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1.
The Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm provides a conceptual framework for linking pattern, process and scale in ecosystems,
but there have been few attempts to test this theory because most ecological studies focus on only one spatial scale, or are
limited in their temporal scope. Here I use palaeoecological techniques (analysis of fossil pollen and stable carbon isotopes)
to compare vegetation heterogeneity in an east African savanna at three spatial scales, over hundreds of years. The data show
that patterns of vegetation change are different at the three spatial scales of observation, and suggest that different ecological
processes dominate tree abundance at micro, local and landscape scales. Interactions between plants, disturbance (e.g., by
fire and herbivores), climate and soil type may influence tree density at differing spatial and temporal scales. This hierarchical
explanation of savanna vegetation dynamics could inform future biodiversity conservation and management in savannas.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
The Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm provides a conceptual framework for linking pattern, process and scale in ecosystems,
but there have been few attempts to test this theory because most ecological studies focus on only one spatial scale, or are
limited in their temporal scope. Here I use palaeoecological techniques (analysis of fossil pollen and stable carbon isotopes)
to compare vegetation heterogeneity in an east African savanna at three spatial scales, over hundreds of years. The data show
that patterns of vegetation change are different at the three spatial scales of observation, and suggest that different ecological
processes dominate tree abundance at micro, local and landscape scales. Interactions between plants, disturbance (e.g., by
fire and herbivores), climate and soil type may influence tree density at differing spatial and temporal scales. This hierarchical
explanation of savanna vegetation dynamics could inform future biodiversity conservation and management in savannas.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Savanna rangelands are undergoing rapid environmental change and the need to monitor and manage landscape health is becoming
increasingly an imperative of government agencies and research organizations. Remotely sensed ecological indicators of disturbance
offer a potential approach, particularly in the context of issues of scale required to assess and monitor extensive rangeland
areas. The objective of this research is to analyse the potential of spatially explicit ecological indicators of disturbance
to explain the spatial variability in species diversity and abundance (including introduced flora species) in rangelands.
For two mapped rangeland ecosystem types in northern Australia, regression analysis was used to explore the relationships
between species diversity and abundance, and remotely sensed ground cover time series statistics, foliage projective cover,
and a precipitation deficit index. It was assumed that the ecosystem types used had been mapped to represent uniform vegetation
units and consequently predictors of environmental heterogeneity were not used in the regression analysis. It was found that
the predictor variables performed well in explaining the variation in species diversity and abundance for the more open, homogenous
and less topographically complex basalt ecosystem type and less effectively for the more structurally complex, more wooded
and less disturbed metamorphic ecosystem type. The results indicate that, for mapped ecosystem types with low heterogeneity
and topographic complexity, ground cover temporal mean and variance are potentially useful indicators of disturbance to species
diversity and abundance, provided the local spatial variability in the climate signal is accounted for. 相似文献
4.
Rainfall in drylands is erratic. Topographic features of landscapes can dampen or amplify temporal variability by spatially
influencing patterns of water loss and accumulation. The extent to which portions of a landscape may differentially capture
or retain scarce water and nutrient resources is an important determinant of vegetation patterns, particularly with respect
to the distribution of woody plants. We therefore hypothesized that historic changes in woody cover on landscapes experiencing
similar climate and disturbance regimes would vary with catena-to-catena (hillslope-to-hillslope) variation in topography-based
hydrologic features. We tested this hypothesis by comparing topographic wetness index (TWI) values on replicate landscapes
where woody plant abundance has increased over the past 100 yr. These landscapes are characterized by savanna parklands on
coarse-textured upland portions of catenas that grade (1–3% slopes) into closed-canopy woodlands on fine-textured (lowland)
portions of catenas. TWI values for woody and herbaceous communities were comparable within uplands, suggesting factors unrelated
to surface/subsurface hydrology determine patterns of woody cover in these catena locations. TWI values for upland savanna
parklands were significantly lower than those of closed-canopy woodlands occupying catena footslopes. Furthermore, uplands
adjoining historically static woodland boundaries had lower TWI values than those where woodland boundaries had moved upslope
2.1 m yr −1 from 1976 to 1995. Results suggest runoff–runon relationships influence patterns of woody plant cover and change at the catena
scale and may override constraints imposed by soil texture. As a result, changes in woody cover potentially accompanying changes
in disturbance regimes, climate or atmospheric chemistry are likely to be constrained by topoedaphic settings. Models of vegetation
dynamics may therefore need to explicitly account for rainfall–topography–soil texture relationships and associated scale-dependent
mechanisms to accurately predict rates and patterns of change in woody and herbaceous plant abundance. 相似文献
5.
