葡萄套袋机器人目标识别方法

针对水平棚架栽培模式下采集的单幅葡萄果树图像,提出了结合葡萄颜色与形状特征的目标识别定位方法,获得果穗的中心线和长度特征参数。通过提取葡萄图像的|G-R|+|G-B|色差图,利用Sobel算子进行边缘提取。构建葡萄果粒轮廓的数学模型进行Hough变换,实现葡萄果粒的初步识别。结合葡萄果穗的颜色、纹理特征以及果粒分布较为集中的特点判断Hough变换检测出的圆区域是否为果粒。综合利用识别出的果粒信息找到葡萄图像的外接矩形完成目标提取。对78幅图像进行测试,正确识别出葡萄区域的图像为70幅,正确识别率约为90%。     

非结构环境中扰动葡萄采摘点的视觉定位技术

非结构环境下采摘机器人对扰动葡萄采摘点的视觉识别定位有实际应用价值。首先基于"挠性杆-铰链-刚性杆-质量球"模型对葡萄串形态进行分析,将其扰动状态分解为XOY和YOZ 2个平面的类单摆运动,对扰动葡萄进行视频拍摄,通过对视频中多帧葡萄图像进行Otsu阈值分割得到果实和果梗,并计算出各帧图像中葡萄串的质心;对各帧图像的葡萄串质心进行曲线拟合,计算出葡萄类单摆运动的周期与摆角,从而确定当前扰动葡萄是否适合视觉定位;对可实现视觉定位的扰动葡萄,选取类单摆中间位置质心点对应的葡萄图像,对葡萄串上方矩形区域进行Canny边缘检测,再利用霍夫直线拟合结合角度约束法实现扰动葡萄采摘点的定位。视觉定位试验结果表明:自然环境中不同光照下扰动葡萄采摘点的视觉定位准确率达80%以上,为采摘机器人应用于实际生产提供了理论基础。     

融合K-means聚类分割算法与凸壳原理的遮挡苹果目标识别与定位方法

自然场景下苹果目标的精确识别与定位是智慧农业信息感知与获取领域的重要内容。为了解决自然场景下苹果目标识别与定位易受枝叶遮挡的问题,在K-means聚类分割算法的基础上,提出了基于凸壳原理的目标识别算法,并与基于去伪轮廓的目标识别算法和全轮廓拟合目标识别算法作了对比。基于凸壳原理的目标识别算法利用了苹果近似圆形的形状特性,结合K-means算法与最大类间方差算法将果实与背景分离,由凸壳原理得到果实目标的凸壳多边形,对凸壳多边形进行圆拟合,标定出果实位置。为验证算法有效性,对自然场景下的157幅苹果图像进行了测试,基于凸壳原理的目标识别算法、基于去伪轮廓的目标识别方法和全轮廓拟合目标识别方法的重叠率均值分别为83.7%、79.5%和70.3%,假阳性率均值分别为2.9%、1.7%和1.2%,假阴性率均值分别为16.3%、20.5%和29.7%。结果表明,与上面两种对比算法相比较,基于凸壳原理的目标识别算法识别效果更好且无识别错误的情况,该算法可为自然环境下的果实识别与分割问题提供借鉴与参考。     

基于计算机视觉的成熟番茄识别研究

以番茄图像为研究对象,提出一种成熟番茄识别方法。首先,以HSI模型中的色调分量为基础进行图像分割,提取出成熟番茄目标图像;然后,再采用最大方差自动取阈值法进行分割处理,对得到的目标图像进行轮廓提取;最后,对轮廓曲线采用Hough变换的方法进行识别,以同一个轮廓圆识别的多个极值点的均值作为最终识别结果,在Hough变换之前采用最小外接矩形法进行有效区域标记,提高了Hough变换的效率。通过多幅番茄果实图像的仿真测试表明:本算法对果实遮掩度为0、小于50%、大于50%这3种情况的识别率分别为78.7%、6 8.1%、4 1.9%,平均识别率达到7 0.6%。本算法对于成熟番茄可以较好识别,尤其对于存在重叠情况的番茄,识别准确率较高。     

