Evaluation of Glucose Response to 3 Types of Insulin Using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Healthy Alpacas

Background

Persistent hyperglycemia is common in alpacas and typically requires insulin administration for resolution; however, little is known about alpacas’ response to different insulin formulations.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of 3 insulin formulations on blood glucose concentrations and the use of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in alpacas.

Animals

Six healthy alpacas.

Methods

The CGM was installed in the left paralumbar fossa at the start of this crossover study and recorded data every 5 minutes. Regular insulin, NPH insulin, insulin glargine, and dextrose were administered to each alpaca over a 2‐week period. Blood samples were collected for glucose testing at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours, and then every 6 hours after each administration of insulin or dextrose. Data were compared by using method comparison techniques, error grid plots, and ANOVA.

Results

Blood glucose concentrations decreased most rapidly after regular insulin administration when administered IV or SC as compared to the other formulations. The NPH insulin produced the longest suppression of blood glucose. The mean CGM interstitial compartment glucose concentrations were typically lower than the intravascular compartment glucose concentrations. The alpacas had no adverse reactions to the different insulin formulations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The NPH insulin might be more appropriate for long‐term use in hyperglycemic alpacas because of its extended duration of action. A CGM is useful in monitoring glucose trends and reducing blood collection events, but it should not be the sole method for determining treatment protocols.     

Insulin Sensitivity in Thoroughbred Geldings: Effect of Weight Gain,Diet, and Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Thoroughbred Geldings

The effects of dietary energy source, controlled weight gain, and exercise restriction on insulin sensitivity (SI) were studied in mature Thoroughbred geldings with body condition scores (BCS) of 4.3 ± 0.1. Two dietary energy sources were used, one high in starch and sugar (HS; n = 9) and one high in fat and fiber (HF; n = 7), and horses were fed 20 Mcal digestible energy (DE)/day above maintenance requirements to encourage weight gain. Using the minimal model of glucose and insulin dynamics, no differences in SI between groups were noted before initiation of treatment concentrate feeding. After dietary acclimation, SI was decreased in HS (P < 0.01) as compared with HF. After 32 weeks of controlled weight gain (90.8 kg; final BCS, 7.0 ± 0.1), SI remained lower in HS (P = 0.07) but did not change from the preweight gain value. SI in HF did not change between the start and end of weight gain. After completion of weight gain, exercise was restricted for 2 weeks, resulting in a reduction in SI in HF (P = 0.03) but no change in HS. It was concluded that dietary energy source may be more influential than weight gain on SI in the mature Thoroughbred gelding between BCS 4 and 7. The higher SI found in horses consuming the HF diet appeared to be partially dependent on some level of physical activity.     

Pharmacodynamics of Insulin Detemir and Insulin Glargine Assessed by an Isoglycemic Clamp Method in Healthy Cats

Background: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine are synthetic long‐acting insulin analogs. In people, insulin glargine is longer acting and has a relatively flat time‐action profile, while insulin detemir has significantly less within‐subject variability. Insulin detemir is also associated with less undesired weight gain and decreased frequency of hypoglycemic events. Objectives: To compare the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine in healthy cats. Animals: Ten young, healthy, neutered, purpose‐bred cats. Methods: Randomized, cross‐over design. Pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine were determined by the isoglycemic clamp method after a 0.5 U/kg SC injection. Results: The only significant difference in the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine was onset of action (1.8 ± 0.8 and 1.3 ± 0.5 hours for insulin detemir and insulin glargine, respectively, P= .03). End of action of insulin detemir was reached at 13.5 ± 3.5 hours and for insulin glargine at 11.3 ± 4.5 hours (P= .18). Time‐to‐peak action of insulin detemir was reached at 6.9 ± 3.1 hours and for insulin glargine at 5.3 ± 3.8 hours (P= .7). The time‐action curves of both insulin analogs varied between relatively flat curves in some cats and peaked curves in others. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine have shorter durations of action than in people when assessed by the clamp method, but in some cats these insulin analogs could be useful as once‐a‐day drugs. Peak effects of both insulin analogs are pronounced in some cats.     

鲜马齿苋饲喂肉仔鸡对其增体质量的效果

马齿苋 (ｐｏｒｔｕｌａｃａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａｌ)是一年生肉质草本植物 ,野生 ,喜潮湿 ,多生长于农田菜地和水沟旁边。马齿苋具有营养成分高和祛病健身之功效。所以 ,人们历来有采食野生马齿苋的习惯。马齿苋除用作蔬菜食用外 ,它又是一种饲喂畜禽的优质青绿药用饲料。据近年来对马齿苋的研究证明 ,马齿苋具有良好的药用价值 ,具有清热解毒 ,散血消肿之功能 ,并有较强的抑菌作用 ,对肠炎、菌痢、球虫及大肠杆菌等也具有良好的防治效果。同时 ,马齿苋还含有畜禽必需的维生素Ｂ、维生素Ｅ、维生素Ｃ等多种营养成分。用马齿苋饲喂畜禽 ,既能节…     

蝇蛆粉对肉仔鸡增重效果试验

蝇蛆具有很高的利用价值,研究表明,蝇蛆粉粗蛋白质含量在58.80%～63.89%之间,其必需氨基酸总量是鱼粉的2.3倍,还含有铁、锌等多种微量元素以及抗菌肽、几丁质等多种极有价值的成分,总体营养价值高于进口鱼粉。我们在肉仔鸡日粮     

