玉米杂交组合产量相关因素的灰色关联度评价

研究以灰色系统理论为依据,采用灰色关联度分析法,对玉米自交系组合的子粒产量与9个农艺性状的相关性状进行分析。研究结果表明:玉米杂交组合的产量是由多种因素控制的,农艺性状中影响产量的因素顺序为:抽丝期>百粒重>穗粗>株高>出籽率>穗行数>穗长。     

大麦主要农艺性状与产量的灰色关联分析

运用灰色系统理论,对江苏省10个大麦新品种(系)的生育期、株高、基本苗、穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重6个主要农艺性状与产量进行灰色关联度分析,结果表明各性状与产量的关联度依次为:穗数>千粒重>株高>基本苗>每穗粒数>生育期.     

用灰色系统理论分析竹荪的产质量与猪粪渣用量关系

用灰色系统理论分析竹荪产质量与猪粪渣用量的关系,为今后添加猪粪渣用量栽培氨基酸含量和产量高的竹荪提供科学依据。结果表明,各处理的关联度及排序为：B2>B3>B0>B1。其中B2处理关联度最大,为0.798 6,B1处理关联度最小,为0.738 3,说明猪粪渣用量对竹荪各产质量有一定的影响。猪粪渣用量与各产质量的关联度顺序为：鲜味氨基酸总量>甜味氨基酸总量>支链氨基酸总量>儿童氨基酸总量>必需氨基酸总量>C16 ∶ 0>C16 ∶ 1>芳香氨基酸总量>C18 ∶ 0>其它>C18 ∶ 3>硫氨基酸总量>C1     

运用灰色关联分析秀珍菇中矿物元素含量与辐射剂量的关系

运用灰色关联分析秀珍菇子实体中矿物元素含量与辐射剂量的关系。结果表明：在不同60Co辐射剂量下秀珍菇子实体中的Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、K、Ca 6种矿物元素中,Ca含量与辐射剂量关联度最大,为0.679 0,关联度越大,相似程度就越高,说明辐射剂量与矿物元素Ca含量的关系最为密切,其次是Cu含量,关联度最小的是Zn。各处理的关联度及排序为：1.25 kGy > 0.25 kGy > 0.50 kGy >0.00 kGy > 0.75 kGy > 1.00 kGy。其中1.25 kGy处理关联度最大,为0.766 1,1.00 kGy处理关联度最小,为0.413 3。说明辐射剂量与秀珍菇子实体中各种矿物元素含量有一定效应。     

灰色评判在彩色杂交棉选育中的应用

应用灰色关联度分析法对影响彩色杂交棉组合F1代产量的主要因素进行综合分析,比较其灰色关联度.结果表明:彩色棉F1代杂优组合产量与各农艺性状之间的关联度大小依次是:小区株数＞株铃数＞衣分＞铃重＞果枝始节＞果枝数＞株高＞生育期,为选育彩色棉优势组合提供科学依据.     

玉米淀粉含量和性状的关联度分析

用灰色关联度分析方法,分析了玉米淀粉含量和性状的关系,并排出顺序:穗粗>穗长>百粒重>株高>产量>容重>生育期>穗位高,以期为普通玉米育种和高淀粉玉米育种提供理论依据。     

碳、氮源不同浓度对玉米纹枯病菌的影响

研究了碳源(淀粉)和氮源(天门冬酰胺)的不同浓度配比对安徽玉米纹枯病的菌丝生长速率、菌核粒数、菌核干重的影响.结果表明,在试验范围内,碳源浓度40.0～42.5 g/L、氮源浓度2.59～2.78g/L为该菌生长最佳浓度组合范围。     

西藏隆子黑青稞产量与农艺性状灰色关联度分析

隆子黑青稞是西藏地方品种,具有适应性强、产量高、品质好等特点,有很好的推广与开发潜力。为了解栽培中黑青稞不同农艺性状对产量的影响,设置不同施肥水平田间试验,运用灰色关联度分析方法计算黑青稞生育期、基本苗、最高茎蘖数、成穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、株高、穗长与产量的关联度。结果显示:农艺性状的关联度大小为成穗数最高茎蘖数穗粒数株高穗长生育期基本苗千粒质量;青稞产量构成要素的影响大小为成穗数穗粒数千粒质量。因此,在黑青稞栽培中要注意对群体的调控,保证较高的田间成穗数是形成高产的前提条件。     