A total of 694 streams were sampled for benthic macroinvertebrates in the autumn of 1995 as part of the Swedish national stream survey. After removal of sites considered as impacted, data from 428 streams as well as a large number of environmental variables were used to determine the relative importance of local, landscape, and large scale factors in explaining the variability in species composition of benthic stream macroinvertebrates. The environmental variables were divided into seven explanatory variable groups: local physical, local chemical, catchment land use/cover, catchment bedrock geology, Quaternary geology in catchment, regional factors (such as ecoregion) and spatial position. Partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to partition the total explained variance in the species data into these variable groups. The pure (or unique) effects of the seven variable groups accounted for 69.1%, and combinations of variable groups (interaction terms) the remaining 30.9% of the total explained variability. Local scale variables such as in-stream substratum, vegetation in and near the stream (riparian zone), and some chemical variables were most strongly associated with the among-site variability. Local physical (24.4%) and local chemical (20.4%) variables explained the largest part of the among-site variability of community assemblages. These results are of importance when planning conservation and management measurements, implementing large-scale biomonitoring programs, and predicting how human alterations will affect running water ecosystems.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
The presettlement tree cover (1831–33) of 3 townships in a southern Wisconsin landscape was analyzed using original survey records. Four forest types were identified: closed forest, open forest, savanna, and prairie. Comparisons of vegetation types and landscape pattern were made between the east and west sides of the Pecatonica River, which bisects the landscape and could have acted as a natural fire barrier. West of the river, presettlement tree species richness and diversity were lower and trees were smaller in diameter and less dense than to the east. The major vegetation types to the west were prairie (42% of landscape) and savanna (40%), both fire-susceptible types. Prairie was more common on gentle slopes than on other landforms. To the east, the landscape was 70% forested (closed plus open forest). Here, prairie was more frequent on steep dry sites. These vegetation differences, including the contrasting landscape placement of prairie, are attributed to distinct site characteristics and to disturbance (fire) regimes, with the west likely having more frequent fires. In terms of the four vegetation types, the east landscape was more homogeneous, being dominated by closed forest (50%). West of the Pecatonica River, the landscape was more heterogeneous because of the high proportion of both prairie and savanna; however, in terms of flammability of vegetation, the west was essentially homogeneous (82% prairie plus savanna). 相似文献
7.
This paper compares vegetation dynamics at two sites in the savanna landscape of Limpopo National Park (PNL), Mozambique.
In order to test the relationship between vegetation cover and hydrology, nutrient availability and disturbance from grazing
and fire over the last 1,200 years at local (100 m 2) scales, we use palaeoecological data (i.e. pollen assemblages, charcoal abundance, C/N ratio, stable isotopes and herbivore-associated
spore abundance). Two pans governed by similar rainfall regimes (on average 600 mm/year) but different hydrologies are compared.
