The effects of habitat connectivity on cryptogam richness in boulder metacommunity

We investigated the effects of habitat patch size and connectivity on cryptogam richness on 288 calcareous boulders. The studied boulders were found to be a particularly suitable ‘metacommunity model system’ and allowed comparison of species richness among cryptogams with differing substrate specificity, life history and red list status. The dependence of species richness on boulder surface area was modelled using Arrhenius power model, and contrasts were analysed between connected and isolated boulders. Species richness was clearly related to boulder size, but the rates of increase of species richness with increasing boulder area (z-values) were highly variable among species groups. Highest value of z (1.17) was found for species with large propagules, and values around 0.5 were obtained for calciphilous and regionally red-listed species and z = 0.42 for perennials. The lowest value of z (0.27) occurred in calcicolous species while for all species, colonists, and species with small propagules the values were 0.3-0.4. The richness of all species was 11% higher on connected than isolated boulders, while connected boulders had 31% more of both calcicolous and regionally red-listed species and 19% more of colonists. The result suggests that in the investigated system that boulder size is a crucial determinant of cryptogam richness, and their spatial configuration in terms of connectivity may further contribute to cryptogam richness. The latter result lends support to the importance of metacommunity processes for the maintenance of cryptogam richness.     

黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤的穿透阻力特征及其影响因素

生物结皮的发育显著地影响并改变了表层土壤的理化性状,从而影响土壤穿透阻力.为探明生物结皮层对土壤穿透阻力的影响,针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤,利用高精度土壤贯入仪测定并比较了不同含水量下藓结皮土壤和无结皮土壤的穿透阻力差异,定量分析了藓结皮层对土壤穿透阻力的影响及其与土壤性质(含水量、容重和有机质含量以及颗粒...     

Plough marks as a tool to assess soil erosion rates: A case study in Axum (Ethiopia)

From the antiquity, the hilly landscape around the city of Axum in northern Ethiopia has been terraced and extensively used for agriculture purposes. Impacts of the “ard” plough on protruding and/or buried boulder at a depth less than the tillage depth produce scratches on their sides or their top. The spatial relationship among plough marks and rock surface orientations gives information on the ploughing direction, whereas the relative height from the present ground surface to the top of the marks and information on the age of cultivation can be used to assess soil loss rates. Parameters to define plough mark orientation were defined and measured in the field on boulders with plough marks within a study terrace located in an archaeological area with an approx of 2040 year age. These parameters are height from the ground, dip, slope and frequency.     

喀斯特地区不同覆盖下小生境土壤保墒能力

 通过室内与野外实验相结合研究了贵州花江喀斯特峡谷示范区不同覆盖处理下不同小生境土壤的保墒能力,试图了解喀斯特地区的土壤水分变化规律并提出相应保墒技术。结果表明:土面、石槽、石沟3种小生境通过枯枝落叶、石面、薄膜覆盖后,其土壤水分变化趋势基本一致,其中以石沟的含水量最高,土面最低;不同土层的土壤含水量都有所增加,但增加幅度不完全一致;一年中土壤水分胁迫出现次数减少,频率降低。在持续干旱期间,水分蒸发量较大,覆盖后土壤保墒效果较好,平均每天水分损耗量较少,其中以薄膜覆盖效果显著,保墒能力最强,枯枝落叶和石面覆盖次之;但实地人工造林试验证明,石面及枯枝落叶覆盖下存活率很高,而薄膜覆盖较差。因此,薄膜覆盖在喀斯特峡谷区人工造林中的运用值得进一步研究。     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同小生境类型对岩石溶蚀的影响

喀斯特山区土层浅薄、生态环境脆弱,碳酸盐岩溶蚀是喀斯特山区主要成土方式,研究碳酸盐岩溶蚀对喀斯特山区土壤环境保护及土壤可持续利用具有重要意义.以贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同类型小生境(石洞、石缝、石沟、石槽、土面、石面)为研究对象,通过溶蚀试片法于小生境内进行野外溶蚀试验,观察溶蚀速率、溶蚀形态在时间、空间上的变化,分析溶蚀...     

A relatively simple scaling method for describing the unsaturated hydraulic functions of stony soils

Few if any methods exist to estimate the effects of stone content (stoniness) on the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. A relatively simple scaling method is presented to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils having different stone contents. A key assumption of the method is that van Genuchten's water retention parameters α and n of the fine soil fraction are the same as those of the stony soil. The method further assumes a linearly decreasing relationship between the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the stone content, based on previous numerical simulations. Using the proposed method, it is possible to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils, knowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the fine soil fraction, the retention curve of the fine soil fraction, and the particular stoniness of the soil.     