大豆品种资源性状稳定性的灰色关联度分析与评价

应用灰色关联度分析法研究了57份大豆品种资源的性状稳定性。结果表明:灰色关联度分析法能较好地反映品种性状特性,在不同熟期组中对产量影响较大的性状为单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重和生育期。通过对不同年份间品种性状的灰色关联度分析与评价,筛选出稳定性较强的品种10份,生育期在101～110 d的品种为嫩丰15、东农01-1234、绥农14,111～120 d的品种为吉林39、黑农48、紫花4号,121～130 d的品种为黄大粒、吉林30号、小黄豆和丰地黄。同时通过综合分析与评价,明确不同品种资源的性状特点,为大豆品种资源利用提供可靠的依据。     

灰色关联度分析在陆地棉目标性状研究中的应用

本文通过对陆地棉形态性状、产量性状、品质性状进行灰色关联度分析，研究对产量性状、品质性状影响较大的目标性状。结果表明：性状间的灰色关联度分析研究产量性状、品质性状与农艺性状之间的关系及其规律性，可以确定合理的目标性状，为间接选择提供依据。     

Composition of nutrients in the sclerotium of the mushroomPleurotus tuber regium

A tuberous sclerotium of the mushroomPleurotus tuber regium was analysed for proximate, amino acid and mineral content. The sclerotium had low protein, ether extract, amino acid and mineral content compared to the pileus of the same mushroom and similar mushrooms. Cystine, methionine, serine, arginine and lysine were exceptionally low. Because the sclerotium is milled with melon seeds in traditional preparation of a vegetable meat-substitute, nutrient intake of a human subject consuming 100 grams of the meat-substitute was compared to intake of one consuming 100 grams of stewed broiler meat. The meat-substitute provided more minerals than broiler meat but only a fraction (40–65%) of the amino acids of broiler meat.     

Response of potatoes (cv russet burbank) to supplemental calcium applications under field conditions: Tuber calcium, yield, and incidence of internal brown spot

Potato tuber tissue is low in calcium as compared to leaves and stems. Several recent studies have provided evidence linking tuber quality with tuber tissue Ca concentration. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of supplemental Ca and N fertilization on tuber Ca concentration and internal brown spot of potato. Three soluble products (calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and N-Plus; 9N:0K:0P:11Ca) were used as Ca sources with and without gypsum. In addition, a combination of calcium chloride, urea, and calcium nitrate (CUC) was also used without gypsum. Each treatment consisted of five replications, which received the same total amount of N (252 kg ha^?1) supplied either alone or in various combinations of ammonium nitrate, urea, calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and N-Plus. The soluble sources of Ca were added at 68.8 to 168.0 kg ha^?1 while gypsum supplied Ca at 49 kg ha^?1. The application of all N by hilling (non-split) was compared to split application of N and Ca at hilling and 2, 4, and 6 wk after hilling. Tubers were mechanically harvested and graded according to industry standards. About 100 U.S. No. 1 tubers from each replication were cut in half along the longitudinal axis and visually inspected for internal defects. From each replication, non-periderm tissue from 15 tubers was combined for Ca analysis. There was no treatment effect on tuber yield in both years. Application of gypsum, either alone or in combination with the soluble sources, was not effective in reducing incidence of internal brown spot (IBS). Furthermore, with one exception, application of gypsum either alone or in combination with soluble sources of Ca was not effective at increasing tuber tissue Ca concentration. Combined analyses of data from 2 years showed that the application of soluble sources of Ca without gypsum increased tuber Ca concentration and decreased the incidence of IBS. Furthermore, split application of N had similar beneficial effects as compared to non-split N. Data from 1997 (a year with high IBS) gave a significant inverse relationship between tuber Ca and IBS, suggesting that an increase in tuber Ca can reduce IBS incidence.     

