多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃的来源、归宿、生物转化机理、影响因素及生物修复技术研究进展,提出了利用生物技术治理土壤环境中多环芳烃的思路及方法。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的可行处理技术

本文讨论了处理多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的可行技术。土壤冲洗可解决部分问题;土壤焚烧可高效地去除PAHs,但是通常这种方法会导致二次污染;含PAHs土壤的生物处理得到了广泛的关注,因为生物处理没有副产品,可以在没有副作用的情况下消除污染物。PAHs的土壤污染问题远没有解决,然而,生物处理已经给我们提供了解决问题的希望。     

皂角苷增强洗脱复合污染土壤中多环芳烃和重金属的作用及机理

通过增溶实验和土壤洗脱实验,研究了一种生物表面活性剂——皂角苷（saponin）对多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的洗脱作用及机理。结果表明,皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃有极强的增溶作用,当皂角苷浓度为0.04%时,菲、芘在液相中的表观溶解度分别增大了约22倍和128倍,因而皂角苷能显著增强多环芳烃污染土壤中菲、芘的洗脱,洗脱效率最大分别可达84.1%和81.4%,增大了约2倍和17倍。皂角苷可与重金属离子形成水溶性的络合物,从而增强洗脱重金属污染土壤中的Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋,在皂角苷浓度为0.4%时,Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率分别可达93.0%和79.4%,增大了约75倍和8倍。皂角苷可同时洗脱多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤中的菲、芘和Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋,洗脱效率分别达87.6%、83.5%和92.3%、78.6%,重金属的存在略增大了皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃的洗脱效率,但多环芳烃对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率没有明显影响。皂角苷可同时增强洗脱复合污染土壤中的多环芳烃和重金属,从而为多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的修复奠定基础。     

使用微生物和纳米颗粒修复多环芳烃污染的土壤研究进展综述

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) pollution is a global concern because of their toxicity to environment and ecosystem, which induces adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. Hydrocarbons are mainly released from natural and anthropogenic activities, such as incomplete fuel combustion, leakages in oil pipelines, and the extensive use of pesticides; PAH contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs), halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, and pesticides. Bioremediation using microo...     

海洋细菌生物膜用于生物修复陆地生态系统中土壤多环芳烃污染

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in soil retain for a quite long period due to their hydrophobicity and aggregation properties. Biofilm-forming marine bacterial consortium(named as NCPR), composed of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila NCW702,Alcaligenes faecalis NCW402, Pseudomonas mendocina NR802, Pseudomonas aeruginosa N6P6, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes NP103, was used for the bioremediation of PAHs in a soil microcosm. Phenanthrene and pyrene were used as reference PAHs. Parameters that can affect PAH degradation, such as chemotaxis, solubility of PAHs in extracellular polymeric substances(EPS), and catechol2,3-dioxygenase(C23O) activity, were evaluated. P. aeruginosa N6P6 and P. pseudoalcaligenes NP103 showed chemotactic movement towards both the reference PAHs. The solubility of both the PAHs was increased with an increase in EPS concentration(extracted from all the 5 selected isolates). Significantly(P 0.001) high phenanthrene(70.29%) and pyrene(55.54%) degradation was observed in the bioaugmented soil microcosm. The C23O enzyme activity was significantly(P 0.05) higher in the bioaugmented soil microcosm with phenanthrene added at 173.26 ± 2.06 nmol min~(-1) mg~(-1) protein than with pyrene added at 61.80 ± 2.20 nmol min~(-1) mg~(-1) protein. The C23O activity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analyses indicated catechol pathway of phenanthrene metabolism. However, the metabolites obtained from the soil microcosm added with pyrene revealed both the catechol and phthalate pathways for pyrene degradation.     

