近交群体配子间的信息学性质

讨论了近亲交配群体在世代交替中配子间平均互信息性质;定义了配子间的近交关联信息系数,并与近交系数比较,阐述了配子间的近交关联信息系数的优点。结果表明,应用信息论模型研究群体遗传学与以往统计学方法具有一致性,而且还具有信息学的意义和优点。     

灵芝群体交配基因型分析

研究灵芝群体交配基因型,并与酯酶同工酶试验相比较,探讨它们在群体亲缘关系分析上的异同点。采用OWE-SOJ技术对24个灵芝菌株的单孢分离菌株进行标准交配型鉴定,及群体间交配基因型的测定,并结合酯酶同工酶试验对群体间的亲缘关系进行分析。鉴定出7大类交配基因型,并发现A因子含有4个等位基因,B因子含有4个等位基因,及一个特殊的A混合基因,四类交配型出现了一定程度的偏分离。酯酶同工酶试验检测出了28条不同酯酶酶谱带,在相似系数为0.73214时,样品被分为9大类。比较交配基因型分析与酯酶同工酶试验结果,发现两者具有很高的相似性。交配基因型测定可以作为分析菌株间差异和鉴定品种的一种重要补充手段。     

种植密度对棉花分离世代产量性状表现及育种选择的影响

通过裂区设计对Ｆ２代４个群体在三种密度下表现进行了研究，子棉产量、皮棉产量在不同密度、不同群体间存在显著差异；Ｆ２代群体与密度间存在互作，不同群体要求的适宜密度不同。Ｆ２代群体间单株结铃数差异显著，单株结铃数在不同密度差异显著，随密度增加单株结铃数减少，但小区总结铃数呈增加趋势；密度与群体间存在互作，密度的大小对４个Ｆ２群体的单株结铃数影响程度不同。Ｆ２代４个群体间衣分差异显著，但单铃重、衣分在不同密度下差异不显著，且互作不显著。种植密度对不同群体的育种选择具有较大影响。     

陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性分析及初级核心种质构建

旨在评价陆地棉种质资源的遗传多样性和筛选代表性种质,为科学评价和高效利用陆地棉种质资源提供理论依据。基于367份陆地棉种质的SNP标记及其中353份种质的表型数据分别分析其遗传多样性、构建系统进化树及初级核心种质,并对初级核心种质的构建效果进行评价。结果显示,原始陆地棉群体SNP位点多态性信息含量为0.24,各表型性状的遗传多样性指数均接近或大于2.00,与前人研究结果相近。基于SNP标记可以将供试群体划分为3个类群,构建了73份基因型初级核心种质,初级核心种质的Nei′s遗传多样性指数、多态性信息含量等指标数值大于原始种质。基于表型数据可将供试群体划分为3个类群,各性状均值呈第Ⅰ类群最小、第Ⅱ类群居中、第Ⅲ类群最大的趋势。构建了含70份材料的表型初级核心种质,各性状均值较原始种质的差异均不显著,极差、遗传多样性指数与原始种质相近,变异系数均高于原始种质。基于SNP标记构建的初级核心种质和基于表型数据构建的初级核心种质有15份重合,这些种质多为基因型第Ⅱ类群和表型第Ⅱ类群。以上结果表明,陆地棉种质资源基因型遗传多样性较低,但表型变异丰富、遗传多样性较高。本研究构建的基因型和表型初级核心...     

基于自然群体随机交配的多iQTL定位的模拟

为了研究多个印迹QTL(iQTL)定位方法,本研究采用随机交配策略对纯系自然群体构建可追溯亲本的永久F₂作图群体,基于模拟SNP基因型数据与真实水稻SNP基因型数据生成表型性状数据,并应用混合线性模型进行多个iQTL定位和遗传效应的参数估计。模拟研究表明,在不考虑群体结构与亲缘关系造成的干扰时,基于纯系自然群体产生的永久F₂作图群体可利用混合线性模型定位到小效应、低遗传率的iQTL,并能估计出iQTL的遗传效应,是一种行之有效的多iQTL定位方法。     

云南松天然群体球果表型变异研究

对采自云南松自然分布区内9个天然群体4个球果性状进行测定分析。结果表明,不同球果性状在各群体间和群体内均存在极显著差异,揭示变异存在的广泛性。群体内变异是云南松球果表型变异的主要来源,种质资源保护时以增加群体内个体数、减少群体取样数为宜。基于各性状两两群体间的表型分化均很低,甚至没有分化,经聚类分析,各群体的聚类并不完全按地理分布进行聚类。     

