Enhanced Erythrocytic Lipid Peroxides and Reduced Plasma Ascorbic Acid,and Alteration in Blood Trace Elements Level in Dairy Cows with Mastitis

Oxidative stress has been associated in several inflammatory conditions and incriminated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. However, little information is available on the status of plasma antioxidant levels, essential components of important antioxidant enzymes such as copper, zinc and selenium in blood, and the end product of oxidative damage to the erythrocytic polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammatory udder conditions. Blood samples were collected from three groups of dairy cows, with 21 in each group: animals with healthy udder, clinical mastitis, and subclinical mastitis. These animals were randomly selected from a herd on the basis of the California mastitis test, somatic cell count and total bacterial count. The mean plasma ascorbic acid concentration was significantly lower in cows with subclinical (p = 0.004) and clinical mastitis (p = 0.000) and the erythrocytic lipid peroxide levels were significantly (p = 0.000) higher in clinical mastitis as compared to controls. There was a significant decrease in mean blood zinc concentration in subclinical (p = 0.005) and clinical mastitis (p = 0.000), but an increase in mean blood copper level in the clinical mastitis group. It was concluded that the blood antioxidant status declines in inflammatory udder conditions, suggesting that incorporation of antioxidants may help in better management of mastitis in dairy cows.     

Enhanced Lipid Peroxide Levels in the Erythrocytes of Calves with Haemoglobinuria

Eight 6–9 month old calves, showing clinical signs of intermittent haemoglobinuria, even after treatment with an antipiroplasmal drug (4,4-diamidinodiazoaminobenzene diaceturate), were examined for oxidative damage to their erythrocytes and the presence of hemoprotozoa in blood smears. Four calves without signs of haemoglobinuria served as controls. The blood smears from three of the eight calves contained piroplasms for Theileria annulata. Irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in their blood smears, the calves with haemoglobinuria had significantly (p<0.01) lower haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) and packed cell volumes (PCV). The lipid peroxide level in the erythrocytes, but not in the plasma, of calves with red urine was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that for the controls. It is concluded that haemoglobinuria, irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in blood smears, is associated with oxidative stress to erythrocytes and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membrane.     

Effects of Triiodothyronine-induced Hyperthyroidism on Lipid Peroxidation,Erythrocyte Resistance and Iron-binding and Iron-oxidizing Antioxidant Properties of Plasma in the Rabbit

The effect of hyperthyroidism on some oxidative stress parameters is reported. The hyperthyroid state was induced by intraperitoneal injection of triiodothyronine (T₃)(10 μg/kg body weight) for 14 days in two groups of female rabbits (3 and 12 months old). The T₃ injection caused increase by 1.5-fold to 1.7-fold in T₃ serum level, and 2-fold to 3-fold decrease (age-dependent) in body weight gain at the end of experimental period. The induced hyperthyroidism caused a significant increase in the serum concentration of the lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde and lowered erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress when subjected to the free radical generator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride in vitro. The half maximum haemolysis time (HT₅₀) decreased in the both experimental groups of rabbits, by about 12 min in the 3-month-old animals and 27 min in the 12-month-old animals. The study showed for the first time that hyperthyroidism enhances the ability of plasma to protect against iron-binding and iron oxidizing organic radicals. The scavenging property and antioxidant capacity of plasma against iron-binding inorganic radicals also increased. Measurement of erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress and the protective ability of plasma against oxygen radicals discriminates the thyroid hormone modulatory effects in defence mechanisms against lipid peroxidation.     

The Concentrations of Molybdenum and Zinc in Liver in Relation to Copper Accumulation in Normal and Copper Poisoned Sheep

The concentrations of copper, molybdenum and zinc were measured in the liver of normal grazing sheep and lambs from Eastern Norway, and in sheep dead of chronic copper poisoning. The following mean values were found: Normal sheep: 173 ± 130 μg Gu/g wet weight, 1.0 ±0.3 μg Mo/g, and 49 ± 10 μg Zn/g; lambs: 129 ± 59 μg Gu/g, 0.9 ± 0.3 μg Mo/g, and 46 ±9 μg Zn/g; sheep dead of copper poisoning: 429 ± 249 μg Gu/g, 0.4 ± 0.1 μg Mo/g, and 43 ± 2d μg Zn/g. Sheep with low liver copper (Gu < 10 μg/g) were also analyzed for molybdenum and zinc, with the following results: 1.0 ± 0.2 μg Mo/g, and 45 ± 8 μg Zn/g wet weight. The differences in liver copper between all the groups, and the differences in molybdenum concentrations between the normal sheep and the lambs and between the normal sheep and the poisoned sheep were significant (P < 0.001). No significant correlations between liver copper/liver molybdenum or liver copper/liver zinc were detected.     

