杂交水稻陆两优996制种适宜收获期研究

对陆两优996制种授粉期后8-20d每天收获一次种子．观测种子外观特征、发芽特性及生化指标。结果表明,陆两优996制种种子适宜收获期为母本终花后第14~17天,该时期种子已经子粒饱满．成熟完全．物质积累充分,发芽率（势）高。种子电导率、POD、CAT酶活性强,种子活力高。     

冷储杂交水稻亲本种子出库后活力变化研究

选择冷储4 a的6个杂交水稻亲本种子,出冷库后60 d内每10 d测定种子水分、电导率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和田间出苗率等种子活力指标。结果表明,冷储4 a的杂交水稻亲本种子除异交结实的三系不育系丰源A发芽率明显下降外,自交结实的两系不育系和恢复系均能保持种子的原始发芽率;随着出冷库后时间的延长,种子含水量逐步提高,种子活力逐步下降;不育系种子在出冷库后20 d内、恢复系种子在出冷库30 d内种子活力下降不显著,应在此时间内及时播种。     

小麦光合器官对不同穗位和粒位粒重及蛋白质含量的影响

为探明小麦叶片与非叶光合器官对不同穗位和粒位籽粒发育的影响,以济麦22为试验材料,开花期设置剪叶、包穗、包茎等7种处理,分析了不同处理下不同穗位和粒位粒数、粒重和蛋白质含量的差异。结果表明,小麦穗对穗上部和下部弱势粒数影响显著,与叶片共同作用对穗上部强势粒数及穗中部和下部粒数,以及与茎和叶片共同作用对穗上部粒数、穗中部和下部弱势粒数均影响显著;穗对不同穗位强势粒重和穗上部弱势粒重影响显著,旗叶对穗中部和下部强势粒重、穗上部和中部强势粒重及穗下部粒重影响显著;包穗、剪旗叶和剪倒二叶处理显著提高穗上部强势粒及穗中部和下部籽粒蛋白质含量;剪倒三叶和剪倒四叶+剪倒五叶处理显著提高穗下部强势粒蛋白质含量;同一穗位的强势粒蛋白质含量大于弱势粒,不同穗位籽粒的平均蛋白质含量表现为穗下部穗中部穗上部;同一穗位的弱势粒蛋白质含量变异系数大于强势粒,穗上部的籽粒蛋白质含量变异系数大于穗中部和下部。因此,建议小麦育种中应注重穗光合选择,适当增加小穗排数,减少高穗位粒数,可能是提高小麦产量潜力和改善品质的重要途径。     

玉米子粒灌浆及种子萌发特性的粒位效应研究

对粒重不同的2个纯合稳定普通玉米自交系及其正反交当代果穗上、中、下不同部位子粒的灌浆进程及成熟种子的电导率和萌发特性研究结果表明:①不同部位子粒百粒重均表现为下部>中部>上部,杂交当代的百粒重高于母本自交系;子粒灌浆速率的高低和有效灌浆期的长短是导致不同材料及不同部位子粒百粒重差异的主要原因。②中部子粒的电导率小于上、下部子粒,种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽生长指数、贮藏物质消耗率和运转率大于上、下部子粒。种子萌发及幼苗特性的一致性也与粒位效应有关。     

啤酒大麦种子在成熟过程中品质形成的研究

以 4个啤酒大麦品种 ,研究啤酒大麦种子在种子发育过程中啤酒大麦品质的形成 ,结果表明 :啤酒大麦种子的千粒重随种子的成熟呈直线上升的趋势 ,而蛋白质的含量在种子成熟过程中变化较小 ,呈波状变化 ;抽穗后 36d内随种子的发育成熟 ,发芽率呈上升的趋势 ,抽穗后 36d是大麦种子最佳收获时间 ,此时收获的大麦种子具较高的发芽势与发芽率相对应的 ,此时收获的大麦种子活力、POD和a -淀粉酶活性也最高     

啤酒大麦种子在成熟过程中品质形成的研究

以4个啤酒大麦品种，研究啤酒大麦种子在种子发育过程中啤酒大麦品质的形成，结果表明：啤酒大麦种子的千粒重随种子的成熟呈直线上升的趋势，而蛋白质的含量在种子成熟过程中变化较小，呈波状变化；抽穗后36d内随种子的发育成熟，发芽率呈上升的趋势，抽穗后36d是大麦种子最佳收获时间，此时收获的大麦种子具较高的发芽势与发芽率相对应的，此时收获的大麦种子活力、POD和α－淀粉酶活性也最高。     