追施不同肥料对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响

为探究追施对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响,设计4个处理,每667 m2施①基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素15 kg+硫酸钾15 kg(对照);②基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素8.6 kg+硫酸钾15 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg(追氮区);③基肥:二铵16kg+尿素15kg+硫酸钾7.5kg,追肥:硫酸钾7.5kg(追钾区);④基肥:二铵16kg+尿素8.6kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg(追氮、钾区)。结果表明,追施钾肥的产量最高,其次是追施氮肥和钾肥,但二者差异不显著,排在第三位的是追施氮肥,不追肥的产量最低,但追施氮肥和钾肥的商品率最高。     

Bahiagrass response and N loss from selected N fertilizer sources

The increasing cost of commercial fertilizers and environmental problems associated with improper fertilization management have prompted the need to re‐examine commercial N sources that can effectively supply N to pastures while minimizing N losses. This 3‐year study evaluated the effects of selected N sources on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) responses, soil properties and N losses. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of 6 N sources [(i) ammonium nitrate (AN), (ii) ammonium sulphate (AS), (iii) urea (U), (iv) urea treated with Agrotain (U + Agrotain), (v) SuperU and (vi) ammonium sulphate nitrate] and 3 N levels (0, 60 or 120 kg ha^?1 year^?1), replicated three times. Bahiagrass dry‐matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP) concentration, N uptake and recovery were not affected by N source, with the exception of AN that resulted in reduced DMY in 2010 compared with the other sources. Bahiagrass DMY, CP concentration, N uptake and recovery increased linearly as N levels increased. Nitrogen fertilization showed no effect on soil pH or soil N accumulation. Soil pore‐water N concentrations from treatments fertilized with N were similar to the control plots indicating no threat to the environment. At the N levels evaluated in this study, selection of N source should be based on the fertilizer cost.     

Influence of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Rice in Northwestern Pakistan

Field experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various organic sources, inorganic nitrogen(N) and the different combinations of inorganic N(urea) + organic source on the yield components(YC) and grain yield(GY) of hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L., Pukhraj) under rice-wheat system. The experiments were conducted at Batkhela(Malakand), Northwestern Pakistan, in 2011 and 2012. Our results revealed that YC and GY ranked first for the hybrid rice when applied with sole inorganic N(urea), followed by the application of N in mixture(urea + organic sources), while the control plots(no N applied) ranked in the bottom. Among the six organic sources(three animal manures: poultry, sheep and cattle; three crop residues: onion, berseem and wheat), application of N in the form of poultry manure was superior in terms of higher YC and GY. When applying 120 kg/hm2 N source, 75% N from urea + 25% N from organic source resulted in higher YC and GY in 2011, while applying 50% N from urea + 50% N from organic sources caused higher YC and GY in 2012. Therefore, the combined application of N sources in the form of urea + organic source can produce good performances in terms of higher YC and GY of rice under rice-wheat cropping system.     

Nitrogen source evaluation for potato production on irrigated sandy soils

Ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (U), and calcium nitrate (CN) were evaluated as supplemental N sources for sprinkler irrigated potatoes on a loamy sand soil by determining N source effects on potato yield, quality, recovery of applied N in tubers, and petiole NO ₃ ^- concentration. At the N rate required to maximize yield (224 kg N/ha), 5-year average yields obtained with AS were significantly higher than those obtained using AN, U, or CN. Average total tuber yields with AS, AN, U, and CN were 59.3, 56.2, 56.5, and 54.8 Mg/ha, respectively. Yield differences between AS and AN or CN are likely due to greater N loss through leaching from the NO ₃ ^- -containing sources. This conclusion is supported by lower petiole NO ₃ ^- concentrations and lower recovery of applied N in tubers when AN or CN were used. Yield differences between AS and U suggest that N applied as U is more susceptible to loss than N applied as AS on the soil used in this work. The percentage of total tuber yield in the US1A quality category was not affected by N source, but the percentage of cull tubers was higher with AS than with AN or CN. Our results indicate that potato yield and N recovery can be improved by use of AS instead of U, AN, or CN for irrigated potato production on sandy soils. Potato yield, quality, and N recovery were similar when U or AN were used as supplemental N sources.     