Chixuludzi Pan is responsive to the Limpopo River and is more water rich than Radio Pan, which is situated in a dry landscape
with little surface water. The analysis suggests that in savannas where water is scarce, the recruitment of woody taxa is
constrained mainly by the availability of underground water. In the Radio Pan sequence, the present grassland savanna has
been stable throughout the time studied. In contrast, the Chixuludzi Pan savanna landscape where local hydrology, due to the
proximity of Limpopo River, allows for a higher water availability the relationship between grass-arboreal pollen suggests
a greater variability in vegetation cover, and other factors such as grazing, herbivory and nitrogen availability are important
as controlling mechanisms for woody cover. The historical depth of the analysis enables a sub-hierarchy of local scale process
to be identified, in this case local hydrology. Local water availability is shown to override the effect of regional rainfall
and, in turn, to control the influence of other local scale factors such as nutrients and grazing. 相似文献
8.
We formulated and tested models of relationships among determinants of vegetation cover in two agroforested landscapes of eastern North America (Haut Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada) that differed by the spatial arrangement of their geomorphic features and intensity of agricultural activities. Our landscape model compared the woody plots of each landscape in terms of the relative influence of environmental attributes, land use history (1958 – 1997), and spatial context (i.e., proximity of similar or contrasting land cover). Our vegetation model evaluated the relative contribution of the same sets of variables to the distributions of herbs, trees, and shrubs. Relationships were assessed using partial Mantel tests and path analyses. Significant environmental and contextual differences were found between the vegetation plots of the two landscapes, but disturbance history was similar. Our vegetation model confirms the dominant effect of historical factors on vegetation patterns. Whereas land-use history overrides environmental and contextual control for trees, herbaceous and shrub species are more sensitive to environmental conditions. Context is determinant only for understory species in older, less-disturbed plots. Results are discussed in relevance to vegetation dynamics in a landscape perspective that integrates interactions between environmental and human influences. 相似文献
9.
Field sampling and satellite remote sensing were used to test the hypothesis that site microclimate variability leading to divergent soil water use by vegetation types is closely associated with variability in annual net primary productivity (NPP) at the landscape scale. A simulation model based on satellite observations of seasonal phenology was used to estimate NPP of grassland, shrubland, and conifer forest vegetation types on the Central California coast near Big Sur. Daily microclimate at the soil surface was monitored over 4 years (2008–2011) for each vegetation type to infer soil moisture controls on plant production. Grassland soils were found to have lower soil organic matter content and were subjected to extreme radiation and wind events, and thereby dry-down faster with daily spring–summer warming than do shrubland or redwood forest soils. This reduced moisture microclimate affected the water stress on grassland plants to reduce NPP fluxes from April to October each year on the Central Coast far sooner than for shrubland or redwood stands. Results from this study suggested that the satellite-observed canopy greenness variations represented can be used to quantify plant production in coastal ecosystems at the landscape scale of defined microclimate variation. 相似文献
10.
Huston’s Dynamic Equilibrium Hypothesis predicts that the response of biodiversity to disturbance varies with productivity.
Because disturbance is thought to break competitive advantage of dominant species in productive ecosystems, species richness
is predicted to increase with disturbance frequency in productive systems. Recovery of plant biomass following disturbance
is also predicted to be faster in productive systems. Here we provide the first test of Huston’s hypothesis in the context
of setting harvest rates in managed forests for achieving biodiversity objectives. We examined predictions relating to vegetation
and bird response to disturbance and succession in productive and less productive forests in western Oregon and Washington,
USA. We found that measurements of understory cover and shrub diversity were higher in young, productive stands than less
productive stands of similar age. Later-seral forests in productive environments (mean age = 67 years) had less variable and
more complete canopy closure than similar-age forests in less favorable settings. At the stand scale, bird abundance and richness
decreased with canopy closure in highly productive forests whereas bird abundance and richness increased with canopy closure
in less productive forests. At the landscape scale, bird abundance and richness within stands increased with increasing levels
of disturbance in the surrounding landscape within highly productive forests, whereas bird abundance and richness decreased
with increasing disturbance in the surrounding landscape within less productive forests. Our results indicate that bird response
to disturbance varies across levels of productivity and suggest that bird species abundance and associated species richness
will be maximized through relatively more frequent disturbance in highly productive systems. 相似文献
11.
