“乌叶”与“兰竹”荔枝果实的耐贮性比较

比较研究福建省主栽荔枝品种"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下的耐贮性差异.结果表明:"乌叶"荔枝果实比"兰竹"耐贮藏,"乌叶"好果率显著高于"兰竹",而果实失重率、果皮褐变指数和果皮褐变度均显著低于"兰竹"果实;"乌叶"荔枝果肉的可溶性固形物(TSS)、维生素C和总糖含量比"兰竹"果实高:贮藏期间,荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量不断下降,但"乌叶"果实的降低速度比"兰竹"果实慢;在同一贮藏时间.荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量高于"兰竹"果实.     

不同品种荔枝果皮酚类物质组成及其抗氧化活性比较

为比较不同品种荔枝果皮酚类物质含量、组成及其抗氧化活性差异,用80%甲醇分别提取6个品种荔枝果皮中的酚类物质,测定其总酚和总黄酮含量。采用铁离子还原能力（FRAP）和自由基离子清除能力（ABTS）等方法评价其抗氧化活性。通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）鉴定不同的单体酚并分析其在不同品种荔枝果皮之间的差异。结果表明,不同品种荔枝果皮的酚类物质含量为28.69~68.48 mg/g,不同品种荔枝果皮的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力存在显著的差异（P<0.05）。酚类物质的含量、FRAP和ABTS抗氧化活性能力均以‘荔枝王’为最高,分别为68.48 mg/g_、546.31 μmol/g和511.25 μmol/g。液相色谱结果鉴定出‘糯米糍’中的8种单体酚,而含量相对较高的是A型原花青素三聚体和原花青素A2。研究结果可为荔枝加工废弃物荔枝果皮的开发利用提供理论依据。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测荔枝果皮中基因表达方法的建立

以不同发育阶段的‘糯米糍’荔枝果皮和成熟时不同色泽表型的‘糯米糍’(红色)、‘乌皮荔’(紫色)和‘鸭姆笼’(绿色)荔枝果皮为试材,以甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(gapdh)基因做内标、类黄酮-3-O-葡糖基转移酶(ufgt)基因为目的基因,建立了基于SYBR Green I染料技术的Real-Time PCR检测体系,并分析ufgt基因在上述材料中的表达差异。结果表明:以cDNA为模板建立的标准曲线循环阈值(Ct)与标准cDNA模板在一定浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,gapdh基因和ufgt基因标准曲线的相关系数分别为0.998和0.999,扩增效率分别为96.2%和95.3%,达到定量PCR分析的标准。利用该方法的分析结果表明,不同发育阶段的‘糯米糍’荔枝果皮和3个成熟时不同色泽品种荔枝果皮的ufgt基因表达有显著差异。     

晚熟龙眼果实挂树期果皮活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性

以晚熟龙眼品种'立冬本'(Dimocarpus longana Lour.cv Lidongben)和'九月乌'(Dimocarpus longana Lour.cv Jueyuewu)为试材,研究挂树保鲜期内龙眼果皮H2O2、MDA含量和POD、SOD、CAT活性的变化.结果表明:立冬本果皮的H2O2含量总体水平要低于九月乌的;两品种果皮的H2O2与MDA含量的变化相关性大(r=0.990和0.959,P=0.01);立冬本果皮的POD活性在挂树10 d内、CAT活性在挂树5 d内要显著高于九月乌的.而SOD活性在整个挂树保鲜期内无显著差异.说明POD通过活性增强方式而CAT以高活性在立冬本果实挂树保鲜初期参与清除果皮产生的活性氧.从而延长了挂树保鲜期;POD、CAT活性可作为挂树保鲜性能的指标.     

年橘留树保鲜过程中对~(15)N的吸收和分配研究

为弄清年橘留树保鲜期间不同组织对氮素营养的吸收和分配情况,将稳定同位素~(15)N-尿素涂抹在5年生枳砧年橘叶片和果实后,分6个时期(6~480 h)取样分析果实和树体中不同部位~(15)N元素的含量。结果表明:年橘留树保鲜期间留果枝条对氮素的转运和分配与采果枝存在差异,涂抹~(15)N后丰度下降速率不同,留果树的无果枝平均下降速度达12.64%,采果后的枝条仅4.69%,留果树的有果枝居中,说明留树保鲜树体新梢是第一氮营养分配中心,果实是第二氮营养分配中心;没有留树保鲜的采果枝条,新梢是主要的氮营养分配中心。涂抹在叶片上的氮素可转运到果实,涂抹在果皮上的氮素经果实吸收后也可转运到叶片。叶片吸收的氮转运到新梢的含量显著高于转运到留树果实的氮含量,表明留树保鲜期内没有改变树体氮素的分配模式,从营养角度解释年橘留树保鲜不影响第二年产量的原因,为年橘留树保鲜期间合理施肥提供科学依据。     

