定量产肠毒素性大肠埃希氏菌F41黏附素反向间接血凝试验的建立

利用F1，单因子血清IgG致敏绵羊红细胞，建立了定量产肠毒素性大肠埃希氏菌(ETEC)F41黏附素的反向间接血凝试验。经致敏的绵羊红细胞能被F41单因子血清特异性地抑制，且不与ETEC—K88、ETEC—K99、ETEC-987P、致仔猪水肿病大肠埃希氏菌O138、鼠伤寒沙门菌和猪链球菌2型菌液出现交叉反应，其敏感性比甘露糖抵抗血凝反应(MRHA)至少高2^5倍。结果表明，该反向间接血凝试验具有很高的特异性和敏感性，可用于生物制品中黏附素含量的定量。     

丝状支原体山羊亚种抗体间接血凝检测方法的建立及应用

将丝状支原体山羊亚种PG3株经超声波破碎处理后的产物致敏经戊二醛和鞣酸处理过的绵羊红细胞,建立了检测丝状支原体山羊亚种抗体的间接血凝试验方法。抗原致敏红细胞的最佳浓度是100～125μg/mL,超免血清抗体效价达1:512～1:1024。免疫山羊2周后血清抗体检出率为83.3%,对羊布氏杆菌、绵羊肺炎支原体阳性血清检测均为阴性,敏感性明显高于琼脂扩散试验。对628份田间血清进行检测,阳性率为44.9%。结果表明,该法敏感性较高、特异性强和重复性好,可用于山羊传染性胸膜肺炎免疫抗体水平的监测和流行病学调查。     

禽大肠杆菌间接血凝抗体测定中致敏红细胞的选择

采取健康公鸡血液，提取红细胞，以禽病原性大肠杆菌O78-166分离的LPS分别致敏新鲜红细胞和醛化红细胞，置4℃下保存，在致敏后1-8d，应用上述致敏红细胞分别测定6个O78-166免疫鸡阳性血清，以比较上述红细胞的敏感性和有效使用期。结果表明：以LPS致敏的新红细胞做定量试验较为精确，以LPS致敏的醛化红细胞做大肠杆菌定性试验较为快捷。方便。     

大熊猫IgG双抗体夹心ELISA定量检测方法的建立

为建立大熊猫IgG的定量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法(DAS-ELISA),本研究纯化了大熊猫血清中IgG,并将其作为免疫原分别免疫家兔和豚鼠,制备兔抗和豚鼠抗大熊猫IgG高免血清,经优化DAS-ELISA反应条件,建立了以纯化的兔抗大熊猫IgG作为捕获抗体和豚鼠抗大熊猫IgG高免血清作为检测大熊猫IgG的定量DAS-ELISA 检测方法.该方法能检测1.5625μg/mL～100 μg/mL的大熊猫IgG,大熊猫IgG含量(Y)与DAS-ELISA检测OD值(X)之间呈良好的线性关系,Y=4.7186X+0.044,相关系数为0.9911,该方法特异性强,稳定性好,能用于大熊猫IgG的定量检测.     

应用固相免疫放射分析检查马传贫病毒抗体的研究

参子固相免疫放射分析(SPRIA)试验的各成分的适宜条件是:固相载体抗原浓度为200～300μg/m1;马传贫阳性、阴性血清及被检样品为1:100稀释;~(125)Ⅰ-兔抗马血清 IgG 的适宜工作浓度为1000万 cpm/ml.检查了马传贫弱毒疫苗接种马以及牛白血病等疾病阳性血清证明,SPRIA 具有高的敏感性和特异性.     

绵羊实验性硒过多症的研究——Ⅳ.血液学动态变化的观察

当给硒绵羊的血硒水平在0.2μg/ml以下时,血液红细胞数和血清铁均增加,表明少量硒有促进血液生成的作用;血硒水平达0.309μg/ml,绵羊开始发病时,红细胞数,血红蛋白量以及红细胞压积容量仅见略有下降,表明硒对血液学的影响较缓慢;血硒水平在0.5～1μg/ml以上时,各项血液学指标均发生显著变化,绵羊发生贫血,贫血类型属小细胞性缺铁性贫血。     

间接血凝检测鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫血清抗体方法的建立

为了快速检测免疫球虫后宿主血清中特异性抗体的水平,以DE-52层析纯化子孢子、裂殖子,超声裂解获取可溶性蛋白;原核表达EtMIC4-N蛋白,致敏戊二醛醛化后的红细胞,以人工免疫柔嫩艾美耳球虫后分离的血清为阳性血清,以SPF鸡分离的血清为阴性血清,建立柔嫩艾美耳球虫间接血凝试验。结果显示,稀释度为1:2万鞣酸处理戊二醛醛化后的红细胞,使用100μg/mL可溶性裂殖子、子孢子蛋白或12.5μg/mL表达的重组蛋白EtMIC4-N均可以与阳性血清发生反应(可达1:1024),与鸡的阴性血清及大肠杆菌病的阳性血清无反应.与堆型艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫阳性血清有微弱反应(不超过1:8)。试验证明,该方法具有简单、方便、快捷、灵敏等优点。     

马血清抗原固相放射免疫分析适宜条件的探讨

应用氯胺T法标记~(125)I-兔抗马血清IgG的血清IgG(兔抗马IgG).其活度为7万cpm/μl,比放射性约2μci/μg,纯度97%。马血清包被的最适浓度为1000陪,0.2ml(以pH 96 0.05M碳酸盐缓冲液作稀释液),在37℃作用2小时、再置4℃过液。标记~(125)I-兔抗马IgG最适条件是:400万cpm/ml(含800ng兔抗马IgG);与包被抗原结合是37℃作用2小时.检测抗原的灵敏度可达8ng.     

SPF雏鸡血清中IgG含量的研究

为了研究不同日龄SPF雏鸡血清中IgG的含量,利用兔抗鸡IgG作为第一抗体（Ab1）包被,辣根过氧化物酶——兔抗鸡IgG为第二抗体（Ab2）,应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法定量测定SPF雏鸡血清中IgG的含量。试验结果显示,所应用的双抗体夹心法灵敏度为100ng／mL,测得SPF雏鸡血清中IgG为4．827-1．822μg／mL。该法特异性强、敏感性高,可检测最低含量为100ng／mL的含量。     

利用重组蛋白检测ETEC菌毛抗体的间接ELISA方法的建立

通过构建pQE-30Xa＋K99重组质粒获得产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）重组K99蛋白的高效表达,Western blot检测该重组蛋白具有很好的免疫原性。利用纯化的重组蛋白为抗原,通过方阵试验确定了包被抗原的最适包被浓度为0.7μg/孔,血清最佳稀释倍数为1∶800,酶标二抗最佳稀释倍数为1∶6000,初步建立了检测牛血清中抗ETEC菌毛抗体的间接ELISA方法。经特异性试验、敏感性试验和重复性试验证明,该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,重复性好。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in