北京市大兴区毛白杨生物量模型的研建

以北京市大兴区毛白杨为研究对象，结合测量数据和统计学软件SPSS来拟合生物量模型，通过模型评价指标选取各器官的最优数学模型。模型共包括4部分，分别是：总量、树干、树枝和树叶，单位为kg。结果表明，建立的毛白杨各器官生物量模型预估精度达到97％以上。最终筛选出总量及各部分生物量模型分别是：总量：W=0．024（D^2H）^1.003；树干：W=0．016（D^2H）^1.007；树枝：W=0．006D^1.99H^1.002；树叶：W：0．002（D^2H）^0.975。由于分量生物量模型具有不相容性，因此本研究采用平差法即以总量按比例分配的方法解决生物量模型的兼容性问题。     

广西田林马尾松人工林单木生物量的回归模型分析

通过在田林县3个不同林龄的马尾松人工林分中设置标准样地并进行每木调查,以D—H曲线进行平均木选择,分径阶伐倒平均木获得生物量数据。以幂指数模型和线性函数为基础对马尾松人工林的单株生物量模型进行了模拟,得到树干、树叶、树皮、树枝、树根和总生物量的回归模型分别为：W=166．0860×（DOH）-2．0497、W=9．1446×（DOH）＋2．1403、W=10．1717×（D^2H）^0.5959、W=0．0035×D^2.9702、W=32．7589×（D^2H）^0.8546、W=258．2048×（D^2H）＋2．0278。数据分析结果表明,马尾松林分平均木生物量随林龄的增加而增大,各器官的生物量所占总生物量的百分比出现明显的变化;各器官的生物量均以树干为最高,并随着林龄的增加而升高;树枝、树叶和树根的比例随着林龄的增加而出现下降。     

山西太岳山典型灌木林生物量及生产力研究

本文采用收获法研究了山西太岳林区榛子，虎榛子，黄刺玫3种有代表性的灌木林类型的生物量和生产力。3种灌木群落的总生物量分别为：54.3.43.3,35.7t.hm^-2，其中木本层，草本层，枯落物层的生物量占落总生物量比例为：榛子群落75.67%,9.9%,14.4%；虎榛子群落80.3%,8.7%,11.0%，黄刺玫群落76.7%,11.0%,12.3%，在活生物量的构成中，3种妙落的地上部分生物量分别占32.7%,30.6%,34.7%；地下部分生物量分别占67.3%,69.5%,65.3%；这种生物量结构与同一地区的乔木林生物量的结构正好相反，对灌木树种生物量的相对生长研究结果表明，灌木树种的总生物量，枝干生物量及叶生物量与基径平方乘高（D2H）之间存在极为显著的相关关系，表现出与乔木树种类似的相对生长规律，关系式W＝a(D^2H)^b可较好地描述这种规律。     

广西主要树种立木生物量模型的研建

在广西境内收集杉木、马尾松、桉树、硬阔类、软阔类等树种333株,按收获法进行生物量测定,分别树种采用W=c1×Dc2,W=c1×(D2H)c2,W=c1×Dc2×Hc3模型进行地上部分生物量拟合,并采用加权回归估计消除模型的异方差,利用部分有根部生物量测定的样本,分别树种建立地下与地上生物量回归模型,获得平均根茎比参数。结果表明:1)采用W=c1×Dc2×Hc3结构建立地上生物量模型,具有较高的精度;2)通过加权回归后,地上生物量模型精度略有降低,但模型稳定性增强;3)主要树种地上生物量模型的决定系数R2均达到0.93以上,总相对误差(TRE)和平均系统误差(MSE)均控制在±1%以内,平均预估精度基本在94%以上,结合平均根茎比参数,可在一定径级范围内用于广西主要树种生物量估测。     

鄂西地区杉木林生物量模拟及其分配格局

摘要：笔者研究杉木的生物量及其分布格局对研究鄂西地区植被碳循环具有重要意义,以杉木生物量为研究对象,利用在鄂西地区样地每木调查的资料,建立了不同器官生物量预测模型,统计分析了不同杉木林分的乔木层生物量及其组成关系;通过对样品含水量的测定,统计分析出不同林分灌木层和枯落物的生物量;杉木林各器官生物量模型分别为：W树干=0.010 0(D2H)1.036 6;W树皮=0.013 5(D2H)0.787 1;W树枝=1.223 0(D2H)0.257 3;W树叶=0.851 1(D2H)0.258 7;W地下=0.031 1(D2H)0.736 7;W地上=0.070 7(D2H)0.854 3;W总=0.094 2(D2H)0.838 3。结果表明杉木林生物量主要集中于乔木层,各部分所占比例为：干（52%）>地下（15%）>枝（14%）>叶（10%）>皮（9.6%）,灌木层和枯落物的生物量比较少。     