复合预混料对育肥牛的增重效果

近年来 ,青海省东部农业区牛羊育肥逐渐形成规模 ,牛羊育肥已成为青海省农业区新的经济增长点。青海省 80 %的地区缺硒 ,饲料中硒、锌、锰、铜都有不同程度的缺乏。青海省牛羊育肥多集中于冬春季 ,青绿饲料的不足 ,制约了牛羊育肥业的发展。为提高牛羊育肥效果 ,为青海省牛羊育肥乃至西繁东育提供科学依据 ,特进行此项试验 ,现将结果报道如下。1　材料与方法1.1　供试牛的选择与分组选择 30头临床表现健康的西门塔尔杂种阉牛 ,于清晨空腹称重后 ,按体重相近的原则分为试验组和对照组 ,每组 15头 ,两组牛体重差异不显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。1.2　…     

去势对小尾寒羊羔羊增重效果的影响

试验在相同的饲养条件下，对去势和未去势小尾寒羊羔羊进行了对比饲喂试验。结果表明：羔羊的早期去势降低了饲料利用率，且不利于其增重。     

小麦代替玉米对仔猪增重的影响

在仔猪日粮中其能量饲料主要为玉米，而青海省不是玉米主产区，其主要农作物是小麦。小麦比玉米的蛋白质和赖氨酸含量高30％以上，可利用磷的含量比玉米高，色氨酸含量约为玉米的3倍，矿物质以及维生素含量与玉米几乎没有差别，但消化能含量低于玉米。用小麦代替玉米时，可降低饲料的成本，提高经济效益，缓解能量饲料短缺的压力。由于小麦中非淀粉多糖含量高，     

全混日粮饲喂育肥牛增重效果试验

随机选择22~24月龄、体重400kg左右的西门塔尔杂交公牛共20头,互为对照,试验期160d。试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂育肥牛,头均日增重1.31kg,料重比6.21:1;对照组采用常规喂法头均日增重1.12kg,料重比7.27:1。试验组较对照组日增重提高16.96%,料重比降低17.1%,两组差异显著(P<0.05)。     

EM发酵饲料对断奶仔猪的增重效果

将２７头长、巴×互三元杂交３５日龄断奶仔猪分成三组,分别饲喂占供应基础日粮的０％,１０％,１５％的ＥＭ发酵饲料。试验期４６天结果表明,两试验组与对照组相比,日增重提高６７．４６％,５５．５０％,每千克增重节约饲料２４．９５％,２２．７０％,经济效益增加４９．５１元／头,４０．５１元／头。     

中草药添加剂对肉鸡的保健及增重效果试验

为探索中草药添加剂对肉鸡的保健作用和增重效果，随机选择三黄鸡2000羽，分设试验及对照组各1000羽，添喂中草药制剂强普素（批号20050315），经120d饲养试验，试验组鸡平均羽重2267g，成活率97．5％，料重比3．6：1；对照组则平均羽重2153g，成活率91．3％和料重比4．1：1；试验期间试验组的用药成本平均每羽0．45元，对照组则为1．15元。据观察试验组鸡群精神良好，生长均匀，羽毛光亮整齐，残次鸡较少；对照组则相应表现较差。     

The Pharmacokineties of Alfentanil in Healthy Cats

Alfentanil (50 μg/kg) was administered intravenously, over 1 minute, to 6 healthy cats. Blood samples were collected from a preplaced arterial catheter at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after the end of the alfentanil injection. A radio-immunoassay technique was used to measure alfentanil concentrations in plasma obtained from these samples. Arterial blood pressure was measured at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes and pH and blood gas measurements were carried out at 5, 10 and 30 minutes after the alfentanil. Analgesia, tested by placing a clamp on the base of the tail for 5 seconds, was assessed at each blood sampling time until analgesia was absent. The cats were observed for behavioural changes at each sample time. Alfentanil caused a transient increase in blood pressure and respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Following alfentanil all cats became excited and showed pupillary dilation. Analgesia was present for 21.7 ± 14 minutes. The plasma concentration-time data for 5 cats were best described by a 3 compartment open model with the curve fitting the equation: C_to= 162.6e^-0.2062t+ 60.le^-0.041t+ 13.2e^-0.0062t The harmonic means for the half lives of the rapid distribution, the slow distribution and the elimination phases were 4.12, 18.8, 119.2 minutes respectively.     

武夷岩茶抑制小鼠增重的试验效果

为探讨武夷岩茶抑制增重的作用,用35只成年小鼠分为对照和试验组,分性别喂养,对照组20只(公15,母5)喂基础饲料和凉开水;试验组15只(公10,母5)在基础饲料内添加30g/kg的武夷岩茶,饮0.5%的茶汤。结果表明,试验前两组鼠体重为19.43g±6.25g和17.83g±3.73g,无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验15d后,对照组体重增加到25.08g±5.67g,增重极显著(P<0.001);而试验组鼠体重为17.37g±3.77g,并未增加,还降低了2.62%。说明食物中添加一定剂量武夷岩茶对小鼠有显著的抑制增重作用。     

草原红牛与利木赞杂交后增重效果的观察

草原红牛育成后,肉用性能亟待提高,因此我们搞了用利木赞杂交的试验。试验从草原红牛与利木赞杂交后的育肥效果观察,可以看出：杂交后利×草Ｆ１的增重效果明显优于草原红牛,且适合于草原地区放牧饲养,此杂交组合应当予以推广     

两种不同营养水平日粮对小尾寒羊羔羊增重的影响

自20世纪80年代以来，宁夏大量引进小尾寒羊。以小群体、大规模在川区农户家中分散饲养。但饲养过程中，由于饲料资源利用不合理，饲料中蛋白质缺乏以及钙磷不足等原因，引起小尾寒羊羔羊脱毛、异食癖、食欲不振、生长缓慢等症状。此次试验旨在通过主要以提高日粮中钙、磷含量，同时补充微量元素添加剂，探索解决生产中出现的问题。