基于改进凸壳理论的遮挡油茶果定位检测算法

针对传统凸壳理论进行遮挡果实定位检测时由于过多剔除有效轮廓,造成目标果实定位误差较大,甚至无法识别目标果实的问题,提出了一种基于改进凸壳理论的遮挡油茶果定位检测算法。首先利用基于颜色特征的阈值分割法对油茶果遮挡图像进行目标分割,并通过预处理操作剔除图像中的背景噪声,获得目标果实的二值图像;然后采用凹点搜寻算法检测重叠目标的凹点,并根据凹点对重叠目标进行分离,获得相互独立的目标图像;再构建各独立目标的凸包,并提取凸壳,利用轮廓提取算法确定各独立目标凸壳上的有效轮廓;最后根据提取的有效轮廓求解目标果实形心坐标和半径,完成遮挡果实的定位检测。试验结果表明,改进算法平均耗时为0.491 s,比传统凸壳方法增加了24.07%,但其仅占油茶果采摘机器人单个果实采摘周期的2.46%,对于图像中的遮挡油茶果目标,改进方法的识别率达到93.21%,相比传统凸壳方法提升了7.47个百分点,改进算法的平均定位检测误差和平均重合度分别为5.53%和93.43%,比传统凸壳算法平均定位误差降低了6.22个百分点,平均重合度提高了6.79个百分点,表明文中所提出的方法能够较好地识别和定位自然环境中的遮挡油茶果。     

基于几何形态学与迭代随机圆的番茄识别方法

为解决番茄采摘机器人作业过程中果实识别不准确的问题,提出一种基于几何形态学和迭代随机圆相结合的目标提取算法,该算法可对图像中粘连的果实进行有效分割与识别。首先,以串收番茄佳西娜为研究对象,使用RGB相机采集图像;其次,对图像进行Canny边缘检测操作,获得果实边缘轮廓点;然后,对果实边缘轮廓点进行基于几何形态学的处理,获得果实轮廓点;最后,对果实轮廓点分组处理后,进行迭代随机圆的处理,得到果实识别结果。对该算法的正确率和准确率进行了验证,结果表明,果实识别正确率为85. 1%,果实识别准确率为79. 1%,此算法在一定程度上解决了复杂环境下多个果实粘连或被少量遮挡情况下的果实分割问题。     

基于为害状色相多重分形的椪柑病虫害图像识别

为自动识别椪柑病虫害,研究了以椪柑病虫害为害状多重分形谱特性参数为输入变量的小波神经网络病虫害识别方法。利用改进型分水岭算法提取椪柑病虫害为害状边界,对非连续的边界进行边界跟踪,将过分割区域进行区域合并,标记为害状边界,提取标记区域,生成病虫害为害状目标图像;对病虫害为害状目标图像0°~120°这一主要色相区域4等分,产生4幅色相二值图像;对二值图像进行多重分形分析,计算其标度不变区多重分形谱的高度及宽度;以此高度及宽度作为小波神经网络的输入,进行椪柑病虫害识别,5种病虫害的平均识别正确率为87%。试验结果表明:椪柑病虫害为害状的4对多重分形谱高度及宽度值较充分地反映了椪柑病虫害色相累计信息、分布信息及区间形状的典型特征,能用此方法进行椪柑病虫害机器识别。     

自然场景下树上柑橘实时识别技术

采用G-B色差分量,通过Otsu自适应阈值分割算法分割成熟柑橘图像,采用基于距离变换的分水岭分割将遮挡、重叠柑橘逐个分开,利用凸包算法修复遮挡区域,设定圆度阈值去除误分割区域,然后提取柑橘轮廓,并运用基于Tukey权重函数的最小二乘圆拟合特征圆,提取了柑橘的中心坐标及半径.对87幅图像中592个柑橘进行了识别试验,总体识别率达87.2%,遮挡或重叠柑橘识别率均超过80%.     

基于模式识别的农田目标定位线检测

根据农田图像的特点,采用K-means模式识别算法,实现农作物与背景的分离.通过对二值图像进行水平扫描.检测定位区域和定位点,利用定位点的坐标信息确定聚类判别函数,实现农田目标定位线的检测.多幅农田图像实验表明,定位线能够正确提取出来.该算法处理640×480像素的彩色图像蒂要0,12 s,在自动导航系统中是一种有效、快速的图像处理算法.     

基于VUE的智能采摘机器人前端开发框架研究

以智能采摘自动识别定位方式为研究对象,对葡萄自动采摘前端的图像采集和分析处理过程进行分析,利用VUE自底向上逐层构建的方式,设计一种能够对目标进行自动识别定位的智能采摘机器人识别定位算法。采用高清相机对采摘目标图像进行采集,将原始图像进行二值化处理,获取图像灰度等级,并采用葡萄图像分割的方式获取葡萄采摘点,最后通过最小角度拟合的方式确定葡萄果梗采摘点。试验结果表明:智能采摘机器人前端识别定位方法平均运行成功率高于90%,平均运行时间0.65s,能够快速准确地进行采摘对象识别定位,可为智能采摘机器人技术的推广提供理论基础。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。