环洞庭湖防护林主要建群种生物量模型构建

根据环洞庭湖防护林的森林群落和树种分布特点,在研究区域共设置122个典型样地,样地根据气候区、立地条件、林分类型、群落结构、林龄等因素综合布设,实测样株生物量,利用树木各部分生物量之间存在相关关系,以树高、胸径为变量构建各分量生物量模型通式,共构建了马尾松、白栎、杨树、枫香、刺槐5个主要建群种生物量模型,模型结构为W=a(D2H)b。模型测算因子简单易得,各模型均具有较好的拟合精度和预估水平。     

帽儿山林区主要树种树高与胸径之间的关系分析

为了进一步探索树高与胸径的相关关系,本研究以黑龙江省帽儿山林场为样地,选取林区中杨树（Polar）、白桦（Birch）、紫椴（Tilia）、枫桦（Betula costata）、水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）林等5种主要树种为研究对象,通过SPSS17.0对胸径（D）和树高（H）的数据进行处理,应用7个常见树高-胸径模型来模拟相关关系,通过决定系数R2评价出了每个树种树高-胸径最优模型形式,所有树种最优模型的相关系数都达到了0.9以上,模型拟合的精度高.结论表明：①杨树的树高-胸径最优模型形式为幂函数曲线模型,方程式为：H=4.383D0.418;②白桦树、紫椴树、枫桦树的树高-胸径最优模型形式为三次曲线模型,方程式分别为：白桦树：H=4.785 ＋0.721D-0.008D2-0.00005D3;紫椴树：H =3.985＋0.787D-0.013D2-0.00009D3;枫桦树：H=6.345＋0.769D-0.010D2-0.000047D3;③水曲柳的树高-胸径最优模型形式为幂函数曲线模型,方程式为：H=e1.992＋0.043D.     

华北落叶松人工林生物量分配格局

采用相对生长模型W=a（D2H）b对不同林龄华北落叶松人工林生物量进行了研究。结果显示,随着林龄的增大,树干的生物量增长的速度最快,树皮、树枝和树叶的生物量所占全株的比例随着林龄的增大而减小;6a生林中,乔木层各器官生物量分配规律为树枝〉树干〉树皮〉树叶〉树根;12a生林、22a生林和32a生林中,分配规律为树干〉树枝〉树根〉树皮〉树叶;灌木层和草本层所占比例随着林龄的增大而减小,由6a生林的9．28％和15．72％减小到0．46％。     

鄂西地区杉木林生物量模拟及其分配格局

笔者研究杉木的生物量及其分布格局对研究鄂西地区植被碳循环具有重要意义,以杉木生物量为研究对象,利用在鄂西地区样地每木调查的资料,建立了不同器官生物量预测模型,统计分析了不同杉木林分的乔木层生物量及其组成关系;通过对样品含水量的测定,统计分析出不同林分灌木层和枯落物的生物量;杉木林各器官生物量模型分别为:W树干=0.010 0(D2 H)1.036 6;W树皮=0.013 5(D2 H)0.787 1;W树枝=1.223 0(D2 H)0.257 3;W树叶=0.851 1(D2 H)0.258 7;W地下=0.031 1(D2 H)0.736 7;W地上=0.070 7(D2 H)0.854 3;W总=0.094 2(D2 H)0.838 3。结果表明杉木林生物量主要集中于乔木层,各部分所占比例为:干(52%)>地下(15%)>枝(14%)>叶(10%)>皮(9.6%),灌木层和枯落物的生物量比较少。     

3种异速生长方程对生物量建模的对比分析

利用5个树种的1 055株样木的生物量实测数据,对3种常用的异速生长方程的建模效果进行比较分析。结果表明,二元生物量模型M=aDbHc的拟合效果通常要好于一元生物量模型M=aDb;基于组合变量的常用二元模型M=a(D2H)b并不适合于各类生物量的估计,仅对树干生物量和干材生物量的估计是有效的,对其它生物量的估计其效果还不如一元模型;建立树冠、树枝和树叶生物量模型时,采用组合变量D3/H可能是合适的。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.