日粮营养水平对黑山羊肥育羔羊血液指标的影响

通过分组观察,分析了精料蛋白质水平和消化能水平对黑山羊血液中丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、葡萄糖、尿素氮、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白等含量的影响情况。第90天日粮能量水平与蛋白质交互作用对血液中丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、白细胞和红细胞的含量无显著影响;日粮能量水平对血液葡萄糖含量的影响显著;日粮蛋白质水平对尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白和血红蛋白含量的影响较为显著。     

成年代谢病的先天因素

动物胚胎营养环境受母体营养供应与胎盘营养转运两方面影响。充足、合理的母体营养供应是胚胎健康发育的保障。不利的胚胎环境可以程序化胚胎发育,并持续影响代谢,导致成年后发生慢性疾病。论文探讨了胚胎期能量、蛋白质、微量元素、维生素和常量元素营养异常对胚胎发育和出生后代谢的影响;结合胎盘的结构,介绍了转运蛋白表达对胚胎葡萄糖、脂肪酸、氨基酸、胆固醇供应的影响;总结了胚胎发育程序化的形成机制。深入研究母体营养对后代代谢的长期影响,可以有效降低动物出生后代谢疾病的发生几率,有助于后代的健康生长,也为人类医学研究提供宝贵的借鉴和启发。     

营养和饲料管理对母猪繁殖性能的调控

母猪繁殖性能的高低直接影响现代集约化养猪的生产成绩。影响母猪繁殖性能的因素很多,例如品种、管理、环境和营养等。本文综述了营养和饲养管理对母猪繁殖性能的调控。1营养因子对母猪繁殖性能的影响1.1能量和氨基酸能量和氨基酸摄入量对泌乳和随后的繁殖性能均很重要。葡萄糖     

高原地区肉鸡能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率测定及其方法的研究

采用经典全收粪代谢试验方法和Sibald强饲快速法，在青海省西宁地区测定了爱拔益加肉仔鸡的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率，并对肉用公鸡和蛋用公鸡的代谢率进行了比较。结果表明，高原地区肉用公鸡生长期（29-60日龄）的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率随日龄的增加而降低；日粮能量、蛋白水平对其能量代谢率无影响，对氮和氨基酸代谢率有影响。35-38日龄和57-60日龄期间，肉用公鸡的能量代放率和总氨基酸代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡；4-5月龄肉用公鸡的表观能量代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡。未去盲肠公鸡对豆粕、肉骨粉、脱毒菜籽饼的氨基酸表观和真代谢率高于去盲肠鸡；公鸡去盲肠后对低纤维素日粮中的消化率影响较大；内源物矫正对鸡代谢试验测定结果具有可靠性和精确性。用体外胃蛋白酶法测定的三种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸代谢率与体内法具有较好的回归关系。     

丙氨酸在仔猪营养中的功能研究进展

丙氨酸是一种非必需氨基酸,是生物体内不可缺少的营养成分之一。作为肠道谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸或支链氨基酸代谢过程中的一种重要的含氮产物,丙氨酸在仔猪营养在具有独特的生理功能。丙氨酸在与谷氨酰胺共同作用时,具有较明显的免疫和生糖作用,还能在一定程度上增加氮的利用率。这对仔猪的营养研究、疾病防治以及提高营养物质利用率等方面具有积极而重要的意义。目前对丙氨酸的功能研究还很少,因此本文就丙氨酸在仔猪营养中的功能作一综述。     

猪氨基酸代谢节俭机制新假说

猪尿氮排放量为总氮排放量的60%~70%,而尿素是尿液中的主要含氮物,其合成速率在很大程度上决定着尿氮以及总氮的排放量。因此,降低猪肝脏尿素合成速率是减少氮排放量的根本途径。本文首先介绍了当前猪氮减排常用的营养调控技术,然后分别就肝脏尿素合成的直接前体物(氨)与间接前体物(如甘氨酸和丙氨酸)以及氨基酸代谢燃料功能替代机制进行论述,在此基础上提出猪氨基酸代谢节俭机制新假说,即促进丙酮酸/葡萄糖等物质的供能效率,以降低谷氨酸等氨基酸的代谢速率,从而达到减少门静脉尿素前体物净流量、肝脏尿素合成以及尿氮排放量的目的。     

