油菜CMS育性不稳定的研究进展

受遗传因素和温度、光照、土壤肥力等环境因素的影响,油菜CMS的不育性状表现不稳定,不育度降低,出现少量或微量花粉,微粉在形态和功能上与正常花粉都有区别;油菜CMS育性的不稳定不但加大了不育系选育难度,而且会降低杂交种的纯度,影响杂种优势的利用;可通过大量筛选保持系,选择第二保持系,选育细胞核加细胞质不育系,利用化学杀雄剂,控制制种环境措施等来减少和消除不育系微粉的影响。关健词:油菜CMS;育性不稳定;进展     

新型化学杀雄剂EN对甘蓝型油菜的杀雄效果及其应用研究

针对油菜细胞质不育系微粉及配制化学杀雄杂种问题,用新型化学杀雄剂EN对甘蓝型油菜进行杀雄效果试验,研究EN对甘蓝型油菜花器、花粉活力、农艺性状及不育系育性的影响。结果表明,甘蓝型油菜单核期用0．5～0．8μg／mL EN处理杀雄效果最好,全不育株率在95％以上,不育株率100％,对油菜生长发育和农艺性状的影响很小。油菜花药皱缩干秕呈针状、颜色变浅、花丝缩短,花药无花粉或为空秕、畸形的败育花粉。用EN控制细胞质不育系微粉效果明显,使F1代种子纯度提高8％以上。说明该杀雄剂效果好、成本低,是较为理想的新型油菜化学杀雄剂。     

新型化学杂交剂SX-1对甘蓝型油菜CMS的作用效果研究

用新型化学杂交剂SX-1在单核期处理3个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)结果表明,SX-1可明显降低不育系的微粉花朵数、有活力花粉数、微粉量和育性指数,提高不育度,有效地抑制低温期间微粉的产生。同时也使不育系的株高明显降低,有利于不育系的受粉结实。化学杂交剂的作用效果受基因型和环境的影响,不同油菜品种对化学杂交剂SX-1的敏感性不同,不育系陕3A、20 F50A、20 F71A的最佳处理浓度分别为5 mg/kg、7.5 mg/kg、10mg/kg。该化学杂交剂杀雄彻底,成本低廉,容易使用,具有广阔的发展前景。     

苯磺隆对甘蓝型油菜的化学杀雄效果研究

为了利用化学杀雄的杂种优势,加速甘蓝型油菜育种进程,该文以常规油菜品种中双11号和沪16为材料,苯磺隆为化学杀雄药剂,设置4个浓度处理,研究苯磺隆对甘蓝型油菜的杀雄效果。结果表明,0.1mg/L对中双11号可诱导100%的全不育株率,整个花期不育,化学杀雄效果最佳;0.25mg/L浓度处理对沪16可诱导100%的不育株率,终花不育,为苯磺隆对沪16的最适宜化杀药剂处理。     

新杀雄剂SX-1在油菜上的应用初报

用不同浓度SX-1在油菜初花前叶面喷施,结果表明20mg/l杀雄效果好,药害较轻,药后11d雄蕊完全败育,持续时间达20d。对不育株套袋自交和杂交等,证明SX-1杀雄彻底,对雌蕊无明显的不良影响,授粉后结实正常。     

化学杀雄剂ESP对甘蓝型油菜的杀雄效果研究

应用化学杀雄剂ESP对甘蓝型油菜的杀雄结果表明,以0.3~0.6μg/mL浓度的ESP,现蕾期处理效果最佳,全不育株达98%。杀雄后的油菜花瓣皱缩,色淡,花丝缩短,花药无花粉或有败育花粉,自交不结实,异交结实正常。喷药次数与杀雄效果无明显关系。油菜返青后喷药有一定的杀雄效果;现蕾后期,随着喷药浓度的提高,不育株率下降,药害加重。     