荔枝果实复合保鲜剂的筛选及其常温保鲜效果的研究

为了筛选出有利于荔枝贮藏的复合保鲜剂,以‘井岗红糯’荔枝果实为试验材料,通过正交试验研究了不同浓度的油菜素内酯（brassinolide, BL）和曲酸（kojic acid, KA）配比对采后荔枝果实的保鲜效果。结果表明,在25 ℃贮藏条件下,对荔枝果实的最佳保鲜配方为：油菜素内酯40 μmol/L、曲酸35 mmol/L,浸泡时间为3 min,该复合保鲜剂配方能较好地抑制荔枝果实褐变和腐烂,降低果皮相对电导率、果皮pH和果皮丙二醛（malonaldehyde, MDA）含量,延缓果肉总可溶性固形物（total soluble solids, TSS）和维生素C（vitamin C, VC）含量的下降,维持较高的果皮色度L ^*值、a ^*值、C ^*值和花色苷含量,抑制了多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）及漆酶（laccase, Lac）的活性。     

多肽对荔枝成花、果实发育、产量和果实品质的影响

以海南主栽品种妃子笑和白糖罂为试材,探讨了多肽对荔枝成花、果实发育、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:多肽能显著提高荔枝的单株花穗数、单穗雌花数量、单果鲜重和单株产量;能通过提高优质果率、降低裂果率,提高了荔枝的商品果率;可使荔枝盛花期提前2～4d,采收期提前2～3d,能显著提高荔枝果肉的可溶性总糖含量、降低可滴定酸含量、增加了糖酸比;能提高荔枝果肉可溶性固形物、水解氨基酸和维生素C的含量,改善果实的营养品质;能提高果皮花色素苷含量,降低果皮叶绿素含量,果皮更加红艳,改善了外观品质;喷施多肽的800倍和1000倍水稀释液的总体效果好于500倍液。     

不同产地荔枝果实糖含量及组成的比较

以‘妃子笑’和‘糯米糍’荔枝果实为材料,比较分析了广东广州、阳江、东莞、茂名、台山和福建龙海6个不同产地荔枝果实糖分积累及组成.结果表明:不同产地的微环境和管理水平能在一定程度影响荔枝果实的糖分积累及组成,但并不改变品种的糖积累类型.通过对酸性转化酶(acid invertase,AI)、中性转化酶(neutral invertase,NI)、蔗糖合成酶(sucrose synthase,SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)活性测定及相关基因表达分析发现,不同产地之间假种皮中蔗糖代谢酶活性差异较大,但基因表达则没有显著差异.     

双肩玉荷包荔枝高接换种初步筛选

试验通过比较17个不同荔枝品种接穗高接在双肩玉荷包树体后,嫁接口的愈合状况,愈伤、表皮生长情况,嫁接成活率,叶片矿质元素含量、枝梢生长量以及各品种高接后果实产量与品质的差异,综合分析各品种与双肩玉荷包之间亲和性与高接后产量与品质指标,以期筛选优良的砧穗组合。结果表明:双肩玉荷包高接妃子笑、蜜荔、马贵荔的嫁接口完整愈合、愈伤和表皮生长状况良好、叶片矿质营养元素水平较高,亲和性较好;高接马贵荔、蜜荔的产量较高,高接无核荔、妃子笑、鸡嘴荔、岭丰糯的品质较好。综合考虑各高接组合亲和性与品质、产量表现,初步认为妃子笑、蜜荔、马贵荔适合双肩玉荷包高接换种,鸡嘴荔、庙种糯、井岗红糯、无核荔、灵山香荔、英山红、桂糯、大丁香还需要进一步观察研究。     

不同海南荔枝品种果实采后生理及品质变化的比较研究

以‘紫娘喜’等6个海南主栽荔枝品种为试材,研究了果实采后贮藏过程中品质变化,结果表明:果实贮藏期间,6个品种的果实果皮褐变指数快速上升,好果率下降,同时,果皮失水率和pH值上升,果皮花色苷含量下降。无核荔枝果皮褐变最快,而紫娘喜果皮褐变最慢,主要与果皮失水速率有关。贮藏过程中供试品种果肉可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)和抗坏血酸(Vc)含量均下降,妃子笑、无核荔枝TSS/TA值呈先上升后下降趋势。新球蜜荔果肉TSS和TSS/TA值最高,TA最低;而紫娘喜果肉TA含量最高,TSS/TA值最低。紫娘喜与新球蜜荔Vc含量高于其它品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).