控制双亲混合选择对不同玉米合成群体的改良效应

基于田间试验的统计分析和SSR分子标记的遗传参数评估,分析了3个玉米人工合成群体GP3、GP4和GP5经4轮控制双亲混合选择的改良效应。结果表明,多数性状在不同群体及不同轮回间存在真实的遗传差异,粒深遗传增益以GP4＞GP5＞GP3,穗行遗传增益以GP3＞GP5＞GP4,各个群体C4的粒深、穗行均值都显著或极显著大于C0,直接选择效应显著;株高和穗位高随选择周期增加呈明显增加趋势,且GP4的增幅显著大于GP3和GP5,单株产量及穗粗的遗传增益以GP4大于GP3和GP5,各群体多数产量性状的均值以C4显著大于C0,相关选择效应显著;除株高、穗位高外,其他性状GCA变异群体间差异达显著或极显著水平,GP5多数产量性状的GCA优于GP3和GP4,各群体多数产量性状的GCA效应值随改良进展呈增加趋势,对照优势大于8%的大部分测交组合均为各群体C4所配组合,间接选择效应显著;随改良世代进行,群体部分性状的表型变异系数虽有所减小,但变化幅度不大;基于SSR分子标记估算的群体内遗传相似系数,GP3和GP4改良后代呈略增趋势,GP5变化不大,对于群体基因型数,GP3和GP4随改良代数增加呈略减趋势,GP5呈略增趋势。上述结果说明,适度控制双亲混合选择在有效改良群体的同时,还能较好地保持群体的遗传多样性,但不同基础群体及不同性状间,其改良效应存在一定的差异。     

棉枯萎抗性形成规律的发现与抗性定向培育法

采用棉枯萎人工病床病圃连续群体选择法发现，枯萎抗性转化现象和抗性形成规律：所有供试原感病高产优质品种在病菌连续入侵条件下，病床病株率逐年逐代下降，矮化症状逐年逐代缓解，群体高度逐年逐代上升，表明抗性逐年逐代提高。经５年左右均转化为高抗品种，为寄主免疫功能渐变性定向的遗传适应变异和后天获得抗性遗传的累加作用结果，病理学和生化分析均证实这一解释。获得高抗性后，原品种之丰产性和品质也有改进，不存在抗性丰产性品质间的遗传反相关关系，从而创棉枯萎抗性定向培育原理方法。１９７４～１９９４年，此法已育成抗性、丰产性、品质三兼优或二兼优品种和资源３０余个。     

紫荆群体表型性状多样性研究

以紫荆全分布区的7个天然群体为研究试材,另取2个栽培群体为对照,对当年生枝的叶片、荚果、种子等14个表型性状进行比较分析,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明,紫荆种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在着极其丰富的变异。群体平均表型分化系数(VST)为32.30%,群体内的变异贡献大于群体间的。紫荆表型性状与生态因子相关分析表明,其种内群体表型变异呈梯度规律性,随着海拔的升高,叶片和种子逐渐变大;随着经纬度的增加,荚果形状从窄条形向宽条形变异,种子形状从近圆形向椭圆形变异。利用主成分分析对8个群体进行了排序、归类(其中P6群体性状值缺失比较多,故未进行排序),分析表明8个群体大致可以划为天然和栽培两类,天然群体又可分为两亚类。天然紫荆与栽培紫荆在表型上已经产生了分化。     

太谷核不育小麦应用研究—两种轮回选择方案对小麦群体改良的效应

以显性雄性不育小麦为材料,采用改良半姊妹和混合轮回选择两种方案,对同一基础群体C_0进行了四轮选择.结果表明,对主穗粒数、单株粒重和百粒重等主要产量性状,两种方案均有较显著的改良效果.遗传进展比较,改良半姊妹方案所取得的进展较大,但两方案间差异未达到显著水准.对降低群体植株高度,用改良半姊妹方案的效果极显著,而混合轮选较差.同一方案逐轮间各性状的增进值较小,呈波浪式进展趋势.群体变异程度比较表明,两种方案逐轮群体的变异系数皆呈下降趋势,改良半姊妹方案的下降幅度略大于混合轮选.     

Prediction of the Line Value of a Genotype from a Top Cross with a Single Cross Hybrid

With the assumption of biallelism it is shown that differences in line values of genotypes from a random mating population can be predicted by the differences of values in top cross progenies with a heterozygous tester. This prediction is also valid in the case of multiallelism with a constant degree of dominance for each pair of alleles and if the tester is heterozygous for the more “distant” alleles. With an arbitrary tester, the efficiency of the prediction is affected by the proportion of the loci which are heterozygous for the more distant alleles. However, with the assumptions considered on multiallelism, with partial to complete dominance, the correlation between line value and combining ability with the tester is expected to be high for a large range of the repartition ot the loci. A two tester top cross design using highly complementary lines, could also be used.     