改良型Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜的生物学特征

【目的】分析细胞质雄性不育油菜Ogu-NWSUAF CMS与Ogu CMS油菜不育系的异同,并筛选其恢复系。【方法】比较了苗期、花期、成熟期Ogu-NWSUAF CMS和Ogu CMS油菜植株形态上的差异;以Ogu-NW-SUAF CMS为母本,以国内外130份油菜品种(系)为父本,测定Ogu-NWSUAF CMS与Ogu CMS油菜恢保关系的异同;采用石蜡切片法从细胞水平上研究二者花药败育时期的特征;利用位点特异PCR法,研究二者在分子水平上的差异。【结果】Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜叶色正常、蜜腺发育良好、雄蕊败育彻底、天然结实性好,其综合性状优于Ogu CMS油菜;Ogu-NWSUAF CMS和Ogu CMS油菜的恢保关系不同,鉴定出了2份Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜的恢复系;Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜花药发育受不育基因的影响较晚,能分化出4个花粉囊,小孢子败育于单核期;在Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜中能同时扩增出Ogu系统和Nap系统的特征片段。【结论】Ogu-NWSUAF CMS油菜克服了Ogu CMS油菜的黄化缺绿现象,雄蕊败育彻底,天然结实性更好,与Ogu CMS油菜的恢保关系不同,二者在细胞和分子水平上均存在差异。     

化学杀雄剂2号在甘蓝型油菜上的应用

研究了化学杀雄剂2号在不同时期用不同浓度对甘蓝型油菜宁油10号和SY4杀雄效果的影响。结果表明：在单核期以0.015%-0.020%的浓度、15ml/株的药剂量一次喷施，全不育株率为61.36%-68.18%，半不育株率为22.73%-29.55%，不育株率为90.91%；或以0.015%-0.020%的浓度于油菜蕾长度达1mm时第一次喷施15ml/株、于油菜植株蕾长度达2.5mm时第二次喷施7ml/株，全不育株率为70.45%-75.00%，半不育株率为13.64%-15.91%，不育株率为86.36%-88.64%，杀雄效果较好。研究还表明，杀雄效果还与植株长势、气候条件因素有关。     

4种化学药物诱导油菜雄性不育的效果研究

[目的]通过4种化学药物对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)进行杀雄效果试验,考察其诱导油菜雄性不育的效果。[方法]甘蓝型油菜设小区种植,4种药物WP、PCJ、SBS、BM不同浓度定期喷洒,调查花粉生活力及育性,分析4种药物对油菜诱导雄性不育效果。[结果]铁醋酸洋红液染色鉴别花粉存活情况、培养基离体培养测试花粉萌发能力以及油菜植株育性调查上结果显示一致:WP诱导雄性不育效果比较彻底,PCJ、SBS、BM对甘蓝型油菜有一定的杀雄效果,但是杀雄效果不好,杀雄不彻底。WP 4个梯度浓度以1.4 g/L诱导雄性不育效果最好,花粉高度败育,基本没有药害,具有广泛的应用前景。[结论]该研究可为高效、稳定、低毒的新型化学杀雄剂的开发及确定其使用的适宜时期、喷施次数、喷施方法等提供科学指导,为优势杂交育种开辟新的途径。     

BHL诱导油菜雄性不育效果再研究

不同浓度BHL诱导油菜雄性不育及控制CMS系微粉试验的结果表明:在油菜薹高(40±10 )cm,最大花蕾4.5 mm时期,即单核中位-靠边期,喷施一次,单株用药量6～8 mL,7 d后即花粉成熟期再喷施一次,单株用药量3～4 mL, 0.3、0.5和0.7 μg/mL浓度的BHL溶液处理甘蓝型油菜1102C可诱发100%全不育;0.3 μg/mL浓度的BHL溶液处理芥菜型油菜L635可诱发100%全不育.0.3和0.5 μg/mL浓度的BHL溶液处理甘蓝型油菜CMS系203A、208A控制微粉率都是100%.     

