Graphene barristor, a triode device with a gate-controlled Schottky barrier

Despite several years of research into graphene electronics, sufficient on/off current ratio I(on)/I(off) in graphene transistors with conventional device structures has been impossible to obtain. We report on a three-terminal active device, a graphene variable-barrier "barristor" (GB), in which the key is an atomically sharp interface between graphene and hydrogenated silicon. Large modulation on the device current (on/off ratio of 10(5)) is achieved by adjusting the gate voltage to control the graphene-silicon Schottky barrier. The absence of Fermi-level pinning at the interface allows the barrier's height to be tuned to 0.2 electron volt by adjusting graphene's work function, which results in large shifts of diode threshold voltages. Fabricating GBs on respective 150-mm wafers and combining complementary p- and n-type GBs, we demonstrate inverter and half-adder logic circuits.     

Chemiluminescence of anodized and etched silicon: evidence for a luminescent siloxene-like layer on porous silicon

Treatment of anodized or chemically etched silicon ("porous silicon") with dilute nitric acid or persulfate solution results in weak chemiluminescence in the visible region. Concentrated nitric acid reacts violently with porous Si produced by anodization with a bright flash of light. The fact that similar reactions occur with siloxene (Si(6)H(6)O(3)) prepared from CaSi(2) suggests that the visible emission seen with porous Si can be attributed to this substance.     

线-筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体失活水华鱼腥藻和同步降解鱼腥藻毒素的效果

为研究线-筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体失活水华鱼腥藻（Anabaena flosaguas）及同步降解鱼腥藻毒素（anatoxin-a）的效果和相关机制,选取水华鱼腥藻及鱼腥藻毒素为研究对象,以处理后藻悬液中的藻细胞浓度、藻毒素浓度及活性基团浓度为考察指标,进行不同等离子体输入功率及空气流量下的单因子实验。结果表明,等离子体输入功率为50 W,空气流量为100 L·h^-1时,10 min处理即可失活藻悬液中超过5 log10·mL^-1浓度的水华鱼腥藻,与此同时藻悬液中鱼腥藻毒素的浓度同步降低了99 %以上。介质阻挡放电等离子体对水华鱼腥藻的失活及对鱼腥藻毒素的降解效果在一定范围内随着输入功率和空气流量的增加而大幅提高。此外,等离子体处理后藻悬液中活性基团（H₂O₂和O₃）的浓度显著提升,可能在藻细胞失活和藻毒素同步降解的过程中起重要作用。     

微机接口实验仪仿真器的设计与实现

《微机接口技术》是高校计算机专业开设的必修课。为了培养学生的动手能力，学校开设了与之相应的实验课。目前学校实验室使用的微机接口实验仪器存在着程序录入和调试不方便、经常接触不良、价格昂贵、维护成本高等弊端。本文介绍了基于VB．NET的8088微机接口实验仪器仿真器的设计与实现，实践应用表明了这种设计的可行性。     

The structure and symmetry of crystalline solid solutions: a general revision

Mixed single crystals composed of host and guest organic molecules of similar structures and shapes are shown to comprise sectors with different host-guest distributions and to have symmetries lower than that of the host crystal. These properties are determined by the structure of the guest and the surface structures of the crystal faces through which the guest molecules are occluded. This general concept is illustrated by studies of three mixed crystal systems,(E)-cinnamamide-(E)-2-thienylacrylamide, (E)-cinnamamide-(E)-3-thienylacrylamide, and(S)-asparagine-(S)-aspartic acid, with x-ray and neutron diffraction and solid-state photochemistry.     

Breaking the diffraction barrier: optical microscopy on a nanometric scale

In near-field scanning optical microscopy, a light source or detector with dimensions less than the wavelength (lambda) is placed in close proximity (lambda/50) to a sample to generate images with resolution better than the diffraction limit. A near-field probe has been developed that yields a resolution of approximately 12 nm ( approximately lambda/43) and signals approximately 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold larger than those reported previously. In addition, image contrast is demonstrated to be highly polarization dependent. With these probes, near-field microscopy appears poised to fulfill its promise by combining the power of optical characterization methods with nanometric spatial resolution.     

Evidence for crystalline water and ammonia ices on Pluto's satellite charon

Observations have resolved the satellite Charon from its parent planet Pluto, giving separate spectra of the two objects from 1.0 to 2.5 micrometers. The spectrum of Charon is found to be different from that of Pluto, with water ice in crystalline form covering most of the surface of the satellite. In addition, an absorption feature in Charon's spectrum suggests the presence of ammonia ices. Ammonia ice-water ice mixtures have been proposed as the cause of flowlike features observed on the surfaces of many icy satellites. The existence of such ices on Charon may indicate geological activity in the satellite's past.     

