Keplerian complexity: numerical simulations of accretion disk transport

Supercomputer simulations have been used in conjunction with analytic studies to investigate the central issue of astrophysical accretion-disk dynamics: the nature of the angular momentum transport. Simulations provide the means to investigate and experiment with candidate mechanisms, including global hydrodynamic instabilities, spiral shock waves, and local magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. Simulations have demonstrated that accretion disks are generally MHD turbulent. These results suggest that the fundamental physical mechanism for angular momentum transport in accretion disks has now been identified.     

Purines: active transport by isolated choroid plexus

Purines are actively accumulated by the isolated rabbit choroid plexus by a specific saturable transport mechanism. In vivo this system probably serves to excrete the purine catabolities of brain from cerebrospinal fluid into blood.     

How enzymes work: analysis by modern rate theory and computer simulations

Advances in transition state theory and computer simulations are providing new insights into the sources of enzyme catalysis. Both lowering of the activation free energy and changes in the generalized transmission coefficient (recrossing of the transition state, tunneling, and nonequilibrium contributions) can play a role. A framework for understanding these effects is presented, and the contributions of the different factors, as illustrated by specific enzymes, are identified and quantified by computer simulations. The resulting understanding of enzyme catalysis is used to comment on alternative proposals of how enzymes work.     

Intestinal calcium transport: stimulation by low phosphorus diets

Rats maintained on a low phosphorus diet supplemented with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) show high intestinal calcium transport activity as compared to rats similarly treated but fed a diet containing adequate phosphorus. This increased transport activity is correlated with an increased biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the probable metabolically active form of the vitamin in the intestine.     

Suicide transport: destruction of neurons by retrograde transport of ricin, abrin, and modeccin

Certain toxic lectins, including ricin, are retrogradely transported along neuronal processes to the cell body where they inactivate ribosomes, resulting in neuronal death. This process of "suicide transport" suggests a powerful new experimental strategy for solving neurobiological problems.     

Chelation of calcium by lactose: its role in transport mechanisms

Lactose, like other sugars and polyols, prevents or delays the precipitation of calcium ion in the presence of bicarbonate buffer. That an uncharged calcium-lactose complex is formed was demonstrated by the use of paper electrophoresis and of calcium-45 as a label for the complex. Enhancement of the intestinal absorption of calcium ion by sugars could result from a complex of low molecular weight.     

Estrus-inducing pheromone of male mice: transport by movement of air

The proportion of female SJL/J mice exhibiting estrus whet 2 meters downwind (6 meters per minute) from a group of 15 hybrid mi not significantly less than that of females placed directly under the males posed to their urine. The proportion of mice showing estrus when placed 2 upwind was significantly less than that of mice downwind or of mice beloii but not different from that of females remote from males. These findings sh the pheromone from male mice is volatile and further support the concep, acts through olfactory receptors.     

Benzodiazepines: anxiety-reducing activity by reduction of serotonin turnover in the brain

The anxiety-reducing effects of minor tranquilizers in the rat conflict test were mimicked by serotonin antagonists and by p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis; the depressant effects of the minor tranquilizers were mimicked by norepinephrine antagonists. Intraventricular injections of serotonin led to a suppression of behavior, and also antagonized the anxiety-reducing action of benzodiazeprines. Intraventricular injections of norepinephrine led to a release of punished behavior from suppression, and also antagonized the depressant action of benzodiazepines. The anxiety-reducing activity, and the decrease in serotonin turnover induced by benzodiazepines, were maintained over repeated doses, whereas depressant activity, and the decrease induced in norepinephrine turnover, both rapidly underwent tolerance. Tranquilizers may exert their anxiety-reducing effects by a reduction of serotonin activity in a behaviorally suppressive punishment system, and they may exert their depressant effects by a reduction of norepinephrine activity in a behaviorally facilitatory reward system.     

Familial hypophosphatemic rickets: defective transport of inorganic phosphate by intestinal mucosa

Uptake of inorganic phosphate is impared in intestinal mucosa from hemizygous males and heterozygous females with X-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets. Considerable intrafamilial and interfamilial variation in uptake of inorganic phosphate is observed in affected patients. Uptake by normal mucosa is concentrative and energy-dependent, and is mediated by at least two systems with widely different affinities. These results lend direct support to the thesis that the primary metabolic disturbance in this disease results from impaired transport of inorganic phosphate in kidney and gut.     

Surface tension transport of prey by feeding shorebirds: the capillary ratchet

The variability of bird beak morphology reflects diverse foraging strategies. One such feeding mechanism in shorebirds involves surface tension-induced transport of prey in millimetric droplets: By repeatedly opening and closing its beak in a tweezering motion, the bird moves the drop from the tip of its beak to its mouth in a stepwise ratcheting fashion. We have analyzed the subtle physical mechanism responsible for drop transport and demonstrated experimentally that the beak geometry and the dynamics of tweezering may be tuned to optimize transport efficiency. We also highlight the critical dependence of the capillary ratchet on the beak's wetting properties, thus making clear the vulnerability of capillary feeders to surface pollutants.     