3种新型化学杂交剂诱导小麦雄性不育效果比较

以杂种小麦新品种西杂一号和 1 6个小麦常规品种为供试材料 ,应用混合线形模型研究了 3种化学杂交剂 SQ- 1 ,GENESIS和 BAU94 0 3诱导小麦雄性不育的效果及对种子性状的影响。结果表明 ,SQ- 1在 3种化学杂交剂中的杀雄效果最好 ,并对杂交种种子的千粒重有提高作用 ;GENESIS和 BAU94 0 3不同程度对杂交种种子千粒重有降低作用 ,其中 BAU94 0 3影响更大 ;SQ- 1和 GENESIS对杂交种发芽率、发芽势和容重的影响与对照不喷药无显著差异 ,但 BAU94 0 3与对照有显著差异     

化学杂交剂BAU9403的气候安全性分析

应用化学杂交剂(CHA)诱导雄性不育是小麦杂种优势利用的重要途径之一。BAU9403是中国农业大学独立合成选出的新型化学杂交剂。对喷施BAU9403后遇雨的气候安全性进行的研究结果表明,对品种豫农9901而言,在药隔期喷施效果较好,喷施剂量为0.8kg/hm2时,不育率为100%;喷药后5h喷水,对雄性不育效果影响不大,喷药后8h喷水,对雄性不育效果基本无影响。说明喷药后5h左右药液已大部分被小麦植株吸收,8h后药液已被完全吸收。如果在喷药后1～5h内遇雨,补喷0.2kg/hm2的剂量即可。     

Development of Japonica Male Sterile Lines Integrating Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility

Acknowledgement It has been previously established that the BT type of cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is induced by high temperatures, while photosensitive genic male sterility （PGMS） seed sets by low temperatures induce. In the current study, we have bred photosensitive cytoplasmic male sterility （PCMS） lines （2308SA and 2310SA） by crossing the CMS line with the PGMS japonica line with maintainer genes. The sterility of PCMS japonica was consequently controlled by two groups of male sterile genes resulting from the integration of PGMS and CMS genes. The results on plant fertility, at different sowing times, were as follows： （a） Under conditions of natural long-day photoperiod and at temperatures above 35~C, the PGMS gene regulated PCMS japonica sterility - the higher the temperature, the lower the pollen fertility. However, bagged seed sets of PCMS japonica, not exposed to high temperatures, induced the CMS seed set. （b） Exposure to long-day photoperiod and temperature conditions between 35℃ and the critical sterility inducing temperature of PGMS resulted in both PGMS and CMS gene controlled sterility of PCMS japonica, which exhibited stable characteristics. （c） When exposed to critical sterility inducing temperatures or short-day photoperiod and daily high temperatures below 32℃, the BT type of the CMS gene regulated PCMS sterility. Under these conditions, the PGMS gene rendered male sterility insusceptible to occasional cool summer days when this PCMS line, adopted for hybrid seed production, develops into panicle differentiation stage. The present study also investigated the fertility restoration, seed production and combining ability of PCMS japonica so as to optimize its use.     

单嘧磺酯钠诱导芥菜型油菜雄性不育的作用效果

以3份不同芥菜型油菜自交系为材料,研究单嘧磺酯钠(MES)对芥菜型油菜的杀雄效果,同时利用细胞学观察对芥菜型油菜花粉败育特征进行探讨。结果表明,植株叶片喷施0.075 mg/L和0.1 mg/L的MES均能引起芥菜型油菜不育,高质量浓度的MES处理对农艺性状的影响更显著,细胞学观察发现MES诱导的芥菜型油菜雄性不育与绒毡层发育异常相关。研究结果为MES对芥菜型油菜的最佳杀雄浓度提供参考,并为其化学杀雄育种工作奠定理论基础。     

化学杂交剂Genesis及Sc2053对小麦穗部过氧化物酶活性的影响

采用两种新型化学杂交剂Genesis及Sc2053诱导小麦产生雄性不育,在败育过程中测定穗部过氧化物酶活性的变化.结果表明,(1)两种化学杂交剂的不同剂量诱导雄性不育的效果都表现为低剂量部分不育,高剂量接近完全不育;(2)处理后穗部过氧化物酶活性变化趋势相似,处理的酶活性高于对照,说明败育的发生可能与过氧化物酶活性的升高有关;(3)不同基因型对化学杂交剂的反应存在明显差异.     

