Structure of the S15,S6,S18-rRNA complex: assembly of the 30S ribosome central domain

The crystal structure of a 70-kilodalton ribonucleoprotein complex from the central domain of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit was solved at 2.6 angstrom resolution. The complex consists of a 104-nucleotide RNA fragment composed of two three-helix junctions that lie at the end of a central helix, and the ribosomal proteins S15, S6, and S18. S15 binds the ribosomal RNA early in the assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit, stabilizing a conformational reorganization of the two three-helix junctions that creates the RNA fold necessary for subsequent binding of S6 and S18. The structure of the complex demonstrates the central role of S15-induced reorganization of central domain RNA for the subsequent steps of ribosome assembly.     

Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution

We describe the crystal structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing bound messenger RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) at 5.5 angstrom resolution. All of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains, the A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs, and most of the ribosomal proteins can be fitted to the electron density map. The core of the interface between the 30S small subunit and the 50S large subunit, where the tRNA substrates are bound, is dominated by RNA, with proteins located mainly at the periphery, consistent with ribosomal function being based on rRNA. In each of the three tRNA binding sites, the ribosome contacts all of the major elements of tRNA, providing an explanation for the conservation of tRNA structure. The tRNAs are closely juxtaposed with the intersubunit bridges, in a way that suggests coupling of the 20 to 50 angstrom movements associated with tRNA translocation with intersubunit movement.     

16S rRNA在兽医病原菌分类鉴定中的应用

介绍16S rRNA基因的特点,阐述其用于病原菌分类鉴定的基本原理,综述其在兽医病原菌分类鉴定中的应用。     

Crystal structure of an initiation factor bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Initiation of translation at the correct position on messenger RNA is essential for accurate protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, this process requires three initiation factors: IF1, IF2, and IF3. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex of IF1 and the 30S ribosomal subunit. Binding of IF1 occludes the ribosomal A site and flips out the functionally important bases A1492 and A1493 from helix 44 of 16S RNA, burying them in pockets in IF1. The binding of IF1 causes long-range changes in the conformation of H44 and leads to movement of the domains of 30S with respect to each other. The structure explains how localized changes at the ribosomal A site lead to global alterations in the conformation of the 30S subunit.     

Distribution of protein and RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit

In Escherichia coli, the small ribosomal subunit has a sedimentation coefficient of 30S, and consists of a 16S RNA molecule of 1541 nucleotides complexed with 21 proteins. Over the last few years, a controversy has emerged regarding the spatial distribution of RNA and protein in the 30S subunit. Contrast variation with neutron scattering was used to suggest that the RNA was located in a central core of the subunit and the proteins mainly in the periphery, with virtually no separation between the centers of mass of protein and RNA. However, these findings are incompatible with the results of efforts to locate individual ribosomal proteins by immune electron microscopy and triangulation with interprotein distance measurements. The conflict between these two views is resolved in this report of small-angle neutron scattering measurements on 30S subunits with and without protein S1, and on subunits reconstituted from deuterated 16S RNA and unlabeled proteins. The results show that (i) the proteins and RNA are intermingled, with neither component dominating at the core or the periphery, and (ii) the spatial distribution of protein and RNA is asymmetrical, with a separation between their centers of mass of about 25 angstroms.     

Recognition of cognate transfer RNA by the 30S ribosomal subunit

Crystal structures of the 30S ribosomal subunit in complex with messenger RNA and cognate transfer RNA in the A site, both in the presence and absence of the antibiotic paromomycin, have been solved at between 3.1 and 3.3 angstroms resolution. Cognate transfer RNA (tRNA) binding induces global domain movements of the 30S subunit and changes in the conformation of the universally conserved and essential bases A1492, A1493, and G530 of 16S RNA. These bases interact intimately with the minor groove of the first two base pairs between the codon and anticodon, thus sensing Watson-Crick base-pairing geometry and discriminating against near-cognate tRNA. The third, or "wobble," position of the codon is free to accommodate certain noncanonical base pairs. By partially inducing these structural changes, paromomycin facilitates binding of near-cognate tRNAs.     

柑橘黄龙病病原菌非洲种和美洲种23S-5S rDNA序列的克隆及分析

 【目的】克隆柑橘黄龙病病原菌非洲种和美洲种23S-5S rDNA序列并和亚洲种相应区域进行比对,阐明黄龙病3个种核糖体RNA操纵子之间的关系。【方法】根据亚洲种23S-5S rRNA基因区域序列的保守性设计引物,在非洲种和美洲种DNA样品上扩增,对PCR产物进行克隆和测序,并对新获得的序列进行序列验证和分析。【结果】 非洲种获得了3 057 bp 序列包括23S rRNA 基因、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因和5S rRNA 基因;美洲种获得了3 033 bp序列包括23S rRNA 基因、glpK基因和5S rRNA 基因。3个种核糖体基因顺序分别是：亚洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因、5S rRNA 和 tRNAMet;非洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因和 5S rRNA;美洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、glpK 基因和5S rRNA。【结论】黄龙病病原菌核糖体RNA基因有特殊的排列方式,即在23S rRNA和5S rRNA基因区间均有反向编码的细胞壁脱氢酶基因,其中亚洲种和非洲种为假基因,美洲种为glpK基因。     