不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿叶片响应渍水胁迫的代谢组学分析

为明确渍水胁迫对不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)叶片代谢的影响，本研究以两个不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿品种‘SK 3010’(秋眠级2.5)和‘WL 525HQ’(秋眠级8.0)为材料，通过液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)技术的代谢组学方法测定分析了渍水胁迫下叶片代谢产物的变化。结果表明：渍水胁迫下，‘SK 3010’的代谢途径主要富集在苯丙氨酸代谢，酪氨酸代谢以及生物碱合成等；‘WL 525HQ’主要富集在丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢，D-氨基酸代谢，氨酰生物合成等代谢路径，其中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺等代谢产物含量显著上调。因此，丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢，D-氨基酸代谢，氨酰生物合成等代谢路径提高了紫花苜蓿的耐渍性，为不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿耐渍性差异机制研究提供重要理论依据。     

胰岛素在能量影响猪卵泡发育中的作用

胰岛素是体内具有重要生理作用的激素。能量是影响猪生长的主要因素。能量通过胰岛素,IGF-Ⅰ及葡萄糖等代谢信号作为媒介,影响垂体促性腺激素的分泌,这些代谢信号也可以直接作用于卵巢,影响性腺激素的分泌及卵泡的发育。而胰岛素是这其中较重要的代谢信号之一。本文将介绍胰岛素在能量影响猪卵泡发育中的作用。     

微量元素铬对猪的营养作用

1 生物学功能 铬主要以三价的形式构成葡萄糖耐受因子,协助胰岛素作用,影响碳水化合物、脂肪及蛋白质的代谢。铬参与糖的代谢,对脂类代谢的作用主要是维持血液中正常胆固醇水平,影响脂肪和胆固醇在动物肝脏中的合成与清除。铬还参与蛋白质代谢,可促进氨基酸进入细胞,从而影响蛋白质合成的能力。铬作为必需的微量元素营养,对动物免疫功能有重要作用。     

添食蚯蚓制剂对茧丝蛋白及氨基酸含量的影响

蚕丝是一种动物性蛋白纤维,它由丝胶和丝素两种蛋白组成。构成丝蛋白的主要氨基酸是甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸和酪氨酸,四种氨基酸约占茧丝蛋白氨基酸总量的90%,构成茧丝蛋白的氨基酸除来自桑叶外,也有一部分通过蚕体代谢过程由其它物质合成。蚯蚓制剂经测定,含有17种氨基酸,尤其构成丝蛋白的主要氨基酸,如甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸和酪氨酸的含量丰富。经1983～1988年多次试验,证明蚯蚓制剂50～150倍液给家蚕添食有增强体     

Substrate utilization for hepatic gluconeogenesis is altered by increased glucose demand in ruminants.

Hepatocytes isolated from 10 Dorset wethers that were treated with excipient or 1.0 g/d of phlorizin for 72 h were used to determine the effects of increased glucose demand on utilization of [1-(14)C]propionate and [1-(14)C] alanine for oxidative metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Control and phlorizin-treated wethers excreted 0 and 62.8 g/d of glucose into the urine, respectively. Phlorizin treatment tended to increase conversion of propionate and alanine to CO2. A phlorizin x substrate interaction for conversion to glucose indicated that conversion of alanine to glucose was increased more by phlorizin treatment than was conversion of propionate (285 vs 166% of controls). Phlorizin treatment did not affect estimated Ks for conversion of substrates to either CO2 or glucose; however, phlorizin increased estimated Vmax for conversion of substrates to CO2 and tended to increase estimated Vmax for conversion of substrates to glucose. Phlorizin treatment slightly increased the ratio of conversion of propionate to glucose compared with CO2 and slightly decreased the ratio of conversion of alanine to glucose compared with CO2. In vitro addition of 2.5 mM NH4Cl decreased conversion of propionate to CO2 and glucose but had little effect on conversion of alanine to CO2 and glucose. Estimated Ks and Vmax for conversion of substrates to CO2, Ks for conversion of substrates to glucose, and Vmax for conversion of alanine to glucose were not affected by NH4Cl; however, Vmax for conversion of propionate to glucose was decreased by NH4Cl. These data indicate that although utilization of propionate for gluconeogenesis is extensive, amino acids have the potential to increase in importance as gluconeogenic substrates when glucose demand is increased substantially. Furthermore, excess ammonia decreases the capacity of hepatocytes to utilize propionate for oxidation and gluconeogenesis.     

