甲醛交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的透光性和透气性

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用价值,扩大碱木质素的应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素加入量、甲醛加入量、溶液pH值对碱木质素-聚乙烯醇(PVA,poly vinyl alcohol)反应膜透光性和透气性的影响。采用紫外可见分光光度计分析了薄膜的光学性能,压差法测定薄膜的透气性。采用SEM(scanning electron microscopy)和FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)方法分析反应膜的表面形貌和化学结构,利用静态接触角测量仪测定薄膜的接触角。结果表明:碱木质素加入后,在紫外光区200～400 nm薄膜的透过率为零,对紫外线全吸收,在可见光区400～800 nm薄膜透过率降低,当碱木质素与PVA质量比为1:4时,在600 nm处薄膜的透过率为16.12%;随着甲醛加入量的提高,薄膜可见光区的透光率逐渐增大;随着pH值增大,木质素逐渐溶解,pH值为9时,薄膜600 nm处薄膜透过率为20.85%。与纯PVA薄膜相比较,碱木质素加入后薄膜二氧化碳和氧气的透气性都减小;经甲醛交联后,薄膜的氧气和二氧化碳的透过量都增大;pH值由小到大变化时,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜对二氧化碳和氧气的透气量先增大后减小。FT-IR表征说明碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜结构中有醚键生成,碱木质素和PVA发生了交联反应;电镜图片显示碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜表面较光滑;接触角分析说明碱木质素的加入增大了薄膜与水的接触角,薄膜表面亲水性降低,并且交联反应薄膜的接触角大于共混薄膜的接触角,交联提高了薄膜的耐水性。与戊二醛相比甲醛做交联剂时碱木质素和PVA之间的交联反应程度更大,交联薄膜在可见光区的透光性更大。薄膜对紫外线吸收主要是受碱木质素的影响。碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应膜可作为良好的紫外吸收材料,应用于地膜中。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜制备及其包膜尿素特性

为解决传统肥料养分利用率低,以及一般聚合物包膜肥料的膜材料难以降解、养分释放速率不可控等问题,该研究以聚乙烯醇（PVA）为膜基材,通过与壳聚糖（CS）共混、使用戊二醛（GA）交联、添加纳米SiO₂ 3种不同的方式,制备了3种膜：PVA/CS膜、PVA/CS/GA膜、PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜,此外,制备了纯PVA膜作为对比。对4种膜进行了吸水率（Q）、生物降解性（D_e）、养分渗透系数（P_s）等表征,结果表明：CS的添加提升了膜的生物降解率,GA交联可以延缓膜在土壤中的生物降解速率,而纳米SiO2的添加对膜的生物降解性影响不大,总体来说4种膜都显示出良好的生物降解性（77 d内的生物降解率在30%～60%）;相比于PVA膜,PVA/CS、PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜的吸水率分别降低43.00%、68.79%和82.73%;相比于PVA/CS膜,PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜的养分渗透系数分别降低48.51%和57.59%,说明CS的添加、GA的交联和纳米SiO₂的添加都增强了PVA膜的疏水性。将4种膜液通过转鼓包衣机包覆在尿素颗粒表面制得了4种包膜尿素（PCU）颗粒（PCU-PVA、PCU-PVA/CS、PCU-PVA/CS/GA和PCU-PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂）,分别使用土埋法测定和数学模型拟合了氮素释放行为,结果显示4种PCU的氮释放量达到90%时所需的时间分别为5、11、23、28 d;氮素释放行为符合一级动力学模型,释放速率常数（k）依次减小,分别为0.3 654、0.2 333、0.1 127、0.0 926,且与膜的养分渗透系数（P_s）呈线性关系$k = 377.51{P_{{s}}} $,相关系数（R²）为0.9 991。该研究提供了系列生物降解性能良好、养分释放速率可控的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜材料,并成功地应用于包膜尿素颗粒的制备,更方便和有效地指导PCU的施用。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖对阿拉伯树胶凝胶特性的影响

为了探讨魔芋葡甘聚糖对阿拉伯树胶凝胶特性的影响,以提高阿拉伯树胶的胶凝性能,降低其在凝胶质食品中的添加量,本研究以魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)及阿拉伯树胶(GA)为试验对象,以溶胀温度、底物配比(KGM∶GA)、凝胶时间为影响因子,KGM/GA凝聚凝胶强度为响应值,采用三因素三水平响应面优化设计方法进行处理分析。结果表明,KGM能有效提高GA的凝胶强度;溶胀温度、底物配比(KGM∶GA)、凝胶时间为KGM/GA共混凝聚物凝胶强度的显著影响因子,各因素间两两交互作用对凝聚凝胶强度的影响效果显著,当溶胀温度、底物配比(KGM∶GA)、凝胶时间的数值分别达到49.64℃、81.77%及58.51 min时,模型预测得出最大凝胶强度为839.01 g·mm。经试验优化所得复合凝胶制备工艺可为改善以阿拉伯树胶为原料的食品品质提供一定的理论依据和指导,从而拓宽其在食品领域中的应用。     