高分子量多环芳烃污染土壤的菌群修复研究

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,由于其在土壤中的半衰期较长和致癌、致畸形、致突变的性质而受到人们的重视。微生物是生态系统中最重要的分解者,对PAHs具有较强的分解代谢能力和较高的代谢速率。通常认为,PAHs的环数越高,越难被微生物降解利用[1]。高分子量PAHs(三环以上的PAHs)具有更高的毒性和亲脂性,更难被微生物降解。环境中PAHs通常以多种组分同时存在,呈现其复合污染现象,增加了微生物降解的难度。因此,筛选能够同时降解多种高分子量PAHs的微生物,具有重要的现实意义。目前,越来越多的国内外学者采用微     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

本文综述了多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中微生物降解途径、机理及生物反应器的应用,并从植物修复角度,进一步阐述了与微生物联合作用促进污染土壤中PAHs降解的途径、机理及其应用。提出了利用微生物共代谢降解及其与植物联合修复PAHs污染土壤环境的生物修复技术未来研究课题。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复初探

在温室盆栽条件下,通过种植紫花苜蓿单独或联合接种菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium L.)(AM)和多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用植物-微生物强化修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。试验结果表明,接种菌根真菌和PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解。经过90天修复试验,种植紫花苜蓿接种AM、DB和DB+AM处理的PAHs的降解率分别为47.9%、49.6%、60.1%,均高于只种植紫花苜蓿的对照处理(CK)(21.7%)。另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率。同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高,这也是种植紫花苜蓿接种微生物能够有效促进土壤PAHs降解的原因。     

纸质废料对多环芳烃污染土壤的强化修复作用

研究选用富含纤维素的办公室废纸碎料,通过盆栽试验探讨其在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤生物修复中的潜在应用效果。试验采用高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物群落的响应,并运用¹⁴C同位素示踪技术揭示生物修复机制。结果显示,在温室条件下,对照土壤中PAHs在3个月后浓度降低了44.8%(P<0.05)。单独种植黑麦草未能显著提高PAHs的去除率,但对4环PAHs表现出显著的降解能力(P<0.05)。与黑麦草耦合使用纸质碎料后,PAHs去除效率显著提升至68.1%(P<0.05),主要体现在对4环和5环PAHs的降解。纸质碎料的添加显著提高了土壤中全钾和全磷含量,并对土壤细菌和真菌群落的结构组成产生了影响。细菌的拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门,以及真菌的子囊菌门与土壤养分和PAHs降解密切相关,提示这些微生物在修复过程中可能发挥了重要作用。使用¹⁴C-BaA进行的土壤微域试验表明,纸质碎料未显著改变PAH的归趋行为,表明其主要作用是刺激植物-微生物联合修复。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

通过对江西省余江县洪湖乡历史资料的分析,结合农户经济行为调查,阐述了典型红壤丘陵区农作系统的演变过程及其特征,并且针对农业生产中存在的问题,提出解决对策。分析结果表明,20世纪50年代以前,长江中下游流域农作系统的演变过程可以分为丘陵和河谷砂性水稻土的游垦系统-雨季水稻耕作系统-水旱轮作系统3个阶段。20世纪50年代以后,江西省余江县洪湖乡农作系统的演变分为农业革命和现有系统2个阶段,粮食安全驱动和生存型经济福利驱动是其演变的主要驱动力。80年代以来,随着经济的发展,一部分农作系统演变为可持续再生产型,但需要较高的劳力和资金投入,并且有物价和农业政策等方面的风险。目前发展区域可持续农业需要解决的关键问题是优化农林牧副渔结构、扩大土地经营规模、增加种粮比较效益、促进信贷资金使用、提高劳力素质。     

The impact of perennial cormorant colonies on soil phosphorus status

During the last decades, the population of cormorants in Northern Europe has grown rapidly due to protection. Their impact on vegetation has been recognized, as many trees containing cormorant colonies have collapsed, but their influence on the soil phosphorus (P) status and related ecological impacts have not been studied in details.In this study, total and plant available P (P_Total, P_Olsen) together with phosphate adsorption capacity and saturation (PAC, P_Sat) were measured in the soil at a reference area (control) and below two cormorant sub-colonies that differed in age and bird dropping density (indicated by number of used nests). One colony with totally 831 nests was 24 years old (Cormorant₂₄), while the age of the other colony with totally 181 nests was 12 years (Cormorant₁₂). Analyses of soil samples collected in four layers down to 80 cm showed strong decreases in P_Total and P_Olsen in the order: Cormorant₂₄ >> Cormorant₁₂ >> control and severe leaching of P into the subsoil below 80 cm at Cormorant₂₄ but not at Cormorant₁₂. Accordingly, in all four Cormorant₂₄ soil layers and in the upper three Cormorant₁₂ layers, P_Sat exceeded 0.25, which is considered the limit between retaining and leaking soils; P_Sat = P_Ox/PAC and PAC = 0.5 × (Al_Ox + Fe_Ox), i.e. half the sum of oxalate-extractable aluminium and iron. The importance of P_Olsen and P_Sat as indicators for P leaching was demonstrated as well as the strong impact that cormorants can have on the soil P status. This, in turn, will not only affect the ecosystem balance below the colonies but probably also threaten the water quality in nearby open waters as cormorant colonies are normally located on small lake islands or close to shallow bays.     