生物素的生理功能及其分子作用机制

生物素是动物机体内维持正常生理机能所必需的一种维生素。它作为4种羧化酶辅酶成分,在哺乳动物体内的葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢中起着重要作用。越来越多的研究表明,生物素对基因表达的调控起着重要的作用。本文综述了生物素的营养生理作用及其对基因表达调控的影响。     

支链氨基酸调控机体糖代谢的研究进展

支链氨基酸是体内最丰富的必需氨基酸,包括亮氨酸﹑异亮氨酸和缬氨酸。支链氨基酸具有促进蛋白质合成、提高机体免疫力和促进胚胎发育等生理功能。支链氨基酸在机体糖代谢调节中发挥着重要作用,其可以通过调控机体胰岛素的分泌﹑胰岛素的敏感性以及葡萄糖转运载体的表达和易位等方式调控糖代谢。本文对支链氨基酸在体内的代谢途径及其调控机体糖代谢的途径进行综述。     

热应激对家禽物质代谢影响的研究进展

近年来随着养禽业集约化、规模化的发展及全球性气温的普遍升高,热应激也越来越严重。作者综述了热应激对家禽基础代谢、能量代谢、蛋白质和氨基酸代谢、脂肪消化及与代谢相关血液理化指标的影响,探讨热应激给动物带来的规律性变化,为防止和缓解热应激提供理论基础。     

Alpacas fed calcium propionate seem to moderate their energy intake

Alpacas have evolved digestive and metabolic adaptations that enable them to survive in environments where the available feed varies in nutritional quality. Alpacas are thought to derive glucose from the deamination of amino acids in the liver, rather than via the conversion of propionate like true ruminants. Because fibre growth is dependent on the availability of absorbed amino acids, alpacas using amino acids as a source of energy should leave less amino acids available for fibre growth. If alpacas were to obtain glucose from a source of propionate, such as calcium propionate, the dependence on amino acids would be reduced leaving more available for fibre growth. Calcium propionate was added to the ration fed to 32 alpaca wethers, and fibre production was measured to monitor important fibre attributes in response to calcium propionate. Although the diets supplemented with calcium propionate should have provided more energy than the diets without calcium propionate, the metabolisable energy intake of all animals was similar (p = 0.278). It seems that rather than sparing amino acids, the alpacas regulated their energy intake and refused to consume the additional energy offered as calcium propionate. Consequently, they produced less fibre, and the diameter of their fibre was smaller than those alpacas that were not fed calcium propionate. It seems that alpacas rely on their digestive and metabolic adaptations to efficiently obtain and conserve energy for their survival.     

Blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate during experimental swine dysentery

The aim of this study was to examine blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate in association with experimental swine dysentery. Ten pigs (approximately 23kg) were orally inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general appearance, changes in white blood cell counts and increased levels of the acute phase protein Serum Amyolid A. Blood samples were taken before inoculation, during the incubation period, during clinical signs of dysentery and during recovery. Neither plasma glucose nor lactate concentrations changed during the course of swine dysentery, but the serum concentrations of gluconeogenic non-essential amino acids decreased during dysentery. This was mainly due to decreases in alanine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine. Lysine increased during dysentery and at the beginning of the recovery period, and leucine increased during recovery. Glutamine, alanine and tyrosine levels show negative correlations with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. In conclusion, swine dysentery altered the blood concentrations of amino acids, but not of glucose or lactate.     

Effect of food deprivation on various parameters of rumen juice and blood of sheep]

In order to find out how short-time denutrition changes the concentration of some substances in the rumen fluid and the blood, tests with full-grown sheep were carried out. Fodder was withheld from sheep with inserted Jarrett fistulae for 48 hours after normal feeding. After 48 hours the animals were given concentrated fodder, after 52 hours exclusively hay. From the 72nd hour onwards the animals were provided with fodder as usual. Samples of the rumen fluid and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the test, after the last normal feeding and then in the 24th, 32nd, 48th, 52nd, 56th, 72nd and 96th hour. We could find out that, during the 48-hour denutrition, the pH-value of the rumen fluid turned alkaline and the concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids and lactic acid decreased. The protein metabolism underwent a rapid change in the organism. The protein content of the blood plasma decreased, above all the albumin content, as well as the concentration of glycoproteins and volatile amino acids. Among the various amino acids, the concentration of glycine increased highly, that of alanine and valine just slightly. The concentration of most amino acids decreased or--of some of them remained the same. Among the paramters that are characteristic of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the total content of lipids and cholesterin decreased, and so did the concentration of blood sugar, lactic acid and pyruvic acid in the blood plasma. The results indicate that short-time denutrition has a considerable influence on the rumen fermentation and the intermediary metabolism of ruminants. The quickly arising lack of energy of ruminants slows down the protein synthesis and increases the glyconeogenesis from amino acids. The tissue is supplied with energy by the mobilisation of lipids.     