核质互作不育和光敏核不育聚合的粳稻不育系选育

 针对粳型核质互作不育系高温自交结实和粳型光敏核不育系低温自交结实的现状,选择BT型核质互作不育系与含有BT型保持基因的粳型光敏核不育系,通过杂交和回交,使雄性核不育基因与核质互作不育基因聚合,育成了粳型光敏核质互作不育系2308SA和2310SA。该不育系的不育性是由两套相互独立的基因系统控制的,分期播种育性观察结果表明,在长日高温下,雄性光敏核不育隐性纯合基因控制水稻不育性,避免了BT型不育基因因穗期受高温影响而导致不育系自交结实;在长日适温下,水稻不育性由核不育基因和核质互作不育基因共同控制而表现稳定;在低温（低于光敏不育系不育临界温度）或短日适温（日最高气温<32℃）下,BT型核质互作不育基因控制水稻不育性,消除了育性敏感期低温导致核不育系"打摆子"造成杂交种子不纯的风险。还对粳型光敏感核质互作不育系的可恢性、可繁性和配合力进行了研究。     

SC-2053对小麦不同基因型杀雄效果研究

２ａ田间试验表明， 杀雄剂ＳＣ－２０５３对小麦具有良好的杀雄效果，但不同基因型所需的杀雄剂量、杀雄时期及杀雄效果不同，敏感基因型所需剂小，适宜时间长、杀雄效果好且稳定，适宜做化杀母本；普通基因型需较高的药物剂量和准确喷药时间，不宜用化杀母本。     

苯磺隆对抗除草剂甘蓝型油菜K4的杀雄效果

利用化学杀雄剂（杂交剂）诱导雄性不育是油菜杂种优势利用的重要途径之一,为探究抗除草剂甘蓝型油菜K4在化学杀雄制种过程中用作父本的利用潜力,以K4及其野生型ZS9为材料,在抽薹期叶面喷施不同剂量苯磺隆,通过观察喷药后花器官形态、花粉活力及农艺性状来研究其杀雄效果。结果表明,抽薹期单株喷施0.10 mg/L×6 mL剂量的苯磺隆可诱导ZS9雄性不育,而10.00 mg/L×6 mL剂量的苯磺隆可诱导K4雄性不育,其剂量是诱导ZS9雄性不育剂量的100倍;诱导供试材料完全雄性不育剂量的苯磺隆对其他花器官及主要农艺性状无明显负效应。研究表明K4是一种优良的抗杀雄剂（苯磺隆）材料,在油菜化学杀雄两系杂种优势利用中有广泛的应用前景。     

化学杂交剂SQ－1诱导小麦雄性不育及与不同小麦品种互作效应的研究

以 18个小麦品种和不同剂量化学杂交剂 SQ- 1为处理 ,研究了 SQ- 1的杀雄效果及不同基因型小麦对 SQ- 1反应的遗传差异。结果表明 ,在适宜的 SQ- 1喷施剂量与时期下 ,供试品种均能被诱导产生大于95 %的雄性不育率。对参试品种而言 ,适宜时期为 Feekes8.0 - Feekes8.5 ,适宜剂量为 3.0～ 5 .0 kg/ hm2 ,以5 .0 kg/ hm2 效果最好。 SQ- 1与不同基因型小麦品种不存在明显的互作效应。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.