unburned pine than unburned fir while the reverse proved true concerning K, Ca, Mn, B, and Al; and likewise several molar ratios involving Al and Mn were higher in the former while several involving Fe, Zn, and Cu were higher in the latter. At midstudy, mineral soil in the burned stand portion had lower K but higher S, Mn, and Zn than that in the unburned portion, and the former had several molar ratios that were lower as well.     

Changes in nutrient concentrations and nutrient release in decomposing needle litter in monocultural systems of Pinus contorta and Pinus sylvestris—a comparison and synthesis

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) needle litters were compared in terms of nutrient composition and its change during decomposition. Initial nutrient composition differed between the species, with lodgepole pine needle litter having significantly higher concentrations of P, Mg and Mn. However, no difference was found for concentrations of N, Ca or K. Increases in concentrations of N, P and K during decomposition were significant in both litter types. For Ca the pattern of concentration changes followed a quadratic function as decomposition proceeded. Concentrations of Mg and Mn decreased in lodgepole pine needle litter. In Scots pine litter there was also an initial decrease, but it was followed by an increase in most incubations. For both Mg and Mn, changes in concentrations during decomposition differed significantly between species. In the late decomposition stages, concentrations of Mg and Mn became similar in both litter types. Nutrient concentrations generated by the models were compared with those of the humus (F and H) layer in the stands. The model was quite accurate in predicting concentrations of N and P for both species and the concentration of Mg for lodgepole pine. By contrast, it was not accurate in predicting concentrations of Ca and Mn. Nutrient release was estimated for the two species using both measured litterfall data and long‐term estimates, and regression models were used to predict concentration changes. Rates of release of P, Mg and Mn in the lodgepole pine stands were found to be about twice as high compared with those in Scots pine. Calcium was also released to a greater extent although the difference was not significant.     

Nutrient and heavy metals in decaying harvest residue needles on drained blanket peat forests

Harvest residue decomposition can significantly contribute to nutrient and heavy metal exports to receiving water courses. This study monitors the nutrient and heavy metal dynamics in decaying Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine harvest residue needles on Atlantic blanket peat forests in the west of Ireland. Using the litterbag method, harvest residue was placed both within and between furrows in two uncut forest and two clear-cut sites. On the clear-cut sites, the litterbags were positioned outside the harvest residue piles (i.e. brash windrows). Over the 2-year monitoring period, the needles decomposed slower at the clear-cut sites than the uncut forest sites, with mass losses of 46–55 and 58–77 %, respectively. Approximately 20 % less phosphorous (P) was released from the decaying needles at the clear-cut sites, while nitrogen (N) was released only at the uncut sites. Tree species was a significant factor contributing to nutrient and heavy metal release and accumulation patterns, with higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the decaying spruce needles than in pine. Conversely, the spruce needles showed accelerated depletion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) relative to the pine. The harvest residue needle positioning (inside furrow/between furrows) and the site soil characteristics contributed significantly to Al transformations in spruce needles and iron (Fe) in both spruce and pine needles, with more accumulation occurring inside the furrows where Al and Fe contents of the peat were high. Manganese (Mn) was released from the needles in three of the four sites with a total release of over 90 % within 2 years. In the remaining site, where the Mn content of the peat was high, an accumulation of Mn in the needles was observed. The decomposition of needles on blanket peat catchments may be a significant source of P to receiving water courses, owing to their fast release of P, but not a likely source for N export.     

Nutrient dynamics associated with leaf litter decomposition of three agroforestry tree species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica,Dalbergia sissoo</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melia azedarach</Emphasis>) of Bangladesh

Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., and Melia azedarach L. are little studied species in nutrient return capabili- ties from leaf litter decomposition to maintenance of the soil fertility despite their importance in agroforestry practices of Bangladesh. A leaf litter decomposition experiment was conducted using a litterbag tech- nique to assess the nutrient return efficiency of these species. The de- composition rate of leaf litter was highest for M. azedarach and lowest for D. sissoo. Rainfall and temperature of study sites showed a signifi- cant (p<0.05) positive relationship with the rate of leaf litter decomposi- tion. The highest decay constant was observed for M. azedarach (6.67). Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentration in leaf litter showed a decreased trend sharply at the end of the first month, whereas rapid decrease of Potassium concentration was reported within 10 days. Conversely, higher concentration of nutrient was observed at the later stages of decomposi- tion. All three species showed a similar pattern of nutrient release (K > N > P) during the decomposition process of leaf litter. Among the studied species, D. sissoo was best in terms of N and P return and A. indica was best in terms of K return.