西南地区猪舍建筑现状及环境卫生评价

对西南三省（四川、云南、贵州）的猪舍类型及环境卫生状况进行了一些调查，并对其环境卫生指标及猪舍建筑结构进行了一些重点测量，结合该地区的气候特点、猪的生态特性以及在分析现有猪舍类型的基础上进行环境卫生评价，认为有卷帘的半开放大猪舍普遍适用于西南地区。     

猪栏舍的合理利用

猪栏舍的设计建造，构成了猪场的最大固定投资成本。因此，对猪栏舍的合理利用，是确保养猪经济效益的前提。刘继军等对猪场的生产工艺流程进行了划分，陈国宇则对各类猪栏数的计算进行了介绍。本文根据养猪生产工艺流程的不同提出了各类猪栏数的确定方法，并在此基础上对现有猪舍的合理利用进行研究，旨在合理而充分地利用各类猪舍，使养猪的效益达到最优化。     

保育猪舍和育肥猪舍粪污管理方式对冬季舍内空气环境的影响

本试验选用不同的保育及育肥猪舍，通过分别控制保育及育肥舍日清粪次数、猪只日龄及清粪方式设计了4组试验，分别探究保育舍日清粪次数、猪只日龄及育肥舍日清粪次数、清粪方式对猪舍内环境的影响，尤其是对NH3浓度的影响。结果表明：保育舍的日清粪次数对温湿度及有害气体浓度影响没有显著差异，增加育肥舍的日清粪次数可以显著降低舍内NH3浓度，而清粪次数过于频繁也使得舍内CO2浓度上升；随着猪的日龄增长，舍内的温湿度及有害气体浓度均有所增加；采用不同清粪方式的育肥舍中，水冲粪尿沟的育肥舍内NH3浓度显著低于只冲粪沟的猪舍。因此在猪舍的粪污管理中要注意及时清理粪尿沟，随着猪只日龄增加适当加强舍内通风，维持冬季猪舍良好的生长环境需求。     

仔猪渗出性皮炎的诊断与防制

近几个月来，广东省新会某猪场的许多哺乳仔猪发生以渗出性皮炎为主的疾病。为了寻找发病的原因，我们对该猪场的猪舍内外环境卫生、流行病学进行了调查，并观察了病猪临床表现及病理变化，通过实验室诊断和防治效果的分析，最后确诊该病猪为致病性表皮葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌混合感染。现将有关材料报告如下。１　猪舍环境卫生状况的调查该猪场座于山脚下，猪舍走向为座南向北，但由于每栋猪舍之间较为密集，加上周围山的屏障，造成猪舍通风不良；哺乳猪舍内较多饮水器破旧，出现漏水现象，场地普遍较为潮湿；各哺乳栏舍地面平坦，坡度不够，造…     

我国北方地区猪舍设计的历史与发展

猪舍建筑工艺是随着养猪科学技术进步而发展的,是养猪成败、维护人体健康、保护环境卫生的关键技术措施。猪舍建筑不仅要适合于猪的繁殖、生长发育、猪群健康的需要,还要满足于经济生产的需要,造价低廉、节省投资、获得较高的经济效益;更不能忽视的是要有利于环境卫生,不污染大气、水源、土壤,使养猪生产获得更大的经济效益,社会效益和生态效益。三大效益损害任何一条,都可称之为不良设计。猪舍建筑设计,也是随着社会的进步不断发展完善的,在猪舍建筑中,必须贯彻执行科学发展观理念。综合评定猪舍建筑设计的应用价值,全面评估其合理性和实用…     

猪舍内环境卫生和疫病防控的管理措施

1环境卫生将猪饲养在光线充足、清洁、密度小、通风良好和有大量新鲜饮水的圈舍中。保持猪舍清洁和卫生,不允许猪舍里堆积粪便、垃圾和有蜘蛛网。一旦母猪及其仔猪已经离开分娩舍,立即清扫和消毒分娩舍。应立即把猪的废物从猪舍里运走,并销毁病猪的粪便及其使用过的废物。禁止鼠、猫、鸟和昆虫进入舍内,不允许鸡在猪舍里跑动。     

猪场猪栏数量的计算与排列

以饲养600头基础母猪、年出栏1万头商品猪的万头生产线为例，按每头母猪平均年产2．1窝计算，全场平均每周产仔24窝。每条生产线都由配种舍、妊娠舍、分娩舍、保育舍、生长舍和育成舍组成，而每栋猪舍的大小则取决于各类猪舍中猪栏的数量及排列方式。     

北京市供暖猪舍节能减排潜力研究

为了寻找北京市猪场节能减排的最佳途径,对北京市规模化猪场的供暖猪舍建筑围护结构保温性能进行了调查,并对常见的4种建筑类型按照北京市节能建筑标准进行了节能改造,研究改造猪舍的节能减排潜力。结果表明,对于建筑尺寸一定的猪舍,不同围护结构建筑材料组成的猪舍其单位面积采暖期耗煤量不同,供暖猪舍舍内冬季温度为20℃,供暖期为125d的情况下,长宽比为1∶13的4种既有猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量范围为42~134kgce/m2,节能猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量为22kgce/m2;长宽比为1∶5的4种猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量范围为28.6~91kgce/m2,节能猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量为15.0kgce/m2。猪舍经过节能改造后,节能比例为48%~84%。如果对北京市哺乳猪舍和保育猪舍均进行节能改造,北京市年出栏数在1000头以上的猪场合计节约标准煤至少4 515t/采暖季,CO2减排量至少为10 836t/采暖季。     

提高春季养猪效益的三项措施

1 加强猪舍及环境卫生 1.1 保持猪场周边环境卫生,清理垃圾粪便死角,清洁消毒工具和设施,清洁饲槽、水槽,消毒工具和设施,对猪场用具清洗后用3%～5%的来苏儿水消毒,然后用水冲洗;对员工宿舍、工作服等生活用品进行彻底清洗消毒.     

户外活动猪舍的设计和应用

为了避免大部分规模化养猪场采用的固定式畜舍建筑造成的疾病防控及生产问题,同时改善动物福利,试验设计了一种能满足猪生物学特性的组合式活动猪舍应用于生产。结果表明:该设计结构简单,易组装,冬季利用太阳能升温效果较好,在保证猪生产性能的同时显著减少了猪异常行为的发生,能满足生产要求,具有较高的应用价值。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。