Salt transport in Valonia: inhibition of potassium uptake by small hydrostatic pressures

Internally perfused cells of the marine alga Valonia actively transport potassium from external seawater into the cell vacuole. This active uptake of potassium is reduced by restoring the normal turgor pressure of 1 atmosphere by means of a mercury manometer attached to the internal perfusion system. This inhibition of salt uptake by a small hydrostatic pressure suggests that Valonia and other walled cells may regulate their turgor pressures by adjusting their rates of salt uptake.     

Man-made carbon-14 in deep Pacific waters: transport by biological skeletal material

Calcareous particles present in Pacific waters at depths of 50 to 3500 meters were collected by filtering seawater through spongin matrix. The specific activity of carbon-14 could be measured in two of these collections from depths of 2300 and 3500 meters. The ratios of carbon-14 to carbon-12 correspond to values observed in surface waters in recent years as a result of the addition of manmade carbon-14, thus indicating that the calcareous particles resulted from recent biological productivity. The results are related to the mean settling rates and the sizes and dissolution rates of biogenic calcareous particles in transit through a seawater column.     

仿生沟槽减阻技术的研究和应用进展

针对当前受到广泛关注的仿生沟槽减阻技术,对沟槽面湍流减阻的微观机理、影响沟槽面减阻效果的主要因素、沟槽减阻技术的工业应用等三个方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述,分析了存在的问题并对沟槽减阻技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

仿生沟槽减阻技术的研究和应用进展

针对当前受到广泛关注的仿生沟槽减阻技术,对沟槽面湍流减阻的微观机理、影响沟槽面减阻效果的主要因素、沟槽减阻技术的工业应用等三个方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述,分析了存在的问题并对沟槽减阻技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

Binding of alkali metal ions by cyclic polyethers: significance in ion transport processes

Values for the formation constant (log K), the change in enthalpy (triangle upH degrees ), and the change in entropy (triangle upS degrees ) have been determined for the interaction of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium ions with the two isomers of the cyclic polyether, 2,5,8,15,18,21-hexaoxatricyclo[20.4.0.0(9,14)] hexacosane. The stability order of these metal ions with either isomer is identical to the permeability order for these same metal ions with the structurally related antibiotics, valinomycin and monactin.     

Mechanism of ammonia transport by Amt/MEP/Rh: structure of AmtB at 1.35 A

The first structure of an ammonia channel from the Amt/MEP/Rh protein superfamily, determined to 1.35 angstrom resolution, shows it to be a channel that spans the membrane 11 times. Two structurally similar halves span the membrane with opposite polarity. Structures with and without ammonia or methyl ammonia show a vestibule that recruits NH4+/NH3, a binding site for NH4+, and a 20 angstrom-long hydrophobic channel that lowers the NH4+ pKa to below 6 and conducts NH3. Favorable interactions for NH3 are seen within the channel and use conserved histidines. Reconstitution of AmtB into vesicles shows that AmtB conducts uncharged NH3.     

环境规制对肉鸭养殖户兽药减量行为的影响——基于10省份调研数据

畜禽养殖兽药减量化对保障肉源性食品安全和减少养殖污染具有重要意义。本文基于10省份1 078户肉鸭养殖户调研数据,运用Probit模型、IV-Probit模型和调节效应模型实证分析约束型环境规制、激励型环境规制和引导型环境规制对肉鸭养殖户兽药减量行为的作用机制,并对引导型环境规制的调节效应进行了检验。结果表明：约束型环境规制、激励型环境规制和引导型环境规制均促进肉鸭养殖户实施兽药减量行为,其中,引导型环境规制对肉鸭养殖户兽药减量行为的促进作用最强,约束型环境规制次之,激励型环境规制的作用效果最弱。进一步研究发现,引导型环境规制在约束型环境规制对肉鸭养殖户兽药减量行为的影响中发挥调节作用。基于上述结果,提出应进一步完善肉鸭养殖户兽药减量行为的激励机制,探索多渠道宣传引导肉鸭养殖户实施兽药减量行为,并充分发挥引导型环境规制的调节作用等对策建议,以期为我国畜禽养殖业提质增效和健康发展提供借鉴。     

交通基础设施与森林公园旅游发展 ——基于面板联立方程的实证检验

交通基础设施既是旅游业发展的基础,也是旅游业"六要素"的一部分。通过文献梳理,在探讨交通基础设施建设与森林公园旅游发展相互作用机制的基础上,采用1998—2017年中国省级面板数据和面板联立方程模型,实证检验了两者的互动关系假说。结果表明,1)总体看,交通基础设施建设对森林公园旅游发展表现为较强的促进作用,但反方向的促进作用较弱。2)分森林公园类型看,交通基础设施建设仅分别与中资源比较优势区和资源利用不足型地区的森林公园旅游发展存在显著互动关系。3)分交通基础设施看,仅有公路交通建设与森林公园旅游发展存在显著正向的互动关系;1998—2007年时期,交通基础设施建设对森林公园旅游发展具有显著正向影响,但反向影响不显著。4)不同交通基础设施与不同森林公园类型的交叉组合看,铁路交通建设仅在森林公园的高资源比较优势区对旅游发展具有显著正向影响;公路交通建设对森林公园旅游发展均具有显著正向影响,其中,等级公路交通建设的影响更大。对此,需要因地制宜地完善交通基础设施建设、创新森林公园旅游业态。