Nitrogen recovery and loss in a fertilized elephant grass pasture

Limited information is available regarding the recovery and loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to intensively managed tropical grass pastures. An experiment was carried out in Brazil to determine the fertilizer‐N recovery and ammonia volatilization loss in an elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) pasture fertilized with 100 kg N ha^?1 as urea or ammonium sulphate, labelled with ¹⁵N, in late summer (LS) or in mid‐autumn (MA). Herbage mass was highest and litter mass was lowest in LS (P < 0·05). The N concentration of herbage was highest in autumn (P < 0·05) and the total N content in soil was lower in LS than in MA (P < 0·05), reflecting the high N uptake capacity of the grass. Proportionately higher ¹⁵N recovery in litter mass (P < 0·05) was observed in autumn (0·094) than in LS (0·0397) and the ¹⁵N recovery in herbage was 0·046 higher for ammonium sulphate‐fertilized pastures (P < 0·05; proportionately 0·243 for ammonium sulphate and 0·197 for urea). Around 0·60 of the fertilizer‐¹⁵N recovered was retained in soil and in non‐harvestable fractions of the plant. The NH₃ volatilization loss was higher in LS and most of the N loss occurred soon after fertilizer application. Urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers were equally effective in sustaining herbage dry matter yield in the short term. However, the use of ammonium sulphate, rather than urea, would be preferable for LS applications when the objective is to reduce NH₃ volatilization losses.     

冬小麦 夏玉米两熟制下不同类型氮肥的肥效研究

为筛选小麦 玉米轮作中适宜小麦、玉米高产、高效、无污染及可持续生产的氮肥类型,以小麦品种豫麦49和玉米品种浚单20为材料,通过大田试验,在施氮量240 kg·hm^-2条件下研究了尿素（N1）、普通碳铵（N2）、多元素长效碳铵粉肥（N3）、多元素长效碳铵颗粒肥（N4）、有机肥+普通碳铵（N5）在冬小麦 夏玉米轮作系统中的施用效果。结果表明,N1和N4的肥效最好,与不施肥对照相比,能显著提高小麦干物质、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量和经济效益,并通过增加氮收获指数,使得氮肥利用率提高。从各种肥料后效来看, N1和N4对后茬玉米的后效明显高于其他类型氮肥。多元素长效碳铵颗粒肥对小麦干物质和氮素积累、小麦和玉米产量的影响与尿素差异不明显,但其经济效益较高,对环境更友好,因而作为一种高肥效、低投入的新型氮肥,在今后农业生产中应用前景广阔。     

氮素调控措施对小麦植株氮素同化过程和产量的影响

为明确不同氮素调控措施对小麦氮素同化过程和产量的影响,以皖麦68为试验材料,设置传统施肥+生物炭(CN+C)、传统施肥+硝化抑制剂(CN+D)、传统施肥+叶面肥(CN+P)、不施氮肥(CK)和传统施肥(CN)5个处理,分析各氮素调控措施与小麦叶片和茎秆的氮代谢物质含量、氮肥利用效率及产量等的关系。结果表明,与传统施肥相比,施用生物炭和硝化抑制剂能提高小麦体内铵态氮含量以及硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶面喷肥能提高小麦灌浆期铵态氮含量和NR活性;各氮素调控措施能提高小麦灌浆期体内游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量,增强小麦的氮素转运速率和氮代谢水平,显著提高氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮素偏生产力,进而提高小麦产量;施用生物炭、硝化抑制剂和叶面肥相比传统施肥分别增产568.3、520.0和663.3 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional quality of wheat variety,Yecora Rojo

The effects of N-fertilization on the nutritional quality of short-straw wheat variety, Yecora Rojo, was studied under sprinkler irrigation system. The fertilizers applied were the conventional N-fertilizer, urea (U) applied as single dose or in three split applications (U-S), and the slow release N-fertilizers, ureaform (UF) (38% N and 20 N), osmocote (OC) with 9 or 14 months longevity and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) with either 17% or 37% dissolution rates in 7 days. These fertilizers were applied at 0 (control), 75, 125, and 175 kg/ha during the 1982–1983 season. Results indicated that at 75 kg/ha there was no significant change in the protein content. At 125 kg/ha, the protein content increased (P<0.05) with urea (applied in three split applications) and OC. At 175 kg/ha, all the fertilizers increased the protein content with the exception of urea (applied as single dose) and UF. Ash content tended to decrease with increasing levels of N, while fat and crude fiber were unaffected. All the fertilizers increased the protein yield (kg/ha), the maximum increase occurring with the slow-release N fertilizers, OC and SCU. Except UF, all the fertilizers decreased the lysine content significantly (P<0.05) in the protein moeity at 175 kg/ha level but lysine percentage in the grain was not reduced. The yield (kg/ha) of individual amino acids including lysine was increased several times at the 175 kg/ha level. P content tended to decrease while Fe and Zn increased with fertilization. Slow-release N-fertilizers, OC and SCU as well as urea (in 3 split applications) appear to have a significant positive effect on the nutritional quality of the grains of wheat variety, Yecora Rojo.