Intestinal absorption of end products from digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in the pig

The kinetics of appearance of various nutrients in the portal vein during the postprandial period was studied in conscious pigs by means of a technique based on measurement of the porto-arterial differences in nutrient concentrations simultaneously with that of the portal blood flow rate. The rate and level of appearance of sugars in the portal vein varied with the carbohydrate ingested. It was very rapid after intake of glucose and sucrose, slower after that of maize starch and very slow after that of lactose. The absorption of the latter became very rapid again if it was hydrolysed prior to its ingestion. During absorption, some sugars (fructose or galactose) released from the corresponding sucrose and lactose, respectively during digestion, were partly metabolized into glucose by the enterocyte. The rate of absorption of amino acids released in the digestive tract varied according to the origin of the food ingested, i.e. it was more rapid after intake of wheat or fish proteins than after that of barley. In the case of barley the absorption rate of amino acids differed from that of glucose of the starch. The profile of the amino acid mixtures appearing in the portal vein during absorption differed a little from the profiles of those present in the ingested proteins in the case of essential amino acids and differed much in the case of non essential amino acids. Some essential amino acids (histidine, aromatic amino acids) appeared more rapidly and others more slowly, (lysine, sulphur amino acids, arginine). Because of transaminations, only small amounts of glutamic acid occurred in the portal vein whereas the amounts of alanine as compared to those ingested, were very large. The hierarchy of amino acid absorption was the same whatever the protein studied (fish, wheat, barley). The appearance in the portal vein of alpha-amino nitrogen from enzyme hydrolysates perfused through the duodenum was more rapid than after perfusion of a mixture of free amino acids. During digestion of diets containing 6% cellulose, large amounts of volatile fatty acids (about 2200 mmol/24 h, i.e. 2500 kJ/24h) and lactic acid (60-85 g/24 h) appeared in the portal vein.     

Regulation Effects and Mchanism of Amino Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Mammals

Lipid metabolism not only affects human health but also is vital to livestock and poultry production. Therefore, it is necessary to study the nutrition regulation strategy of lipid metabolism. This paper mainly introduces the four amino acids which are important for the regulation of lipid metabolism, including methionine (Met),leucine (Leu),arginine (Arg) and glutamate (Glu), and summarizes the regulation effects and mechanism on lipid metabolism of the four amino acids at the physiological level, cellular level and molecular level. This paper introduces these four amino acids in the role of nutritional research, physiological effects in animal experiments,the mechanism of regulation effect on lipid metabolism and the combination effect. Meanwhile,the regulation and mechanism of amino acid on lipid metabolism in adipose,liver and muscle tissue were emphatically discussed. This paper reviews the progress of four amino acids in basic research and livestock production application, and further analyze the potential directions in the future research on the deep mechanism of lipid metabolism to clarify the regulation effects and potential mechanism of the amino acids on mammals' lipid metabolism, which was aimed to provide a reference for the accuracy using of amino acids.     

氨基酸对哺乳动物脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理

脂质代谢不仅影响人类健康,对畜禽生产也至关重要,研究脂质代谢的营养调控策略有重要意义。作者主要介绍了蛋氨酸（Met）、亮氨酸（Leu）、精氨酸（Arg）和谷氨酸（Glu）这4种对脂质代谢调控作用显著的氨基酸。从生理水平、细胞水平和分子水平上总结了4种氨基酸对哺乳动物脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理,并从4种氨基酸在营养学研究中的作用、在动物试验中的生理效应、对脂质代谢调控的作用机理及各种氨基酸的组合效应等方面进行综述,重点综述了氨基酸对脂肪、肝脏和肌肉组织脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理。同时回顾了4种氨基酸在基础研究与畜牧生产应用上取得的进展,进一步分析了未来研究氨基酸对脂质代谢调控深层机理的可能方向,以期为氨基酸的精准利用提供参考。