蛋氨酸铜对猪血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响

为了研究饲粮中添加蛋氨酸铜与硫酸铜对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响。选择体重为17．17±2．34kg（P〉0．05）的二元杂交（长×大）生长阉公猪30头进行试验,试猪按完全随机区组设计,依体重和窝别随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪,分别饲喂10、150、250mg／kg蛋氨酸铜和150、250mg／kg硫酸铜,试验期30d。结果表明：饲喂蛋氨酸铜组ADG、F／G及表观养分消化率具有明显的优势;血清铜含量随饲粮铜水平的提高而发生显著变化,而高铜组组间血清锌差异不显著;蛋氨酸组粪铜排泄量比硫酸铜组粪铜排泄量显著降低。说明：添加中等水平的有机蛋氨酸铜吸收利用率比高剂量硫酸铜高,且可减少粪铜、锌的排泄。     

犊牛断奶应激的原因、影响和评估

犊牛在尚未发育完全时断奶,常引起断奶应激。氧化应激是断奶应激的主要机制,影响犊牛的健康、生长发育、生产性能和繁殖能力。本文结合氧化应激的作用机制,阐述断奶应激发生的具体原因,总结断奶应激对犊牛的影响,并系统介绍了如何评估断奶应激,旨在为犊牛的培育和增强动物福利提供理论和实战依据。     

游泳应激对小鼠血液和肝脏脂质过氧化水平的影响

为探讨游泳应激对小鼠血液和肝脏脂质过氧化水平的影响,试验选取50只昆明小鼠进行游泳试验,于游泳前和游泳10、20、30、50min后分别随机选取10只小鼠眼眶采血致死,采集血液和肝脏,测定样品中MDA含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性。结果表明,游泳应激使小鼠血清MDA含量持续升高并显著高于游泳前对照组(P<0.05);SOD活性先显著下降(P<0.05),之后缓慢升高,游泳50min后仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05);10min游泳应激使小鼠血清GSH-Px活性显著上升(P<0.05),之后缓慢下降,50min后与对照组无显著差异。游泳应激使小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),游泳50min后肝脏SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),GSH-Px活性在游泳20、30、50min后均显著下降(P<0.05)。结果提示游泳应激能显著影响小鼠血液和肝脏组织脂质过氧化水平。     

日粮不同锌水平对断奶仔猪血清及组织铜、锌沉积的影响

试验选用21日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交的断奶仔猪40头,按体重和公、母各半原则随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组10头猪,分别在基础日粮中添加氧化锌,使试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组中锌的含量分别达到100、1000、2000和3000 mg/kg,预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果表明,3000 mg/kg锌日粮均能提高断奶仔猪血清锌水平(P<0.05),使血清锌含量显著上升(P<0.05),降低血清铜水平(P>0.05);3000 mg/kg锌日粮使肝脏、肾脏和十二指肠中锌含量极显著升高(P<0.01),各组间脾脏、淋巴结中锌含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),3000 mg/kg锌日粮会降低脾脏、淋巴结、十二指肠和肾脏中铜含量(P>0.05),提高肝脏中铜含量(P<0.01)。提示,3000 mg/kg锌日粮能增加断奶应激仔猪体内锌水平,降低部分组织中铜含量。     

牛血铜锌超氧化物岐化酶规模化生产工艺研究

本研究利用红细胞连续分离和热变性、超滤、丙酮沉淀、离子交换等技术,建立了一套牛血铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu,Zn-SOD)规模化生产的简便易行新工艺。该工艺采用碟式分离机对红细胞进行连续分离,其分离速度可达1000kg牛血/h以上;采用添加Cu2 、Zn2 的一次热变性方法除去血红蛋白,可以代替传统方法中的氯仿和乙醇,并且在超滤技术浓缩提取液后,沉淀过程中丙酮的用量减少了90%;减轻了这些有机溶剂对环境造成的压力。在规模化生产条件下,利用新工艺,投料14批,共570.5kg红细胞,得到SOD冻干粉36069.35 mg,平均比活达到6164.19U/mg.pro,平均收率为34.41万U/kg红细胞,并且主要化学试剂成本降低93.0%。此外试验结果还表明,冷冻红细胞热变性后,酶的平均总活力一般稳定在72.86万U/kg红细胞;与新鲜红细胞制备的SOD在收率、纯度、比活等方面无明显差别,即可以以冷冻红细胞为原料制备SOD,从而解决了原料长期保存问题。     

断奶应激对犊牛血液中代谢物和激素的影响

为研究断奶对犊牛的影响,本试验选择体重和出生日期接近的黑白花公犊牛12头,在55日龄对犊牛进行断奶,饲喂全混合日粮。分别在断奶的第-1(55日龄)、0、1、4、7和14 d采集血液,观测血液中代谢物和激素含量的变化情况。研究结果表明,断奶过程中,血清中葡萄糖、总蛋白、胆固醇及血浆中胰岛素含量变化显著(P<0.05),血清中甘油三酯、免疫球蛋白和血浆醛固酮含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。血液中的急性蛋白含量在断奶过程中变化明显,断奶后含量升高(P<0.05)。     