ContextForest cover change analyses have revealed net forest gain in many tropical regions. While most analyses have focused solely on forest cover, trees outside forests are vital components of landscape integrity. Quantifying regional-scale patterns of tree cover change, including non-forest trees, could benefit forest and landscape restoration (FLR) efforts.ObjectivesWe analyzed tree cover change in Southwestern Panama to quantify: (1) patterns of change from 1998 to 2014, (2) differences in rates of change between forest and non-forest classes, and (3) the relative importance of social-ecological predictors of tree cover change between classes.MethodsWe digitized tree cover classes, including dispersed trees, live fences, riparian forest, and forest, in very high resolution images from 1998 to 2014. We then applied hurdle models to relate social-ecological predictors to the probability and amount of tree cover gain.ResultsAll tree cover classes increased in extent, but gains were highly variable between classes. Non-forest tree cover accounted for 21% of tree cover gains, while riparian trees constituted 31% of forest cover gains. Drivers of tree cover change varied widely between classes, with opposite impacts of some social-ecological predictors on non-forest and forest cover.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that key drivers of forest cover change, including topography, road distance and historical forest cover, do not explain rates of non-forest tree cover change. Consequently, predictions from medium-resolution forest cover change analyses may not apply to finer-scale patterns of tree cover. We highlight the opportunity for FLR projects to target tree cover classes adapted to local social and ecological conditions. 相似文献
12.
Ecological theory predicting the impact of fire on ecological communities is typically focused on post-disturbance recovery processes or on disturbance-diversity dynamics. Yet the established relationship between vegetation structure and animal diversity could provide a foundation to predict the short-term effects of fire on biodiversity, but has rarely been explored. We tested the hypothesis that fire effects on bird assemblages would be moderated by increasing vegetation structure. We examined bird assemblages in burnt and unburnt sites at 1 and 6 years after a wildfire, and compared richness and composition responses among and within three structurally distinct vegetation types in the same landscape: heath, woodland and forest. We found that short-term changes in bird assemblage composition were largest in simple heath vegetation and smallest in complex forest vegetation. The short-term change in species richness was larger in forest than in heath. We also found that among-site assemblage variability was greater shortly after fire in heath and woodland vegetation compared with forest vegetation. Our results indicate that complexity in vegetation structure, particularly overstorey cover, can act as an important moderator of fire effects on bird assemblages. Mechanisms for this response include a greater loss of structure in vegetation characterised by a single low stratum, and a proportionally greater change in bird species composition despite a smaller absolute change in species richness. We discuss our results in the context of a new conceptual model that predicts contrasting richness and composition responses of bird assemblages following disturbance along a gradient of increasing vegetation structure. This model brings a different perspective to current theories of disturbance, and has implications for understanding and managing the effects of fire on biodiversity in heterogeneous landscapes. 相似文献
13.
To determine how vegetation pattern in early successional forests may be related to plant traits and types of disturbance,
we measured percent cover of individual taxa annually in a South Carolina Pinus elliottii forest, starting one year before, and ending four years after harvest and tree girdling disturbances were applied. The 17
most important taxa surveyed were grouped into four regeneration strategies chosen a priori, and the spatial patterns of these
groups and of the soil were investigated using global variability, semivariograms and kriged maps. We also examined spatial
correlations across years, across taxa, and between species and soil disturbance. Seed bank taxa represented by Dichanthelium spp. increased rapidly and formed large patches, and then quickly declined. Taxa that regenerate by newly dispersed seeds,
represented by Rhus copallina and Rubus spp. occurred at first in a few patches, and became widespread later. Stump sprouters, represented by Quercus spp. and Myrica cerifera, had rapid increases in cover, but their spatial patterns were largely determined by their pre-disturbance patterns. Prunus serotina, which relies on both sprouting and dispersed seed, had moderate cover and a random distribution. Within-species temporal
correlation of spatial pattern was lower in girdled than in harvested plots, and was not clearly related to regeneration strategy.