不同成熟度京科968种子活力与种子物理化学特性的关系研究

以京科968为材料,2013年在甘肃分析授粉后35~62 d的不同成熟度种子的5个物理特性(长度、宽度、灰度、百粒重和容重)和8个生理生化特性(糖、蛋白、淀粉、油脂和MDA含量以及含水量、电导率和SOD酶活性)。结果表明,随着收获期的推迟,京科968品种5个物理特性和蛋白、淀粉、油脂、SOD酶活性逐渐增加,然后达到平台期;糖、MDA、含水量和电导率则随之下降。采用标准发芽率、人工老化发芽率、冷冻发芽率和冷浸发芽率分析不同成熟度种子的活力。结果表明,随收获期推迟种子活力不断提高,在授粉后59 d,4种评价方法的活力指标均处于最高点,该时期为该品种的最佳收获期。相关性分析发现,种子活力指标与种子物理特性和生理化学特性之间均存在显著相关性。     

两系杂交早稻陆两优996制种适宜收获期研究

在陆两优996(陆18S/996)制种母本终花期后第8～20天每天收获1次种子,观测种子外观特征、发芽特性及部分生化指标,结果表明,陆两优996制种种子适宜收获期在母本终花后第14～17天,该时期收获的种子籽粒饱满.成熟完全,物质积累充分,发芽率(势)高,种子电导率低、POD、CAT活性强,种子活力高.     

甜菜的全息定域选种初探

应用生物全息律,进行了甜菜的全息定域选种试验.结果表明,在甜菜采种株的上部、中部和下部分别采收的种子,其千粒重分别为26.4g、28.5g和31.2g,发芽率分别为93.1%、95.6%和98.3%.将这三个不同部位的种子种植收获后,甜菜块根产量分别为43520.5、43983.5、49539.5 kg/hm2,含糖率分别为12.60%、12.89%和13.22%,产糖量分别为5580.1、5665.0、6520.6 kg/hm2.甜菜生长表现的这些规律,都是由甜菜的生物全息律所决定的,即甜菜全株遗传势的大小分布顺序为上部＜中部＜下部.     

株1S系列杂交早稻组合种子发芽特性研究初报

为探明株1S系列杂交组合种子发芽率偏低的问题,在制种时采用不同"九二○"用量与喷施时期处理,并在母本终花后不同时期收获种子,检测了各处理种子的特征和发芽特性.结果表明:喷施"九二○"的时期与用量对种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均无显著影响;在母本终花后第10～20 d收获种子,青米粒率随天数增加而减少,正常白色米粒率从第10～16 d逐步提高,随后有下降的趋势,产生黄色米粒,发芽率从第10～15 d逐步提高,随后有降低趋势;不同父本配组制得的种子,株两优58种子发芽率显著低于株两优211和株两优505,与其它组合的发芽率无显著差异.建议用株1S制种时,应在母本终花后第10～16 d收种.     

不同直播方式下种子处理方式对直播稻出苗和产量的影响

为了选择合理的种子处理方式,解决水稻机直播全苗问题,选择杂交稻川优6203、常规稻金农丝苗,在水直播、旱直播方式下,比较了干种子直播、浸泡48 h后直播、浸泡48h催芽至露白后直播、浸泡48 h催芽至半粒谷长后直播等方式对水稻出苗率、基本苗数、有效穗数、颖花数、结实率、千粒重以及产量的影响。结果表明,种子浸泡48 h催芽至露白时播种,有较高的出苗率,可以确保较高的基本苗数。不同种子处理方式对直播稻的有效穗数、千粒重的影响达极显著水平,对颖花数及结实率的影响不显著。在水直播方式下浸泡48 h,催芽露白或至半粒谷长时直播,不仅有利于增加群体数量,还有利于改善产量性状。无论采用水直播还是旱直播方式,宜将种子浸种48 h后催芽至露白时进行机直播,出苗率高,群体足,产量性状合理,可以获得较高产量。     

大豆种子抗老化鉴定的方法研究

选用遗传差异相对较大的皖豆24、皖豆25(杂交品种)及合豆3号的种子,在温度为40℃、湿度为85%的条件下老化处理4、8和12 d,研究加速老化过程中不同基因型大豆种子成苗率、发芽率、电导率及单株幼苗干重的变化规律。结果表明:随着加速老化时间的延长种子活力下降;加速老化处理8 d,3个品种的各项鉴定指标均发生改变:品种的成苗率、发芽率及单株幼苗干重显著降低,电导率明显升高,且品种间有显著差异;发芽率和成苗率的变化在品种间具有一致性,电导率、单株幼苗干重的变化和成苗率品种间一致性较差;成苗率和发芽率的相关性最高(r=0.972**)。利用国家大豆微核心种质中的91份资源对老化鉴定方法进行验证,结果在温度为40℃,湿度为85%条件下老化8 d的种子发芽率及老化指数与在自然条件下老化15个月的发芽率及老化指数极显著相关(r=0.943**,0.716**)。综合分析认为,温度为40℃,湿度为85%条件下老化处理8 d,以种子发芽率为活力鉴定指标可作为大豆种子抗老化性的鉴定方法。     