Sequence of the 16S Ribosomal RNA from Halobacterium volcanii, an Archaebacterium

The sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii has been determined by DNA sequencing methods. The archaebacterial rRNA is similar to its eubacterial counterpart in secondary structure. Although it is closer in sequence to the eubacterial 16S rRNA than to the eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA, the H. volcanii sequence also shows certain points of specific similarity to its eukaryotic counterpart. Since the H. volcanii sequence is closer to both the eubacterial and the eukaryotic sequences than these two are to one another, it follows that the archaebacterial sequence resembles their common ancestral sequence more closely than does either of the other two versions.     

梭鱼和鲻鱼线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段的比较分析

运用PCR技术,扩增了梭鱼和鲻鱼线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段,并比较分析了其种间的序列差异。获得16S rRNA基因的540～560 bp碱基序列,出现26个碱基的插入与缺失位点;获得COⅠ基因的602～604 bp碱基序列,出现2个插入缺失位点;16S rRNA和COⅠ基因的序列中G平均含量最低,且（A＋T）含量高于（G＋C）含量,与其他鱼类中的16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段研究结果相一致。在16S rRNA基因片段中,梭鱼出现1种单倍型,鲻鱼为2种单倍型;在COⅠ基因片段中,梭鱼样品中检测到3个单倍型,鲻鱼样品中检测到5个单倍型。以Takifugu poecilonotus为外群,构建的NJ系统发育树,基于16S rRNA和COⅠ基因序列获得的NJ系统树基本一致,鲻鱼和梭鱼种内个体分别聚为一支,显示16S rRNA和COⅠ基因适合于梭鱼和鲻鱼的物种鉴定。     

柞蚕微孢子核糖体基因和转录间隔区的序列及系统进化分析

【目的】研究柞蚕微孢子（Nosema antheraeae）的核糖体基因，转录间隔区（ITS）以及它们的排列顺序，为柞蚕微孢子的分类和系统进化分析提供分子生物学方面的依据。【方法】采用特异引物进行PCR扩增，克隆和测序。用DNAStar软件，用Clustal W 的比对方法得到遗传距离和系统进化树。【结果】得到柞蚕微孢子的核糖体小亚基rRNA（SSU rRNA），转录间隔区（ITS），5S rRNA的全长，得到核糖体大亚基rRNA（LSU rRNA）的部分序列。【结论】柞蚕微孢子的核糖体基因排列顺序为LSU－ITS1－SSU－ITS2－5S与Nosema bombycis 相同，是一种比较特殊的排列方式。将微孢子SSU rRNA基因和ITS结合起来分析微孢子的亲缘关系是一个新的尝试。     

16S rRNA和COI基因条形码在12种观赏鱼种类鉴定中的应用

应用通用引物测定观赏鱼市场上价值较高的红尾金龙鱼、黄尾龙鱼、青龙鱼、珍珠龙鱼、银龙鱼、神仙鱼、非洲珠宝鱼、接吻鱼、珍珠毛足鲈、蓝钻石孔雀、孔雀鱼、锦鲤等12种观赏鱼的16SrRNA基因和COI基因部分序列。应用DNA序列分析软件,对这些基因进行同源性比较和系统发育分析。通过GenBank中的核酸BLAST和BOLD SYSTEMS数据库对这些基因序列进行比对,结果表明16SrRNA基因和COI基因可以在物种水平作为基因条码对亚洲龙鱼、珍珠龙鱼、银龙鱼和神仙鱼等观赏鱼进行准确的鉴别,而且应用COI基因构建的系统发育树比16SrRNA基因更加接近现有的鱼类分类体系。但对形态十分相似的慈鲷等观赏鱼,以及红尾金龙鱼、黄尾龙鱼、青龙鱼等同一个物种不同品系的观赏鱼依靠16SrRNA基因或COI基因都无法准确鉴定,需要研究进化速度更快的DNA基因条码。     

Streptomycin resistance mutation in Escherichia coli: altered ribosomal protein

Reconstitution of 30S ribosomal particles was performed with 16S ribosomal RNA, "core" proteins, and "split" proteins from 30S particles derived from streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli cells in various combinations. Analysis of streptomycin sensitivity of the reconstituted particles has shown that the alteration induced by the resistance mutation resides in the core proteins, and not in the RNA or in the split proteins of the 30S particles.     

Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 6

Protein synthesis in all organisms is catalyzed by ribosomes. In comparison to their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic ribosomes are considerably larger and are subject to more complex regulation. The large ribosomal subunit (60S) catalyzes peptide bond formation and contains the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel. We present the structure of the 60S ribosomal subunit from Tetrahymena thermophila in complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6), cocrystallized with the antibiotic cycloheximide (a eukaryotic-specific inhibitor of protein synthesis), at a resolution of 3.5 angstroms. The structure illustrates the complex functional architecture of the eukaryotic 60S subunit, which comprises an intricate network of interactions between eukaryotic-specific ribosomal protein features and RNA expansion segments. It reveals the roles of eukaryotic ribosomal protein elements in the stabilization of the active site and the extent of eukaryotic-specific differences in other functional regions of the subunit. Furthermore, it elucidates the molecular basis of the interaction with eIF6 and provides a structural framework for further studies of ribosome-associated diseases and the role of the 60S subunit in the initiation of protein synthesis.     

Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1

Eukaryotic ribosomes are substantially larger and more complex than their bacterial counterparts. Although their core function is conserved, bacterial and eukaryotic protein synthesis differ considerably at the level of initiation. The eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) plays a central role in this process; it binds initiation factors that facilitate scanning of messenger RNAs and initiation of protein synthesis. We have determined the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena thermophila 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 1 (eIF1) at a resolution of 3.9 angstroms. The structure reveals the fold of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA and of all ribosomal proteins of the 40S subunit, and defines the interactions with eIF1. It provides insights into the eukaryotic-specific aspects of protein synthesis, including the function of eIF1 as well as signaling and regulation mediated by the ribosomal proteins RACK1 and rpS6e.     

植原体翠菊黄化组分类研究进展

本文介绍了植原体翠菊黄化组分类研究概况及最新进展,四个遗传进化参数16S rRNA、rp、tuf、secY基因应用于翠菊黄化组植原体的分类,基于16S rRNA、rp、tuf、secY序列的RFLP分析,分别可将翠菊黄化组植原体划分为15个、8个、10个、8个亚组,国际比较菌原体学研究计划署(IRPCM)提出将暂定种‘CandidatusPhytop lasm a asteris’作为翠菊黄化植原体的分类参考标准。     

Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia

An analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like rRNA) from the protozoan Giardia lamblia provided a new perspective on the evolution of nucleated cells. Evolutionary distances estimated from sequence comparisons between the 16S-like rRNAs of Giardia lamblia and other eukaryotes exceed similar estimates of evolutionary diversity between archaebacteria and eubacteria and challenge the phylogenetic significance of multiple eukaryotic kingdoms. The Giardia lamblia 16S-like rRNA has retained many of the features that may have been present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.     

外源16S rRNA在大肠杆菌中的可替换性研究

16S rRNA对于构建功能性核糖体是十分重要的,人们普遍将其作为原核生物进化中保守的系统发育标志.为了进一步研究16S rRNA的进化,本文将Escherichia coli中最后一个拷贝的16S rRNA基因替换为Bacillus subtilis的16S rRNA 基因,得到了菌株SQ110BSX.菌株SQ110BSX的代时与出发菌株SQ110基本一致,但是SQ110BSX表现出冷敏感性,而且rRNA/蛋白比值为SQ110的148%.实验结果表明,菌株SQ110BSX中的核糖体效率明显下降.由于E.coli和B.subtilis在遗传距离上较远,两者的可替换性证明了16S rRNA的高度保守性.     

Structural roles for human translation factor eIF3 in initiation of protein synthesis

Protein synthesis in mammalian cells requires initiation factor eIF3, a approximately 750-kilodalton complex that controls assembly of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) bearing either a 5'-cap or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions show that eIF3, a five-lobed particle, interacts with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES RNA and the 5'-cap binding complex eIF4F via the same domain. Detailed modeling of eIF3 and eIF4F onto the 40S ribosomal subunit reveals that eIF3 uses eIF4F or the HCV IRES in structurally similar ways to position the mRNA strand near the exit site of 40S, promoting initiation complex assembly.     

Structure of RNA in ribosomes

The 50S and 30S ribosomes and 23S and 16S RNA were hydrolyzed with ribonuclease A. The rate constants and number of fragments produced were determined for each reaction. The conformation of 23S RNA changes when the RNA is extracted from the ribosome. Specific regions of the RNA in 50S and 30S ribosomes are protected from hydrolysis by the ribosomal proteins.     

Ribosome assembly factors prevent premature translation initiation by 40S assembly intermediates

Ribosome assembly in eukaryotes requires approximately 200 essential assembly factors (AFs) and occurs through ordered events that initiate in the nucleolus and culminate in the cytoplasm. Here, we present the electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a late cytoplasmic 40S ribosome assembly intermediate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 18 angstrom resolution. We obtained cryo-EM reconstructions of preribosomal complexes lacking individual components to define the positions of all seven AFs bound to this intermediate. These late-binding AFs are positioned to prevent each step in the translation initiation pathway. Together, they obstruct the binding sites for initiation factors, prevent the opening of the messenger RNA channel, block 60S subunit joining, and disrupt the decoding site. These redundant mechanisms probably ensure that pre-40S particles do not enter the translation pathway, which would result in their rapid degradation.