Forest floor disturbance was patchy and affected the pattern of Dichanthelium spp. in the harvested plots. Negative correlations between herbs and woody plants in harvested plots reflected the role of
biotic (i.e., successional) filters on vegetation pattern. Surprisingly, no spatial correlations were detected between the
nitrogen fixer, Myrica cerifera and other taxa in this N-limited system. In comparing the spatial and temporal patterns, we found kriged maps more informative
than analysis of semivariograms alone. The maps and correlation statistics demonstrated that regeneration traits, spatial
patterns of soil disturbances, and interactions among taxa influence dynamics of the spatial patterns of the plants. We also
demonstrated that disturbance types affected the importance and interactions among these three factors, and caused different
spatial patterns of the plant taxa. 相似文献
14.
Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of ecological systems is fundamental to their successful management and conservation.
Much research and debate has focused on identifying underlying drivers of vegetation change in savannas, yet few have considered
the influence of spatial context and heterogeneity. Our goal was to develop deeper understanding of woody vegetation spatio-temporal
dynamics through spatially explicit utilization of historical aerial photography and airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging).
We first assessed temporal change in woody vegetation cover through object-based image analysis of an aerial photography record
that spanned 59 years from 1942 to 2001. Secondly, we tested the spatial relationships between environmental variables and
patterns of woody structure and dynamics at broad (100 ha), medium (10 ha) and fine-scales (1 ha) through canonical correspondence
analysis (CCA). Finally, we used LiDAR derived vegetation heights to explore current woody vegetation structure in the context
of historical patterns of change. Total percentage woody cover was stable over time, but woody dynamics were highly variable
at smaller scales and displayed distinct spatial trends across the landscape. Losses of woody cover on the diverse alluvial
substrates were countered by increases of cover on the hillslopes. Analysis of current woody structure in the context of historical
change revealed that the increases took place in the form of shrub encroachment and not the replacement of tall trees. We
infer that mammalian herbivory contributed substantially to the losses on lowland alluvial soils, whilst shrub encroachment
on the upland hillslopes likely stemmed from changes in fire regime and climate. Deeper reflection on spatial variability
is needed in the debate around drivers of change in savanna systems, as spatial patterns of change revealed that different
drivers underlie vegetation dynamics in different landscape contexts. Spatial heterogeneity needs explicit consideration in
the exploration of pattern–process relationships in ecological systems. 相似文献
15.
Human-induced land cover changes are causing important effects on the ecological services rendered by mountain ecosystems, and the number of case-studies of the impact of humans on soil erosion and sediment yield has mounted rapidly. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that allows evaluating overall changes in erosion regulation after human disturbances. The basic idea behind this model is that soil erosion mechanisms are independent of human impact, but that the frequency–magnitude distributions of erosion rates change as a response to human disturbances. Pre-disturbance (or natural) erosion rates are derived from in situ produced 10Be concentrations in river sediment, while post-disturbance (or modern) erosion rates are derived from sedimentation rates in small catchments. In its simplicity, the model uses vegetation cover change as a proxy of human disturbance. The erosion regulation model is here applied in two mountainous regions with different vegetation dynamics, climatic and geological settings: the Austro Ecuatoriano, and the Spanish Betic Cordillera. Natural erosion benchmarks are necessary to assess human-induced changes in erosion rates. While the Spanish Betic Cordillera is commonly characterized as a degraded landscape, there is no significant difference between modern catchment-wide erosion and long-term denudation rates. The opposite is true for the Austro Ecuatoriano where the share of natural erosion in the total modern erosion rate is minimal for most disturbed sites. When pooling pre- and post-disturbance erosion data from both regions, the data suggest that the human acceleration of erosion is related to vegetation disturbances. The empirical regression model predicts human acceleration of erosion, here defined as the ratio of post-disturbance to pre-disturbance (or natural benchmark) erosion rate, as an exponential function of vegetation disturbance. This suggests that the sensitivity to human-accelerated erosion would be ecosystem dependent, and related to the potential vegetation cover disturbances as a result of human impact. It may therefore be expected that the potential for erosion regulation is larger in well-vegetated ecosystem where strong differences may exist in vegetation cover between human disturbed and undisturbed or restored sites. 相似文献
16.