硒肥对制种田玉米杂交种子活力及产量的影响

选取甘肃省3种基因型的玉米主栽品种(早熟、中熟和晚熟)亲本材料，在母本灌浆期喷施硒肥，在母本果穗子粒生理成熟(乳线大约在1/2位置)和完熟(乳线消失)时期测定秃尖长、出籽率、百粒重等产量构成因素，测试种子中硒元素含量和种子活力，分析外源调节物质“富硒叶面调节剂”对制种田玉米产量、子粒硒含量及种子活力的影响。结果表明，喷施有机硒肥对制种玉米部分产量构成因素有一定影响，不同基因型玉米秃尖长减少不显著，出籽率显著增加，显著提高种子中硒含量、种子发芽势和种子发芽率。     

Seed physiological maturity in Cuphea

Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aiton, line PSR23) is a new crop being developed in the North Central United States, as an industrial oilseed crop. Cuphea PSR23 seed oil is rich in medium-chain-length fatty acids such as capric acid used to manufacture soaps and detergents. The objective of this research was to determine the time when physiological maturity of cuphea seed is reached and how seed development affects seed moisture, weight, oil content, fatty acid content, germination, and seedling vigor. To evaluate seed development, 2000 cuphea flowers were tagged at anthesis in the field at Prosper, North Dakota in 2004 and 2005. Each flower was tagged when open and the position on the main stem or branch was recorded. Two hundred capsules from the tagged flowers were harvested at 3- to 4-d intervals from 5- to 48-d post anthesis (DPA). Seed weight increased as a function of growing degree days (GDD) and the days from anthesis. Physiological maturity occurred when maximum dry seed weight was attained. Seed weight increases followed the Gompertz function with a R² = 0.90 (2004) and R² = 0.95 (2005). All capsules, regardless of their position on the stem, followed the same growth function for seed weight. The maximum dry seed weight estimated by the Gompertz function was 3.61 for 2004 and 3.58 mg seed⁻¹ for 2005. Physiological maturity estimated with a quadratic function occurred at 38 DPA or 270 GDD in 2004. In 2005, physiological maturity occurred at 26 DPA or 265 GDD. As a visual indicator when the capsules split-open seeds inside that capsule are physiologically mature. Seed moisture decreased from 900 g kg⁻¹ at 37 GDD post anthesis to 450 g kg⁻¹ at 319 GDD post anthesis in 2004; however, in 2005 seed moisture decreased from 850 to 81 g kg⁻¹ at 293 GDD post anthesis. Seed germination increased as seed developed and it was 83% when harvested 234 GDD post anthesis. Oil content increased from 98 g kg⁻¹ at 37 GDD post anthesis to 279 g kg⁻¹ 319 GDD post anthesis. Fatty acid composition varied throughout seed development. Seed development for 111 GDD and greater had more than 66% of capric acid (10:0). Cuphea should be harvested after 265 GDD post anthesis when most capsules on the main stem are split-open, have attained maximum seed weight, germination, seedling vigor, and oil content.     

胚乳裂纹对玉米种子活力指标的影响

以玉米杂交种种子为试验材料,研究胚乳无裂纹、胚乳单裂纹、胚乳双裂纹和胚乳龟裂纹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数变化。结果表明,24 h内的吸水率表现为龟裂纹种子的吸水率最高,无裂纹种子的吸水率最低。随着胚乳裂纹数的增加其种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈降低的变化趋势。胚乳无裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。种子胚乳无裂纹的幼苗干重显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的幼苗干重。胚乳龟裂纹是导致种子活力降低的原因之一,在种子生产中应该减少胚乳龟裂纹产生。     

Quality of Irrigated Water with Nanometer Pottery Tray Treatment and Its Effects on Seed Soaking

To study the impacts of nanometer pottery trays(NPTs) on different rice varieties, three rice varieties, Zhongzheyou 1, Jinzao 47 and Xiushui 09, were treated with four NPTs(NPT-A, NPT-B, NPT-C and NPT-D) with different energies, respectively. The results showed that when the same rice variety was treated with different NPTs or different rice varieties were treated with the same NPT, the impacts on seed germination rate, seedling growth, plant height, panicle length and weight, the number of filled grains, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight varied between different rice variety-NPT interaction groups. In general, high energy NPT-C and NPT-D treatments obviously enhanced the functions of most examined rice characters. For example, NPT-C and NPT-D treatments improved the germination rate of all the three rice varieties, and promoted the root growth of seedlings, and increased seedling fresh weight, single panicle weight, filled grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. On the contrary, low energy NPT-A treatment restrained the seed germination rate in Jinzao 47 and Zhongzheyou 1, and decreased the seedling fresh weight in Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-B treatment restrained the seedling growth in Jinzao 47 but increased the panicle length of Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-A and NPT-C treatments obviously decreased the 1000-grain weight in Xiushui 09. Therefore, when treating crop seeds or plants using nanomaterials or nanotechnologies, different types of crops/varieties should select the nanomaterials or nanotechnologies with suitable energies to reduce the negative effects.     