Sustainable plant breeding

Plant breeders disrupt Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium through selection, non‐random mating, drift, migration and mutation. Sustainable plant breeding can be defined as productive and competitive breeding that is achieved without loss of genetic diversity in the elite breeding population during the professional career of the breeder. Breeding is often productive but not sustainable. From 1974 to 2000, the animal breeding programme Meatlinc in the United Kingdom had effective population size of 95, population inbreeding of 0.19% per year and generation interval of 2.15 years. Genetic progress in Meatlinc tripled in the 8 years following introduction of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) selection (based on the information from relatives) in 1992. Canola breeding in Australia from 1970 to 2000 had longer generation interval (6 years), smaller effective population size (<11) and higher rates of inbreeding (>0.7% per year). BLUP selection in canola was first reported in 2010. Neither programme replaced genetic diversity lost through selection and drift. Most breeding programmes violate conditions of the infinitesimal model, thereby reducing predictability of selection, but breeders can minimize these limitations to sustainable plant breeding.     

Introgression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. into Upland cotton germplasm RMBUP-C4S1

Gossypium barbadense L. cotton has significantly better fiber quality than Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.); however, yield and environmental adaptation of G. barbadense is not as wide as Upland. Most cotton in the world is planted to Upland cultivars. Many attempts have been made, over a considerable number of years, to introgress fiber quality alleles from G. barbadense into Upland. However, introgression barriers, primarily in the form of interspecific incompatibility, have limited these traditional approaches. The use of chromosome substitution lines (CSL) as a bridge should provide a more efficient way to introgress alleles from G. barbadense into Upland. We crossed 18 G. barbadense CSL to three cultivars and developed a random mated population. After five cycles of random mating followed by one generation of self-pollination to increase the seed supply, we grew the random mated population and used 139 G. barbadense chromosome specific SSR markers to assess a random sample of 96 plants for introgression. We recovered 121 of 139 marker loci among the 96 plants. The distribution of the G. barbadense alleles ranged from 10 to 28 alleles in each plant. Among the 96 plants we found individual plants with marker loci from 6 to 14 chromosomes or chromosome arms. Identity by descent showed little relatedness among plants and no population structure was indicated by a heat map. Using CSL we were able to develop a mostly Upland random mated population with considerable introgression of G. barbadense alleles which should be useful for breeding.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of River Water Fouling on Constant Wall Temperature Tube of Small Diameter

In order to improve utilization of cold and heat source from river, turbulence theory and entropy generation theory were adopted to analyze the effect of fouling on convective heat transfer performance in small diameter tube of constant wall temperature.It is found that the entropy generation caused by conduction of fouling plays a more important role in total entropy generation of heat transfer process through a duct than that in cveast rate of caused by temperature difference.The entropy generation caused by viscous flow is more than the entropy generation caused by temperature difference in flow with bigger Reynolds and small radius.The increase rate of entropy generation monotonically increase with Reynolds and the generation process of fouling resistance.Thereafter, the effect of fouling resistance on the heat transfer performance of water source heat pump heat exchanger should be paid more attention, when river water are used as the cold and heat source of heat pump.     

Genetic variation in South Korean natural populations of wild soybean (Glycine soja)

Summary Wild relatives are valuable genetic resources for crop improvement. Evaluating genetic variation in these species is not only important for their use in breeding programs, but will also provide information about evolution of crops. Seeds representing six natural populations were used to study the level of variation in the South Korean wild soybean. Electrophoretic assays of the seeds on horizontal slab gels were conducted to determine the genotypes of each natural plant at 35 loci in 17 isozymes and one protein. The results indicated a surprisingly high variation. The number of alleles at each locus was as high as four. Seventy two of the 94 reported alleles for the 35 loci were present in these populations. The average number of alleles per locus, 99% polymorphism and the expected heterozygosity in the total population were 2.1, 77.1% and 0.215, respectively. This amount of variation was not only higher than that reported for 857 soybean cultivars and wild soybean populations from other geographic regions, but also higher than the average for 123 self-fertilized plant species and 473 plant species of all mating systems. The high variation in the South Korean wild soybean as well as cultivated soybean indicated in this and other population genetic studies prompts us to propose that South Korea is one of the major soybean gene centers.     