Ecological processes such as plant–animal interactions have a critical role in shaping the structure and function of ecosystems,
but little is known of how such processes are modified by changes in landscape structure. We investigated the effect of landscape
change on mistletoe parasitism in fragmented agricultural environments by surveying mistletoes on eucalypt host trees in 24
landscapes, each 100 km 2 in size, in south-eastern Australia. Landscapes were selected to represent a gradient in extent (from 60% to 2% cover) and
spatial pattern of remnant wooded vegetation. Mistletoes were surveyed at 15 sites in each landscape, stratified to sample
five types of wooded elements in proportion to their relative cover. The incidence per landscape of box mistletoe ( Amyema miquelii), the most common species, was best explained by the extent of wooded cover (non-linear relationship) and mean annual rainfall.
Higher incidence occurred in landscapes with intermediate levels of cover (15–30%) and higher rainfall (>500 mm). Importantly,
a marked non-linear decline in the incidence of A. miquelii in low-cover landscapes implies a disproportionate loss of this species in remaining wooded vegetation, greater than that
attributable to decreasing forest cover. The most likely mechanism is the effect of landscape change on the mistletoebird
( Dicaeum hirundinaceum), the primary seed-dispersal vector for A. miquelii. Our results are consistent with observations that habitat fragmentation initially enhances mistletoe occurrence in agricultural
environments; but in this region, when wooded vegetation fell below a threshold of ~15% landscape cover, the incidence of
A. miquelii declined precipitously. Conservation management will benefit from greater understanding of the components of landscape structure
that most influence ecological processes, such as mistletoe parasitism and other plant–animal mutualisms, and the critical
stages in such relationships. This will facilitate action before critical thresholds are crossed and cascading effects extend
to other aspects of ecosystem function. 相似文献
17.
Understanding the impacts of landscape change on species behaviour is a major challenge in landscape ecology. A focus on the functional traits of species may improve this understanding if species with similar traits (functional guilds) are impacted by landscape change in similar ways, but this idea has not been widely tested on bat communities in urban landscapes. We examined changes in bat species richness and the activity level of species in different functional guilds within 72 residential neighbourhoods across 18 towns and cities spanning over 250,000 square km in south-eastern Australia. Species richness increased close to native vegetation, declined with increasing urbanization, and had a hump-shaped relationship with neighbourhood vegetation cover. Also, the activity level of all bat species combined peaked at mid-range values of neighbourhood vegetation cover. The activity of species in the open-adapted guild was not strongly related to any urban characteristic, but our results concur with previous findings that the activity of most open-adapted species does not appear to be negatively impacted by urbanization. Conversely, clutter-adapted species appear more sensitive to urbanization and their activity level was negatively related to urban intensity and increased closer to native vegetation, consistent with previous studies. The functional-trait approach may improve the capacity to make generalisations across different landscape contexts for clutter-adapted and open-adapted guilds, but is currently hampered for other bat species owing to variation in the behaviour of different species assigned to the same functional guild, and a lack of ecological knowledge regarding the impacts of different types of landscape change on particular species. 相似文献
18.
