双行牵引式马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验

针对目前我国马铃薯挖掘机存在的机具作业阻力较大、易堵塞及明薯率较低等问题,设计了一种牵引式马铃薯挖掘机,通过对整机结构和工作原理的阐述及对挖掘铲工作部件关键尺寸的理论分析,得到了机具挖掘铲、分离输送装置等关键部件的具体结构尺寸。对整机的作业性能进行田间试验,结果表明:该机能够一次性完成挖掘、薯土分离及成条铺放等作业,挖掘深度符合马铃薯收获要求,机具的伤薯率较低、明薯率较高,各项指标均满足马铃薯的收获要求,且作业稳定性较好,提高了马铃薯的收获质量。     

拨指轮式马铃薯挖掘机设计与试验

设计了一种与手扶拖拉机配套的拨指轮式马铃薯挖掘机。该机采用栅条式挖掘装置和拨指轮式分离装置。对分离装置进行了理论分析,确定了其结构参数。田间试验表明：马铃薯挖掘机挖掘、输运顺畅,分离效果明显,伤薯率为4.5%,损失率为3.6%,明薯率为96.5%。     

4U-1600型集堆式马铃薯挖掘机设计与试验

针对传统一级升运链马铃薯挖掘机土薯分离效果差、人工捡拾铺条劳动强度大的作业难题,设计了4U-1600型集堆式马铃薯挖掘机。对挖掘机阶梯挖掘铲、两级升运链式土薯分离输送装置及液压开启式集薯箱等关键部件进行设计与选型,并完成其关键参数的计算确定。以样机前进速度、一级土薯分离装置线速度和二级土薯分离升运装置线速度为自变量,以明薯率和伤薯率为响应值,依照Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应面分析方法,分别建立了各因素与明薯率、伤薯率之间的数学模型,并对各因素及其交互作用进行分析。试验结果表明,对明薯率影响的主次顺序依次为二级土薯分离升运装置线速度、样机前进速度和一级土薯分离装置线速度,对伤薯率影响的主次顺序依次为一级土薯分离装置线速度、二级土薯分离升运装置线速度和样机前进速度;马铃薯挖掘机最佳工作参数为:样机前进速度1. 50 m/s、一级土薯分离装置线速度1. 37 m/s、二级土薯分离升运装置线速度0. 89 m/s。验证试验表明,4U-1600型集堆式马铃薯挖掘机作业后,明薯率为95. 11%、伤薯率为3. 36%,性能试验指标均达到国家行业标准要求,表明在优化工作参数条件下该作业机能够提升马铃薯机械化收获质量。     

4U-110型马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验分析

本文在深入了解马铃薯机械化收获过程的基础上，设计了4U-110型马铃薯挖掘机。田间试验结果表明，该机在挖掘深度230mm，挖掘铲的最大倾角为29°，分离筛的线速度为1.46 m/s时，测得明薯率>96.44%，漏薯率<3.16%，伤薯率<2.56%，挖掘平稳，分离效果好，满足马铃薯的收获要求。在本试验的测定中发现，土壤含水率对明薯率影响较为显著，且存在线性关系。     

基于振动机理的马铃薯挖掘机的试验研究

为解决西南地区、部分北方及中原地区马铃薯机械化收获问题,结合国内马铃薯的种植模式和农艺要求,对单行振动式马铃薯挖掘机进行了试验研究。以马铃薯挖掘机的前进速度、挖掘深度、振动频率为试验因素,以机具的牵引阻力为试验指标,进行正交试验。结果表明:牵引阻力最小时的参数组合为挖掘深度139~1 5 5 mm,振动频率1 3~1 4 Hz,前进速度2.5~3 km/h;在此条件下进行验证试验,此时平均牵引阻力为9 5 6.6 N,该机具在有振动条件下的牵引阻力较无振动时降低36.2%;田间收获试验的明薯率和伤薯率分别为97.20%和3.5 2%,符合相关标准要求。该研究为小地块和复杂耕地条件的马铃薯机械化收获问题提供了解决方案,为小型马铃薯挖掘机的深入研究提供了参考。     