国内外蚕豆核心种质SSR遗传多样性对比及微核心种质构建

运用24对SSR引物, 对国内外1075份初级地理蚕豆核心种质的遗传多样性分析显示, 等位变异数、有效等位变异数及Shannon’s信息指数分别为8.54、2.26和1.02;对全部参试资源进行聚类分析, 没有发现明显的群体结构, 表明初级地理核心种质的代表性较好, 遗传背景较广泛。之后采用每个类内随机抽样的方法构建含有129份国内资源和63份国外资源的蚕豆微核心种质, 等位基因变异数、有效等位变异数和Shannon’s信息指数的保留比例分别为87.32%, 101.26%, 101.82%;经t检验得出微核心种质与全部参试资源群体间遗传多样性差异不显著, 表明构建的微核心种质的遗传多样性可以代表初级地理蚕豆核心种质。     

Molecular diversity and population structure of the Ethiopian lentil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lens Culinaris</Emphasis> Medikus) genotype assessment using SSR markers

Knowledge of genetic diversity in germplasm is essential for formulating effective germplasm collection, conservation, utilization strategies in and crop improvement programs. It also provides an opportunity to take corrective steps infusing new genes to avoid risks associated with a narrow genetic bases. Genetic diversity analysis of 119 lentil genotypes of including 83 germplasm and 36 exotic genotypes from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas was studied using 27 primers of simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker. Molecular analysis of variance showed variations of 82% within and 18% of the among population variance was explained. Degree of polymorphism observed among the populations was 100%. A total 122 alleles were detected, with 2 to 7 alleles per locus, with a mean of 4.52 alleles per locus. The estimated gene diversity value for 27 loci was 0.64. The average Shannon’s information index value of 1.19 was obtained showed the existence of high genetic variation within the genotypes. The genetic similarity indices ranged from 0.21 to 1.00. The SSR markers showed an average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.58. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five major clusters as distinct genetic populations. Diversity analyses revealed the existence of a high level of genetic variation among genotypes. This molecular diversity information provides a basis for future germplasm collection, utilization, and conservation strategies in gene banks and introducing exotic germplasm to widen the genetic base of the current lentil breeding population.     

Sample size for diversity studies in tetraploid alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>) based on codominantly coded SSR markers

The number of genotypes investigated per population is important for the reliability of diversity studies. The objective of this study was to determine the sample size for the identification of differences among populations of an outcrossing autotetraploid species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), using codominantly coded SSR markers. One hundred and twenty genotypes from each of two closely related populations were analysed with two markers. Twenty random subsamples for each of three sample sizes (10, 20 and 40 genotypes) were built. Compared to the populations with 120 genotypes, alleles that were no longer present in subsamples with 40 genotypes were mainly rare, whereas abundant alleles were also excluded in subsamples with 10 genotypes. F _ST values for pairs of subsamples between the two populations were always significantly different based on 40 genotypes, whereas for 10 genotypes more than half of the pairs were not significantly different. We concluded that 40 genotypes are a reasonable sample size for diversity studies with closely related populations of tetraploid alfalfa investigated with SSR markers. Twenty genotypes may be an economical alternative for large scale studies, but 10 genotypes were a too low number for reliable results.     

Two unnecessary powdery mildew resistance genes in a synthetic rye population are neutral on fitness

A synthetic winter rye population was produced with two race-specific powdery mildew resistance genes, one dominant (Rm1) and the other (rm2) recessive, each at a frequency of about 0.50. The population was advanced by open-pollination in an isolated plot under mildew-free conditions for eight years. Samples of generations Syn-0 through Syn-7 were inoculated in the laboratory with two mildew isolates, one avirulent to either resistance gene, the other virulent to Rm1 and avirulent to rm2, to discriminate resistant and susceptible phenotypes. From the proportions of resistant plants, frequencies of Rm1 and rm2 were calculated and the fitness of carriers of resistance alleles was estimated in relation to carriers of susceptibility alleles at the two loci using continuous models and linear regression analyses. Frequencies of the two resistance genes oscillated only weakly over the eight generations. Coefficients of selection against Rm1-and rm2rm2 genotypes were –0.04 and –0.02, respectively, and not significantly different from zero. Thus the two resistance genes were selectively neutral. It is concluded that pyramiding of major powdery mildew resistance genes in rye varieties should not reduce their yield potential in the absence of mildew.     

Genetic diversity in soybean as determined by RAPD and microsatellite analysis

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite techniques were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among 18 soybean genotypes selected for a breeding programme to increase the protein content of varieties adapted for central European growing conditions. Out of 33 random primers used in RAPD reactions, only 12 showed polymorphism useful for characterization of these genotypes. In contrast, all 12 microsatellite primer pairs used in this study detected polymorphism with 2–6 alleles per locus. Similarity measures and cluster analysis were made using RAPD and simple sequence repeat (SSR) data, separately and together. The resulting dendrograms were compared with each other and with the available pedigree information as a control. The dendrogram derived from RAPD data showed some divergence from the pedigree information available for the lines. The dendrograms based on SSR data and SSR data combined with RAPD gave very good agreement with pedigree information. It can be concluded that the combined use of a limited number of RAPD and SSR markers is a useful and reliable means of evaluating genetic relationships of genotypes in the absence of pedigree data.