2013-2015年中国冬小麦种子发芽率及高活力关联物理性状的检测

为了解中国冬小麦种子市场的种子质量情况,连续三年(2013-2015)收集全国冬小麦主产区市场上的冬小麦种子样品共计756份,进行了种子发芽率普查和活力检测,并对与品种种子高活力相关联的物理性状进行了分析.结果表明,全国冬小麦种子标准发芽率在三年内有所提升,分别为83.6％、92.8％和93.0％;在不同地区收集到的同一冬小麦品种种子标准发芽率基本一致,但其耐盐性、抗旱性和耐老化能力均在地区间略有差异.在与种子活力有关的物理性状中,千粒重和种子厚度与种子活力相关性高且稳定.当种子萌发期条件较好时,千粒重49.54～50.30 g、厚度3.20～3.29 mm的冬小麦种子萌发较好;当种子萌发期逆境胁迫较强时,则应选择千粒重33.83～34.50 g、厚度2.76～2.84 mm的冬小麦品种.     

耕种方式对华北地区冬小麦群体质量及产量的影响

为探讨华北地区耕种方式对冬小麦群体质量和产量的影响,2011-2013年通过大田定位试验,分析了免耕条播、深松条播、旋耕条播、机械撒播方式下冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、干物质积累、产量及其构成的特点。结果表明,免耕条播冬小麦分蘖不足,群体数量小,干物质积累少,叶面积指数偏低,穗粒数、千粒重较低,产量低于其他耕种方式;深松条播冬小麦成熟略晚,群体较大,茎蘖成穗率高,干物质积累量、叶面积指数、成穗数和产量均高于旋耕条播,穗粒数、千粒重与之差异不明显;机械撒播冬小麦虽然存在种子有效覆盖度小、种子深浅不一、出苗率低等缺点,但分蘖优势明显,干物质积累最多,叶面积指数最大且最大值出现早,千粒重、穗粒数略有降低,成穗数极显著高于其他处理,较旋耕条播和深松条播分别增产15%和11%以上。综合来看,机械撒播有利于优化小麦群体质量,提高整体产量水平,是目前华北地区冬小麦较理想的耕种方式。     

The effects of density, date of inflorescence emergence, date of harvesting and temperature upon seed quality in tetraploid hybrid ryegrasses

Thousand-seed weight, germination and seedling dry weight were measured in some tetraploid hybrid ryegrasses to study variations in seed quality. In cv. Sabrina, seed from spaced plants had a higher 1000-seed weight and seedling dry weight, and a slower germination rate than seed from narrow drills. Seed from later emerging groups of inflorescences had a low 1000-seed weight and seedling dry weight, but a high germination rate. Seeds of cv. Sabrina, Leri and Augusta harvested at between 10 and 25 d after peak anthesis had low 1000-seed weights, low germination rates and low seedling dry weights. Air temperatures between inflorescence emergence and seed maturity also affected seed quality; an increase in temperature from a 15°/10°C regime to a constant 25°C environment reduced 1000-seed weight and seedling dry weight, but increased germination rate. It is concluded that year-to-year variation in seed characters will occur because of temperature and other climatic changes, but seed quality can also be influenced by the time at which the seed is harvested. If combine harvesting is carried out at a moisture concentration of about 400 g kg^-1 (≡40%) then maximum yields of seed of a high quality should be obtained.     

干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦种子萌发及幼苗根芽生物量分配的影响

为探讨冬小麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的关系,以小麦抗旱型品种长旱58和干旱敏感型品种漯麦18为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,测定和分析了干旱胁迫后小麦种子发芽率、幼苗根冠比、叶绿素含量等16个指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,长旱58种子发芽率无明显变化,漯麦18种子发芽率显著下降。干旱胁迫下长旱58种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和干物质转移量显著大于漯麦18,平均发芽时间显著小于漯麦18,长旱58幼苗根、芽的长度和干重及总干重均显著高于漯麦18。干旱胁迫显著增加漯麦18幼苗根冠比,对长旱58萌发第五和第七天的幼苗根冠比无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低漯麦18幼苗叶绿素含量,对长旱58无显著影响。由于小麦萌发期幼苗干物质累积取决于种子中营养物质的转移和呼吸消耗,因此推测种子营养物质的快速转移和低呼吸消耗有助于提高小麦萌发期的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长。