Kibale National Park, within the Albertine Rift, is known for its rich biodiversity. High human population density and agricultural
conversion in the surrounding landscape have created enormous resource pressure on forest fragments outside the park. Kibale
presents a complex protected forest landscape comprising intact forest inside the park, logged areas inside the park, a game
corridor with degraded forest, and forest fragments in the landscape surrounding the park. To explore the effect of these
different levels of forest management and protection over time, we assessed forest change over the previous three decades,
using both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery. Park boundaries have remained fairly intact and forest
cover has been maintained or increased inside the park, while there has been a high level of deforestation in the landscape
surrounding the park. While absolute changes in land cover are important changes in vegetation productivity, within land cover
classes are often more telling of longer term changes and future directions of change. The park has lower Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) values than the forest fragments outside the park and the formerly logged area—probably due to forest
regeneration and early succession stage. The corridor region has lower productivity, which is surprising given this is also
a newer regrowth region and so should be similar to the logged and forest fragments. Overall, concern can be raised for the
future trajectory of this park. Although forest cover has been maintained, forest health may be an issue, which for future
management, climate change, biodiversity, and increased human pressure may signify troubling signs. 相似文献
19.
ContextRecovery from disturbances is a prominent measure of forest ecosystem resilience, with swift recovery indicating resilient systems. The forest ecosystems of Central Europe have recently been affected by unprecedented levels of natural disturbance, yet our understanding of their ability to recover from disturbances is still limited. ObjectivesWe here integrated satellite and airborne Lidar data to (i) quantify multi-decadal post-disturbance recovery of two indicators of forest structure, and (ii) compare the recovery trajectories of forest structure among managed and un-managed forests. MethodsWe developed satellite-based models predicting Lidar-derived estimates of tree cover and stand height at 30 m grain across a 3100 km2 landscape in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem (Central Europe). We summarized the percentage of disturbed area that recovered to >?40% tree cover and >?5 m stand height and quantified the variability in both indicators over a 30-year period. The analyses were stratified by three management regimes (managed, protected, strictly protected) and two forest types (beech-dominated, spruce-dominated). ResultsWe found that on average 84% of the disturbed area met our recovery threshold 30 years post-disturbance. The rate of recovery was slower in un-managed compared to managed forests. Variability in tree cover was more persistent over time in un-managed forests, while managed forests strongly converged after a few decades post-disturbance. ConclusionWe conclude that current management facilitates the recovery of forest structure in Central European forest ecosystems. However, our results underline that forests recovered well from disturbances also in the absence of human intervention. Our analysis highlights the high resilience of Central European forest ecosystems to recent disturbances. 相似文献
20.
The relationship and feedback between landscape pattern, function and process serve to describe the behavior of a regional
landscape. Based on landscape function characteristics such as biological productivity, soil nutrient content, vegetative
cover, etc., a quantitative method and digital model for analyzing evolving landscape functionality in the headwaters area
of the Yellow River in the People's Republic of China were devised. Through the analysis of three-phase remote sensing data
from 1975, 1985 and 1995 and based upon the well-defined characteristics of this region's evolving landscape over the past
30 years, the attendant ecology of the different functional landscape ecotypes was investigated. Between 1975 and 1995 the
area of AC&S (alpine cold meadow and steppe) in the source area of the Yellow River has decreased by 27.25%, ACSW (alpine
cold swamp meadow) has decreased by 27.04%, ALP (alpine steppe) by 38.18% and lakes by 9.78%. The grass biomass production
decreased by 752.37 Gg, of which AC&S meadows accounted for 83.8% of these losses. The overall stock capacity of the headwaters
area of the Yellow River decreased by 518.36 thousand sheep units. Soil nutrients showed a similar pattern, soil nutrient
loss was greater from 1985–1995 than from 1975–1985. Changes in the overall ecological functionality of the area were not
simply a result of a summation of the changes associated with individual evolving landscapes, but rather an integration of
positive and negative influences. Landscape evolution occurs in two main directions: degradation and strengthening (expanding
and improving). An understanding of the direction, force and integration of parameters influencing landscape evolution as
it impacts the attending ecosystems can allow one to foresee how the landscape of the Yellow River source area will evolve
in the coming years.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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