木兰围场狩猎场

“河北木兰围场狩猎场”建于2004年9月,国家4A级景区。位于河北省承德市围场满蒙自治县境内,距北京384公里、承德153公里,是京、津、承周边众多景区中著名的清代皇家猎苑和旅游休闲度假胜地。“木兰围场”始建于康熙二十年(1681),直属理藩院,共设72围,为清朝最大的皇家猎苑。自     

浅析南方地区狩猎场的设计——以江西省万安县为例

笔者在分析江西省万安县井冈山(万安)国际狩猎场建设条件的基础上,采用自然分区法将狩猎场分为狩猎区、猎物繁育区、缓冲区、综合服务区4个分区,对该狩猎场的狩猎方式、猎物种类、狩猎小区划分、围场设置等关键问题作了具体设计分析,并就南方地区建设狩猎场的有关问题进行了探讨,以期为南方地区狩猎场建设提供参考示范。     

从木兰围场看中国封闭式狩猎场建设管理方向

通过阐述木兰围场封闭式狩猎场的经营状况,提出了建立封闭式狩猎场必须从选址、设置围栏、动物放养密度以及服务设施这几方面考虑,从而指出封闭式狩猎场应从管理上实行会员制、扩展服务项目和开拓动物副产品加工等方面发展狩猎场的经营建设。     

冰砬山国家森林公园

招商项目一、项目名称盛京狩猎场二、合作方式独资、合资、合作、股份制均可三、项目概要“盛京围场”是清朝第一个大围场。早在1619年清太祖努尔哈赤统一海西、哈达、女真、叶赫等各部落后,为保住基业领地,练兵习武,将西丰、东丰一带封为“大围场”。1644年皇太极入主中原定都     

塞罕坝的野生动物与保护

一、木兰围场野生动物的变迁 “木兰围场”是清朝著名的皇家猎苑，自古就是一处水草丰沛、禽兽繁集的天然名苑；其鼎盛时期面积达到10000多平方公里。辽、金时期这里分布着茂密的原始森林，史称“平地松林”，曾作为辽、金皇帝避暑、狩猎之所。清康熙二十年（1681）玄烨帝巡幸塞外，设置“木兰围场”，岁行木兰秋弥。     

远去的虎

在清代皇家猎苑“木兰围场”境内（现河北省围场满族蒙古族自治县新拨乡）月亮沟西山崖壁洞穴旁，用满、汉、蒙、藏四种文字镌刻着“乾隆十七年秋上用虎神枪殪伏虎于此洞”，这是乾隆十七年（１７５２年）到“木兰围场”行围打猎、习武练兵时，用“虎神枪”在此洞击毙一只猛虎后命工匠刻下的。由此可见，虎曾经也是“木兰围场”的主人。然而，现在虎已经离“木兰围场”远去的无影无踪。从木兰围场地处大兴安岭余脉与阴山山脉交汇处推断，木兰围场曾有的虎应属东北虎。虎离此远去的确切时间已无从考证，但可以肯定，虎离此远去且无影无踪的原因是与清代“木兰围场”的兴衰紧密联系在一起的。早在一百多年以前，“木兰围场”就是一处水草丰沛、禽兽繁集的天然名苑。在我国辽、金时期，东至内蒙古林西，西至内蒙古多伦分布着茂密的原始森林，史称“平地松林”或“千里松林”，曾作为辽、金皇帝避暑狩猎之所。清朝初年，康熙巡幸塞外，看中了这块“北控漠北，南拱京师，左通盛京（今沈阳），右引察哈尔（今张家口）”的漠南“风水宝地”，于康熙二十年（公元１６８１年）在此设立了“木兰围场”（“木兰”系满语，“哨鹿”之意；“围场”即为行围狩猎的场所），“岁行秋”。一位清朝状元在游历了闽粤、晋豫、...     

张海:“豆沙地”上创造出的奇迹

塞罕坝机械林场位于河北省承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县北部,那里因是“河的源头,云的故乡,花的世界,林的海洋”而成为摄影爱好者的天堂。“塞罕坝”蒙语是“美丽的高岭”,是清朝著名的皇家猎苑——“木兰围场”的一部分。然而,几百年前的御用狩猎场,到40多年前建场时却只有残存的天然次生林19万亩,疏林地8.3万亩,森林覆盖率仅有13.32%。剖开地面薄薄的一层土,下面就是厚厚的黄沙,人们形象地称之为“豆沙地”,生态环境极为脆弱。作为这片美丽景色的缔造者和守护者,塞罕坝人付出了艰辛的努力。现任塞罕坝机械林场党委书记、总场场长张海,1984…     

打造特色旅游文化产业——木兰围场国家森林公园旅游发展制约因子及应对策略

河北木兰围场国家森林公同（以下简称公园）位于河北省最北部的围场县西部，成立于2008年1月。公园总面积5351公顷，主要以自然生态观光和“木兰秋狝”皇家狩猎文化和满蒙民俗文化体验为特色，开设有生态观光游览、休闲度假、皇家狩猎体验、漂流、摄影和科学考察等旅游活动。受交通、资金等客观因素制约，目前公园年接待人数不足万人，且主要以内部接待为主，处于亏损经营状态，旅游发展较为缓慢。     

冰砬山森林派出所 为森林防火做出重要贡献

冰砬山森林派出所现有干警4人,担负着辽北西丰县3个乡(镇)、74个村屯,两个国营林场圃的486.61平方公里森林资源保护任务。仅管区内的冰砬山林场,林地面积就有61.64平方公里,人工林面积达31.95平方公里,其中落叶松林28.65平方公里。森林防火任务十分艰巨。由于这个所全体干警一致努力,多方配合,实现了全管区8年无森林火灾,冰砬山林场实现了32年无森林火灾。冰砬山森林派出所抓森林防火的主要做法是狠抓责任制和各项规章制度、措施的落实。     

冰砬山森林生态系统服务及其价值研究

该研究基于辽宁省冰砬山森林生态系统定位研究站建站5年来的定位、连续观测数据和辽宁省冰砬山森林资源清查数据（2005年）,应用林业行业标准,评估了冰砬山森林生态系统服务功能及其价值。结果表明：辽宁冰砬山森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为4.02亿元/a,森林提供的价值平均为6.33万元（/hm2.a）。各项服务功能总价值依序为保育土壤〉固碳制氧〉涵养水源〉生物多样性保护〉净化大气环境〉积累营养物质〉森林游憩。生态系统服务功能总价值依序为落叶松〉柞树〉红松〉花曲柳〉油松〉樟子松〉胡桃楸〉椴树〉色树〉桦树〉水曲柳〉榆树〉云杉〉怀槐〉柳树〉杨树〉经济林〉刺槐〉赤松〉黄波罗,其中落叶松和柞树两种森林类型占总价值的71.42%。冰砬山森林生态系统为本地区的生态安全与服务社会发挥了重要作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.