丁吡吗啉在土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

化学农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标,也是新农药登记必须提供的环境影响资料。本文分别采用振荡平衡法、土壤薄层层析法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁吡吗啉在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明,丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤上的吸附规律可以较好地用FreundLich方程描述,吸附常数Kd在10.42~37.72mL.g-1之间,在砂土中较难被吸附,在壤土和粘土中属中等吸附。丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤中不易移动或不移动,3种土柱淋溶试验的结论均为难淋溶。根据综合试验结果,对相关影响因素进行了讨论,认为影响丁吡吗啉在土壤中吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量,影响淋溶特性的主要因素为土壤吸附和丁吡吗啉在水中的溶解度。     

2，4-二氯苯氧基乙酸在土壤中的吸附淋溶特性

农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标,特别是决定了其在土壤中的迁移性。本文分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,2,4-D在3种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用线性吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数心在0．95-1．54L·kg^-1之间,很难被土壤吸附。影响2,4-D在土壤中吸附的因素主要是土壤pH值,其次是有机质含量。土壤pH值增高,离子态的2,4-D量增加,吸附减弱;2,4-D在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,影响其淋溶性能的主要因素是土壤pH值,pH值越高,淋溶性能越强。     

紫外分光光度法测定啤酒大麦籽粒脂氧合酶活力的研究

为了明确影响啤酒大麦籽粒脂氧合酶(LOX-1)活力的参数,以甘啤4号啤酒大麦籽粒为研究对象,采用紫外分光光度法探究底物浓度、提取缓冲液p H、反应体系缓冲液p H、提取时间、粗酶加入量∶底物加入量等对LOX-1活力的影响。结果表明,LOX-1活力随底物浓度的增加表现为先增加后减小的趋势,当底物浓度达到0.30mmol·L~(-1)时,LOX-1活力显著高于其它处理;随提取缓冲液p H的增加,LOX-1活力表现为双峰变化趋势,且在p H值5.0处,酶活力为9.85U·g~(-1),显著高于其它处理;粗酶提取时间为30min时,LOX-1活力显著高于其它处理,低于或者高于30min,酶活力均呈现降低趋势;LOX-1活力随反应体系p H的增加,表现为双峰变化趋势,当p H值为6.4时,酶活力最大,且与其它处理间存在显著差异;在其它条件不变,粗酶加入量为50μL的情况下,增加底物加入量,LOX-1活力表现为先增加后减小的趋势,且底物加入量为200μL时,酶活力显著高于其它处理。最终确定紫外分光光度法的测定参数:粗酶提取时间为30min,底物浓度为0.25mmol·L~(-1),提取液和反应体系缓冲液分别为p H值5.0醋酸盐缓冲液与p H值6.4磷酸盐缓冲液,粗酶加入酶量∶底物加入量为1∶4。研究结果为紫外分光光度法在啤酒大麦籽粒LOX-1活力测定中的应用提供了参考。     

炭化温度对稻草秸秆生物炭性质和作为Cu(II)及环丙氨嗪吸附剂的影响

In this study, biochars from rice straw(Oryza sativa L.) were prepared at 200–600?C by oxygen-limited pyrolysis to investigate the changes in properties of rice straw biochars produced at different temperatures, and to examine the adsorption capacities of the biochars for a heavy metal, copper(Ⅱ)(Cu(Ⅱ)), and an organic insecticide of cyromazine, as well as to further reveal the adsorption mechanisms.The results obtained with batch experiments showed that the amount of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorbed varied with the pyrolysis temperatures of rice straw biochar. The biochar produced at 400?C had the largest adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ)(0.37 mol kg-1) among the biochars,with the non-electrostatic adsorption as the main adsorption mechanism. The highest adsorption capacity for cyromazine(156.42 g kg-1) was found in the rice straw biochar produced at 600?C, and cyromazine adsorption was exclusively predominated by surface adsorption. An obvious competitive adsorption was found between 5 mmol L-1Cu(II) and 2 g L-1cyromazine when they were in the binary solute system. Biochar may be used to remediate heavy metal- and organic insecticide-contaminated water, while the pyrolysis temperature of feedstocks for producing biochar should be considered for the restoration of multi-contamination.     