The Concentrations of Copper,Zinc and Molyrdenum in Swine Liver and the Relationship to the Distrirution of Solurle Copper- and Zinc-Rinding Proteins

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in liver samples from 21 normal slaughter pigs (average age about 6 months) and in 36 sows (average age about 2 years). The following mean values were found: Slaughter pigs: 15 ± 8 µg Cu/g, 45 ± 7 μg Zm/g and 1.0 ± 0.2 μg Mo/g wet weight; sows: 46 ± 70 μg Cu/g, 70 ± 26 μg Zn/g and 1.3 ± 0.3 μg Mo/g wet weight. The concentrations of all 3 elements were significantly higher in the sows than in the young pigs. There was no correlation between the concentrations of copper, zinc or molybdenum. The recorded copper levels in the slaughter pigs were in accordance with the levels of non-supplemented pigs given in the literature. The soluble hepatic copper- and zinc-binding proteins were separated into 3 different fractions by gel filtration. With increasing copper and zinc levels in the liver, a higher relative amount of these elements were found in the low molecular weight fraction.     

Copper,Zinc and Molybdenum in Livers of Norwegian Cattle At Slaughter

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in samples of cattle liver from 10 slaughter-houses in Norway. A total of 335 samples were analysed. A clear accumulation of copper with age was found, the average copper level in the younger animals (≦ 3 years, n = 194) being 30 µg Cu/g liver wet weight, and in the older ones (> 3 years, n = 141) 59 µg Gu/g. The range in the copper values found was considerable, though significant differences between some of the districts were recorded. Copper concentrations were classified as low (≦10 µg Gu/g) in 9.6 % of the samples. Zinc showed no accumulation with age, nor were there any differences in zinc levels found in animals from different districts, the average level being 32 µg Zn/g liver wet weight. The picture was the same for molybdenum, no differences between age groups or districts being found. The average level was 1.0 µg Mo/g liver. There was no significant correlation between levels of copper, zinc or molybdenum.The supply of copper and zinc to cattle in Norway seems close to sufficient, but copper- and zinc-fortified mineral supplementation of cattle feed is still to be recommended. There seems to be no need for molybdenum supplementation in cattle.     

饲粮添加铜、铁和锌对牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮添加必需微量元素铜、铁和锌对肉牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响。选用 ２０头 １２月龄肉牛,随机分为 ２组,每组 １０头,各组分别饲喂基础精饲料（对照组）和基础精饲料中添加铜 ２０ｍｇ、铁 ２００ｍｇ和锌 ２００ｍｇ的试验精饲料（试验组）,粗饲料自由采食。试验期为 １５０ｄ。每天以组为单位计算牛的采食量;每 ３０ｄ称取牛体重并采集血液样品,试验结束后,屠宰试验牛,采集肾脏、肝脏、心脏、胰脏、脾脏、瘤胃、大肠及背肌组织样品,测定血液和组织中铅和镉含量。结果表明：牛精饲料中添加铁、铜和锌后,平均日增重极显著地提高了１２．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,料重比极显著地降低了 １５．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;铅含量在胰脏和瘤胃中极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,在脾脏和血液中显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在其余组织中无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,铅蓄积的器官主要是胃;镉含量在肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、瘤胃和大肠中均极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但心脏中的镉含量极显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,镉蓄积的器官主要是肾脏。结果提示,在饲粮中添加铜、铁和锌可以改善肉牛的生长性能,但不能有效减少脏器及肌肉组织中铅和镉的蓄积。     

高铜日粮铁,锌水平对猪血液生理生化指标与生产性能的影响

在高铜（２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）日粮中加铁、锌,可显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地增加血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）浓度,血清铁、锌含量和血清碱性磷酸酶（ＳＡＰ）活性,增强红细胞膜（ＲＢＣＭ）稳定性,减少血清铜含量。当日粮中加铁６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（日粮铁总浓度１５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、锌１０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ（日粮锌总浓度１４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）时,猪血清铁和锌含量、血液Ｈｂ浓度、ＳＡＰ活性、ＲＢＣＭ稳定性达到最大。在高铜日粮中加铁４０～６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（日粮铁总浓度１３３～１５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、加锌７０～１０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ（日粮锌总浓度１０７～１４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,能增加猪平均日增重７５．１５％～７６．０７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,提高饲料转化率６０．１１％～６０．７７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明,猪高铜（２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）日粮中铁、锌的适宜水平分别为１５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