魔芋粉-壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇共混胶黏剂的结构表征

为了拓宽魔芋粉的应用领域,开发环境友好型木材胶黏剂,在前期研究基础上,笔者进一步探讨了胶黏剂的胶合机理和工业化的可行性：通过红外光谱(FTIR)对共混胶的分子间的相互作用以及胶接界面进行了微观结构分析;借助X-射线衍射(XRD)辅助探讨了葡甘聚糖(KGM)、壳聚糖(CA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)3种纯物质和三元共混胶黏剂的微观结构中官能团的变化;同时利用原子力显微镜(AFM)直观的观察分析胶膜结构,揭示了三元共混胶黏剂的胶合机理;经过成本估算并与市售胶黏剂比较,对其应用于工业生产进行了可行性分析。结果表明：FTIR和XRD分析发现3种高分子之间存在着氢键等强烈的相互作用,并且发现胶黏剂中的活性基团与杨木中的纤维素和半纤维素上的羟基发生了作用,从而得到胶黏剂与界面之间也有强烈作用;AFM分析表明通过PVA的加入,明显改善了以前的双螺旋结构,因此也有效地提高了耐水性能;前景分析表明该胶具有易于形成工业化生产的特点,其制备工艺与白乳胶相似,能够适应白乳胶的生产设备。以上研究结果为探索生物质环保胶黏剂提供了参考。     

纳米SiO2–聚乙烯醇–γ聚谷氨酸复合膜材料制备及其性能研究

【目的】聚乙烯醇 (polyvinyl alcohol,PVA) 作为缓释肥包膜材料具有价格低廉、透性好、环保、少残留的优点,但耐水性能差,制成包膜肥料进入土壤后缓释效果不持久。γ聚谷氨酸 (γ-PGA) 是一种原料易得的肥料增效剂,利用纳米二氧化硅 (nano-SiO₂) 和γ-PGA对聚合物PVA进行改性,并用改性后的PVA制备了缓释材料,优化nano-SiO₂、γ-PGA和戊二醛的配比参数。【方法】试验采用三因素三水平L₉(33) 正交设计,三因素三水平是PVA浓度 (因素A) 4%、6%、8%,γ-PGA与PVA的质量配比 (因素B) 0.8∶3、1∶3、1.2∶3,戊二醛占PVA与γ-PGA体积之和比例 (因素C) 0.1%、0.2%、0.3%,以不添加戊二醛的9个处理做对照。用有机高分子聚合法制备复合膜,分析了不同原料配比制备的膜材料的吸水性和渗透性能,找出最优原料配比。在此基础上,在上述包膜材料中分别加入5、10和20 g/kg的nano-SiO₂和少量无水乙醇制成复合膜,测定复合膜材料的吸水率、渗透率,分析了膜的红外光谱特征和表面微观结构变化,探讨其改性成膜机理。【结果】加入交联剂戊二醛后,复合膜材料的吸水率和渗透率均显著降低。当PVA浓度为4%,γ-PGA与PVA质量比为1.2∶3,戊二醛体积分数为0.3%时,复合膜材料的吸水率最低,为118%,铵离子和水的渗透率分别比对照降低了46.8%和23.0%。添加nano-SiO₂后,各处理膜的吸水率均随nano-SiO₂添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化,当添加量为20 g/kg时,复合膜材料吸水率和NH₄+渗透率最低,与不加nano-SiO₂相比,复合膜材料吸水率和NH₄+渗透率分别降低了6.8%～38.2%和23.8%～53.2%,而水渗透率增加了38.4%～67.7%。红外分析光谱结果表明,PVA和γ-PGA反应生成醚键;添加nano-SiO₂处理的―OH伸缩振动峰变宽,透过率增加,并且出现了Si―O―Si摇摆振动和反对称伸缩振动;同时,从官能团特征看出复合膜中仍存在未反应的γ-PGA。扫描电镜结果显示纳米SiO₂–聚乙烯醇–γ聚谷氨酸复合膜材料的表面更光滑,致密均一,这可能是包膜材料能减缓氮素释放的主要原因。【结论】nano-SiO₂与PVA、γ-PGA、戊二醛分子结合生成的交联纳米复合膜材料亲水基团数目减少,膜材料吸水率降低,提高了包膜材料的缓释性能,更适用于颗粒肥料包膜。膜材料中存在的游离γ-PGA可以继续发挥肥料增效剂的作用。     

氢键对魔芋葡甘聚糖水溶胶粘弹性的影响

该文首先采用动态流变仪测定魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)水溶胶的剪切弹性模量G'和粘性模量G″随温度和角频率的变化曲线.然后采用Rouse模型分析实验数据,发现氢键对KGM水溶胶粘弹性的影响不能忽略.根据KGM分子中富含羟基,在分子之间形成氢键,提出氢键效应在Rouse模型中可以通过单位大分子有效珠团数来体现.氢键作用加强增大了单位大分子有效珠团数,从而定性地解释了实验结果.     