残膜回收型全膜覆土垄播马铃薯挖掘机设计与试验

针对西北黄土高原旱区地膜全域覆盖、种行覆土垄播马铃薯机械化收获易堵塞、分离效果差、可靠性低、残膜污染等问题,设计了残膜回收型全膜覆土垄播马铃薯挖掘机,一次性完成排堵挖掘、薯土分离、薯膜分离、集薯铺条、膜秧分离和残膜回收等工序。通过理论分析和数值仿真,对仿生挖掘装置、曲柄摇杆防堵机构、薯土分离装置、薯膜分离装置、膜秧分离及残膜回收装置等关键部件进行解析和结构优化,确定了性能参数。田间试验表明:明薯率为97.4%,伤薯率为1.3%,破皮率为1.8%,残膜回收率为87.5%,生产率为0.17 hm~2/h,各项指标均满足国家及行业标准要求。     

粘重土壤下马铃薯挖掘机分离输送装置改进设计与试验

针对升运链式马铃薯挖掘机输送分离装置普遍存在的在粘重土壤条件下升运链长度匹配性不佳等问题,设计了一种适宜粘重土壤的升运链输送分离装置。通过对该输送分离装置及薯土混合物的理论分析,确定了影响最佳薯土分离效果的主要因素,得到影响分离性能的升运链长度范围和抖动器等结构参数;以二级升运链长度、机具前进速度和升运链线速度为试验因素,以明薯率、伤薯率为试验指标进行田间试验,试验结果表明:二级升运链长度为3.1 m、机具前进速度为1.2 m/s、升运链线速度为1.5 m/s时,其明薯率为98.1%,伤薯率为1.1%,高于马铃薯挖掘机的收获作业要求。满足粘重土壤条件下马铃薯挖掘机的作业要求。     

马铃薯挖掘机横向输送系统的设计

针对现有马铃薯挖掘机经分离筛分离后直接将马铃薯铺放于地面,常出现二次埋薯、马铃薯铺放较分散、人工劳动强度增大、作业效率低等问题,研究设计一种适合国内马铃薯收获的马铃薯挖掘机横向输送系统,将分离后的马铃薯成条集中铺放。为此,阐述了横向输送系统整体结构及工作原理,对关键部件进行了结构设计,理论分析计算了横向输送系统的相关结构与作业参数,确定合理输送高度,避免马铃薯间的碰撞损伤。结果表明:相关结构设计合理,横向输送链距垄上侧高度为100mm、运行线速度为1.5m/s时能够满足马铃薯的集条铺放且不发生碰撞损伤。该研究可为马铃薯横向输送系统的研究提供参考,以促进马铃薯挖掘机的进一步发展。     

马铃薯挖掘机升运分离过程块茎损伤机理分析与试验

针对马铃薯挖掘机升运过程马铃薯块茎机械损伤严重的问题,通过对马铃薯升运过程进行运动学分析和撞击过程能量学分析,建立了损伤能量的数学模型,确定了影响马铃薯机械损伤的主要因素及各因素的试验取值范围。以损伤综合指数和伤薯率为评价指标,以跌落高度、二级升运链倾角和二级升运链线速度为试验因素,进行二次正交旋转回归试验,建立各指标与因素间的回归数学模型,分析各因素对评价指标的影响规律,根据回归模型进行参数优化。结果表明,当二级升运链线速度1. 42 m/s、二级升运链倾角27°、跌落高度220 mm时,损伤综合指数为0. 43,伤薯率为3. 6%,明显低于未经参数优化的马铃薯挖掘机薯块机械损伤情况,满足马铃薯收获作业要求。     

手扶配套马铃薯挖掘机

由互助土族自治县农技推广站自行研制的手扶配套马铃薯挖掘机最近获国家专利,这项专利的发明填补了国内马铃薯挖掘机具的一项空白。互助县是青海省马铃薯生产大县,年种植面积达1.87万多hm2。马铃薯收获劳动强度大,目前马铃薯收获机具主要以四轮配套为主,价格贵已不适应县情。为解决这一难题,互助县农机推广站从2004年开始,组织技术人员进行攻关,经过多次试验示范,终于在全国率先研制成功手扶配套马铃薯挖掘机。该机具设计合理,连接容易,收净率高,损伤率小,为做大做强马铃薯产业提供了农机具保障。手扶配套马铃薯挖掘机@网泽…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。