铜、铬营养及其互作对产蛋鸡脂类代谢的调节作用

按2×3因子安排的完全随机设计,选取96只24周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6组,铜添加0和150mg/kg,铬添加0,600μg/kg,1000μg/kg。试验8周后测定肝脏、血清中总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)的含量,并分析对肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、血清卵磷脂酰基转移酶(LCAT)和胰岛素(Ins)的影响。结果表明,添加150mg/kg铜能够提高产蛋率5.8%(P=0.048),显著降低肝脏、血清TG、TC水平。补充高铜显著提高GSH产量(P<0.01),增强Cu/Zn-SOD活性(P<0.01),降低Ins水平(P<0.01),显著增强LCAT活性(P<0.01)。补充铬能够显著降低采食量(P<0.01),降低肝脏TC,血清TG和TC,增强Cu/Zn-SOD的活性(P<0.05)。铜和铬对日采食量和料蛋比有负互作效应,对降低血清TG存在互作效应。     

高剂量铜对仔猪的促生长作用及其机理

铜是人类和动物体内必不可少的微量元素之一 ,它不仅参与机体内蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素等营养物质的代谢 ,还在骨骼发育、机体造血、生长、繁殖、免疫等生理机能中起着重要作用。文章结合近几年来国内外的有关报道 ,综述了高剂量铜对仔猪生长性能、酶活性、抗菌及早期断奶应激等方面的作用及其机理     

日粮添加高铜对产蛋鸡生产性能和脂质代谢的影响

试验研究饲粮中添加铜对产蛋鸡生产性能,脂质代谢和组织铜含量的影响。试验共分4个处理,分别在基础饲粮中添加0、100、250、300mg/kg铜,80只360日龄的新罗曼蛋鸡随机分到4个处理中,每个处理5个重复,每个重复4只鸡,试验期28d。结果表明:添加高铜对各阶段产蛋鸡的采食量,产蛋率,蛋重无显著影响(P>0.05);但与对照组相比,添加高铜降低了第14、21、28天鸡蛋中每克蛋黄的胆固醇(TC)含量(P<0.05)和第21天血清中甘油三酯(TG),极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量(P<0.05)以及第28天肝脏中谷胱苷肽(GSH)的含量(P<0.05)。添加300mg/kg的铜增加了肝脏中铜的沉积(P<0.05),而对蛋黄中铜的含量无影响。本研究表明添加铜能够降低蛋黄中的TC含量,而对蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋黄中铜的含量无显著影响。     

外源硒对绵羊孕期体内硒、铜、锌的影响

比较研究在相同的饲养管理条件下,孕期补硒对不同品种绵羊血清中硒（Se）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）含量的影响。以处于怀孕期的85只蒙古羊、道赛特羊和萨福克羊为研究对象,通过荧光分光光度法测定Se含量、原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn含量。结果显示,补Se各品种羊从怀孕3个月起血清Se含量显著高于未补硒同品种羊（P＜0.05）,补Se与未补Se同品种羊血清Zn含量在各期差异不显著（P＞0.05）,补Se与未补Se蒙古羊血清Cu含量各期差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结果表明,Se与Cu、Zn不具有颉颃作用,说明补Se对母体维持正常妊娠和增强抗病性功能具有重要作用。     

Induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats chronically exposed to cypermethrin through dermal application

Present study was undertaken to study the effect of cypermethrin on oxidative stress after chronic dermal application. The insecticide was applied dermally at 50 mg/kg body weight in different groups of Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150~200 g. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity was observed after 30 days of exposure. However, the superoxide dismutase activity declined significantly after 60 days of exposure. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and blood glutathione levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of cypermethrin dermal application. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all groups after 60 days of dermal exposure. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from 30 days onwards and reached a peak after 120 days of application.     

日粮中锌、铜、锰和硒对生长獭兔生产性能及生化指标的影响

选用吉戎-Ⅱ生长獭兔随机分组，各组日粮中分别添加锌、铜、锰和硒，其中锌的添加量为0、40、80、120mg／kg，硒为0、0．1、0．25、0．4、0．55、0．7mg／kg，锰为0、5、15、25、35、45mg／kg，铜为0、10、20、40、80、160mg／kg。结果表明，4种元素均能影响生长獭兔的生长性能。试验所选相关酶CuZn-SOD、GPX、Mn-SOD、CP的活性能较好地反映此4种元素在獭兔体内的代谢状况。肾脏、肝脏中Zn和Se的沉积量能较好地反映饲粮Zn和Se在獭兔体内的沉积情况。胫骨和被毛中锰浓度则可以作为评价锰吸收利用率的敏感指标。综合各项指标得出，吉戎-Ⅱ獭兔日粮中锰、锌、铜、硒的适宜添加量分别为35、80、40、0．25mg／kg。