甲醛交联工业碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的力学性能(英文)

以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素含量、甲醛含量、反应温度、交联时间、溶液p H值对碱木质素-PVA反应膜力学性能的影响。经甲醛交联反应,交联反应薄膜液的黏度大于共混薄膜液的黏度。结果表明,制备最佳力学性能薄膜的条件为碱木质素和聚乙烯醇的质量比为2∶8、甲醛占干物质量为8.8%、交联时间为40 min、反应温度为90℃、p H值为9。在保持薄膜仍然具有较好力学性能的前提下,碱木质素的加入量可达到20%。在最佳力学性能条件下,纯聚乙烯醇薄膜和碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联薄膜的断裂伸长率分别是205%和236%,拉伸强度分别是52和46 MPa。与纯聚乙烯醇薄膜相比,反应薄膜的断裂伸长率得到了提高,而拉伸强度降低。适当量的交联剂和较高的溶液温度有利于薄膜力学性能的提高。由于木质素在碱性条件下溶解,溶液p H值对薄膜的力学性影响较大。红外衰减全反射分析证明碱木质素和聚乙烯醇之间发生了交联反应。与纯聚乙烯醇薄膜相比,由于碱木质素的加入使聚乙烯醇分子间的距离增大,使薄膜内分子流动性增大,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜的能量损耗和玻璃化转变温度降低。该研究为制备具有良好力学性能的薄膜提供了详细的数据。     

淀粉-聚乙烯醇包膜复合肥的评价方法研究

以淀粉和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为主要原料制备膜材料并包膜颗粒复合肥,通过膜吸水性和肥料抗压碎力试验筛选适合的原料比例制备不同粒径的供试肥料。采用水中溶出率与土壤培养两种测试方法研究了其氮素养分的释放规律,并对两种方法的测定结果进行了比较、分析与评价。结果表明:淀粉与PVA比例合适就会提高膜材料的耐水性和包膜肥料的抗压碎力。超过最佳配比量后的淀粉要比同质量PVA更耐水、更能提高肥料的抗压碎力。自制包膜处理土壤培养法中养分释放率普遍是水溶法中的1/3~1/4,这与介质环境和试验方法的差异有关。调节好淀粉与PVA用量比例或增加膜厚度会使养分释放更趋近于Logistic植物营养生长曲线,同时也使得水、土两介质中测定结果的相关性更好。受多种因素影响,用水溶法现有的一些指标评价包膜肥缓释性能带来误差较大,缓释肥料在水溶法中的释放规律不能真实的反映出其在土壤中的释放性能,对用淀粉、聚乙烯醇这类亲水材料包膜的肥料而言更是如此。     

CLC-St-PAM絮凝剂净化蔗渣制浆黑液回收木质素

该文通过制备耐酸型絮凝剂,以酸析絮凝法处理蔗渣制浆黑液高效回收木质素。首先以木薯淀粉、5-羟甲基糠醛以及3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为主要原料制备交联阳离子淀粉(cross-linked cationic starch,CLC-St),然后以CLC-St为骨架与丙烯酰胺在引发剂作用下进行接枝共聚反应,合成了交联阳离子淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺(cross-linked cationic starch grafted polyacrylamide,CLC-St-PAM)絮凝剂,并通过红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜等手段对CLC-St-PAM进行结构和形貌分析。结果显示,交联阳离子淀粉分子与丙烯酰胺成功发生了接枝共聚反应,反应主要发生在淀粉颗粒表面,接枝产物呈现为无定形的聚集态。以CLC-St-PAM为絮凝剂处理p H值为2~7间的蔗渣碱法制浆黑液,系统考察了p H值、CLC-St-PAM用量等因素对木质素的回收率、滤液中酸溶木质素含量和化学耗氧量(COD)的影响,结果表明,酸析-絮凝处理可以有效的去除制浆黑液中的酸不溶木质素、酸溶木质素以及COD,在p H值为2时投入0.015 g/L的CLC-St-PAM,木质素回收率高达89.02%±0.54%,COD去除率也达69.06%±1.42%;同时,酸溶木质素质量浓度由原来的(0.561±0.021)g/100 m L下降至(0.187±0.008)g/100 m L,黑液由原来的棕黑色变为清澈的淡黄色。不同p H值回收得到的木质素结构通过核磁共振氢谱和凝胶渗透色谱表征,结果表明酸析-絮凝过程中首先析出来的是相对纯净的木质素分子,随着体系p H值的进一步下降,更多与半纤维素通过稳定的共价键形成的木质素-半纤维素复合体也逐渐沉淀析出。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.