不同类型表面活性剂增效去除焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的研究

Surfactant enhanced remediation is thought to be an effective method for the remediation of soils polluted with hydrophoblc organic compounds. Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from an abandoned manufactured gas plant （MGP） soil was evaluated using four eluting agents including Triton X-100 （TX100）, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate （SDBS）, rhamnolipid water solution （RWS） and rhamnolipid fermentation broth （RFB）. The weight solubilization ratios for acenaphthene and fluorene were in the order of TX100 〉 SDBS 〉 RWS 〉 RFB. The Sm value, which indicates the maximum amounts of surfactants adsorbed in the soil, was in the order of RWS 〉 RFB 〉 SDBS 〉 TX100. By using 8 g L-1 of TX100, SDBS and RWS and 100% of RFB, the T-PAHs removal for the MGP soil contaminated with 207.86 mg T-PAHs kg-1 dry soil was 48.0%, 45.7%, 1.9%, and 8.6%, respectively, while that decreased to 41.6%, 37%, 0.38%, and 1.3% for the soil contaminated with 3494.78 mg T-PAHs kg-1 dry soil. Only 8 g L-1 TX100 could remove all types of the 16 PAHs partly in the MGP soil, and the removal efficiencies of different PAHs ranged from 13% to 77.8%. The results of this study herein provide valuable information for the selection of TX100 surfactant for remediating PAH-contaminated soils in MGP.     

Extraction and characterization of soil hydrogenases oxidizing atmospheric hydrogen

Soils are the largest sink of atmospheric hydrogen contributing about 75% to the total budget. Atmospheric H₂ is assumed to be oxidized in soil by abiontic soil hydrogenases. Extraction of a forest soil with a slightly alkaline (pH 8.5) buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by filtration yielded a bacteria-free extract that oxidized H₂ at ambient concentrations (0.2–2.0 ppmv). Hydrogenase activity was assayed by gas chromatographic analysis of H₂ consumption and by conversion of ³H₂ to tritiated water. Only less than 2% of the original activity was recovered in the extract. Kinetic analysis nevertheless resulted in a biphasic kinetics exhibiting two K_m and V_max values that were similar to those detected in the original soil. In addition, activities of both original soil and soil extract showed similar optima at pH 4–6 and at 30 °C, indicating that representative fractions of soil hydrogenases were recovered in the extract. Precipitation with PEG or ultrafiltration allowed further purification of the activity, albeit only about 20% of that in the crude extract could be recovered in the precipitate or the fraction >100 kDa.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

应用振荡平衡法和柱淋洗法研究了哌虫啶在红壤、棕壤和黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并探讨了3种土壤改良剂对其淋溶的影响。结果表明:哌虫啶在黑土、红壤和棕壤中的吸附平衡时间分别为12、12和9 h,分配系数Kd分别为23.16、11.24和4.68,吸附常数Kf分别为22.03、11.69和5.05,KOC值分别为1 619、2 094和495,吸附自由能值分别为-16.96、-17.59和-14.02 k J mol-1,Freundlich和线性等温吸附模型均能较好地描述哌虫啶在土壤中的吸附过程,其吸附能力顺序分别为黑龙江黑土福建红壤山东棕壤。哌虫啶在3种供试土壤中淋溶性存在差异,在棕壤中迁移性最强,随着施药量的增加,其淋出率也略有提高,但3个不同水平施药量差异不显著。在黑土中迁移性最弱,红壤和黑土中的哌虫啶残留量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤中添加0.5%的活性炭、腐殖酸和草炭能显著地降低农药哌虫啶在土壤中的淋溶性,减少对地下水的污染风险。