Limits on silicon nanoelectronics for terascale integration

Throughout the past four decades, silicon semiconductor technology has advanced at exponential rates in both performance and productivity. Concerns have been raised, however, that the limits of silicon technology may soon be reached. Analysis of fundamental, material, device, circuit, and system limits reveals that silicon technology has an enormous remaining potential to achieve terascale integration (TSI) of more than 1 trillion transistors per chip. Such massive-scale integration is feasible assuming the development and economical mass production of double-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors with gate oxide thickness of about 1 nanometer, silicon channel thickness of about 3 nanometers, and channel length of about 10 nanometers. The development of interconnecting wires for these transistors presents a major challenge to the achievement of nanoelectronics for TSI.     

The casparian strip as a barrier to the movement of lanthanum in corn roots

The effectiveness of the Casparian strip as a barrier to apoplastic movement of solutes from cortex to stele of corn roots was investigated by using lanthanum in combination with electron microscopy. Lanthanum deposits were found only in cell walls and on the outside of the plasma membrane of epidermal, cortical, and endodermal cells up to the Casparian strip. Lanthanum was completely absent from the stele, indicating that the Casparian strip provides an effective barrier to apoplastic movement of solutes. Inhibitory effects of trivalent lanthanum ions on the absorption of potassium ions are discussed in relation to the nature of the lanthanum ion binding site on membranes.     

The role of a bilayer interfacial phase on liquid metal embrittlement

Intrinsically ductile metals are prone to catastrophic failure when exposed to certain liquid metals, but the atomic-level mechanism for this effect is not fully understood. We characterized a model system, a nickel sample infused with bismuth atoms, by using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and observed a bilayer interfacial phase that is the underlying cause of embrittlement. This finding provides a new perspective for understanding the atomic-scale embrittlement mechanism and for developing strategies to control the practically important liquid metal embrittlement and the more general grain boundary embrittlement phenomena in alloys. This study further demonstrates that adsorption can induce a coupled grain boundary structural and chemical phase transition that causes drastic changes in properties.     

Epitaxial cubic gadolinium oxide as a dielectric for gallium arsenide passivation

Epitaxial growth of single-crystal gadolinium oxide dielectric thin films on gallium arsenide is reported. The gadolinium oxide film has a cubic structure isomorphic to manganese oxide and is (110)-oriented in single domain on the (100) gallium arsenide surface. The gadolinium oxide film has a dielectric constant of approximately 10, with low leakage current densities of about 10(-9) to 10(-10) amperes per square centimeter at zero bias. Typical breakdown field is 4 megavolts per centimeter for an oxide film 185 angstroms thick and 10 megavolts per centimeter for an oxide 45 angstroms thick. Both accumulation and inversion layers were observed in the gadolinium oxide-gallium arsenide metal oxide semiconductor diodes, using capacitance-voltage measurements. The ability to grow thin single-crystal oxide films on gallium arsenide with a low interfacial density of states has great potential impact on the electronic industry of compound semiconductors.     

An interface design for microcomputer control of a potato storage

The design of an interface circuit to connect a microcomputer with a potato storage is described. The interface provides for the measurement of 21 temperatures, input of 8 digital signals and output of 16 digital signals under computer control. Computer I/O is handled through one input and one output port. Interface design, programing and preliminary test are described.     

基于硅光电池S1087的温室大棚光强控制系统研究

研究了一套用于调节温室大棚光照强度的自动控制系统。以MSP430作为主要控制器件,设计的I/V转化电路可将硅光电池输出的微弱电流信号转化为电压信号;采用两个S1087组成差分放大电路,以有效抑制温度漂移;通过NRF905SE红外无线传输模块,可以准确地将现场测量数据发送给监测中心,并接收来自监测中心的控制命令。试验结果表明,项目设计的控制系统运行稳定,抑制温度漂移能力好,光照强度测量精度高、量程大,能够准确地远程传送数据,从而实现远程在线控制,具有较高的应用价值。     

Osmotic gradients across snail epidermis: evidence for a water barrier

Cryoscopic analysis of frozen sections provided indirect evidence for the presence of a waterproof layer limiting evaporation from living epithelial cells in dormant land snails.