排水地段土壤盐分变化特征分析

根据田间排水地段实测的土壤含盐量与地下水埋深和矿化度，分析了土壤盐分组成变化特征以及覆膜种植对抑制土壤积盐的效应。根据潜水蒸发特点，确定了建立地下水埋深与土壤含盐量间单一函数关系的方法，为根据土壤含盐量确定地下水临界深度提供指导。     

喀斯特地区块石出露坡面入渗特征

为探明喀斯特地区不同块石出露坡面土壤入渗对降雨的响应特征,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究喀斯特坡面4种块石出露条件和5种雨强对入渗的影响。结果表明:(1)在雨强一定的情况下,除在雨强为30 mm/h时块石裸露率的大小对坡面入渗无明显影响,在其余较大雨强下,块石裸露率为5.4%对入渗影响较小,块石裸露率为13.1%抑制入渗,块石裸露率为42.9%促进入渗,在降雨前期,块石的存在对入渗均有促进作用。(2)在块石裸露率及降雨量一定的情况下,随着雨强的增大,坡面的入渗量呈明显下降趋势,而平均入渗速率整体呈现先增大后减小随后又增大的趋势;在降雨前期,随着雨强的增加,入渗量呈先减少后增加的波动性变化,前期入渗率随着雨强的增大而增加,拐点均出现在雨强为90 mm/h。(3)在对入渗过程进行模拟后发现,方正三公式在有块石出露坡面上的的拟合效果比Kostiakov公式的拟合效果更好。     

华北土石山区森林土壤中石砾分布特征对土壤大孔隙及导水性质的影响

为了探究土壤中石砾对大孔隙形成的作用及对饱和导水率的影响,研究京郊密云水库水源涵养林内土壤石砾分布特征、大孔隙分布特征以及与饱和导水率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)林区0—30cm土壤层内石砾体积含量范围为7.10%~22.05%,质量含量范围为10.76%~38.20%,且石砾多集中分布于5~10mm粒径范围内;石砾含量随坡向呈现阳坡阴坡半阴半阳坡的规律;(2)石砾含量与当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙密度呈现极显著相关关系(p0.01),粒径5mm的石砾体积含量与大孔隙密度具有显著相关性(p0.05),说明砾石主要影响较大孔隙,特别是粒径5mm的石砾对大孔隙的形成影响较大;(3)当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙数量仅占总孔隙数量的1.41%,但对导水速率的贡献率为54.44%;饱和导水率与其呈线性关系。     

Determination of soil surface strength with a needle-type penetrometer

Soil crusting was characterized by means of direct measurement of penetration resistance with a needle type penetrometer at intervals of 0.1 mm over a depth of 15 mm in intact soil samples, treated with soil stabilizers or not, as a function of soil water content and bulk density. Relationships were established between the penetration resistance of the needle and standard cones of 60° angle and 1 cm² or 26.4 mm² base area. The effect of water content was stronger in dense than in loose soil.The effect of soil surface strength on the emergence of salsify (Scorzonera hispanica) was monitored in a field experiment on a loamy sand of which the natural crust was stabilized with soil conditioners. The penetration resistance was affected by the nature of the soil stabilizers as some created more or less hydrophobic and spongy crusts. Seedling emergence was negatively correlated with the penetration resistance and positively with the water content of the crust.     

Soils of Low-Mountain Landscapes of North Karelia

Soils of low-mountain landscapes in the northwest of Karelia have been studied. The soil cover of the studied area is mainly represented by Al–Fe-humus soils (Podzols); thin soils (Leptosols) are widespread. Characteristic morphological features of all the studied soils are relatively shallow profiles, high stone content, and underlying by hard bedrock with fine earth material in crevices between large boulders. The studied soils have the high carbon and low nitrogen content, which points to unfavorable conditions of organic matter transformation. The content of most macro- and microelements is not high, which is typical for soils of the region; the content of copper and zinc exceeds the regional background two–three times. Regularities of the vertical zonality in the properties of soils of mountain ecosystems manifest themselves in decreasing thickness of the soil profile at higher altitude above sea level in parallel to decreasing thickness of the layer of loose rocks, while the stone content increases. In soils of the forest-tundra zone, the organomineral horizon with the high organic matter content is formed immediately under the forest litter. The litter horizon is the soils of this zone is characterized by increased concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.     

连续模拟降雨下岩溶区含砾石堆积体坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对岩溶区石灰土质堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响,以土质坡面为对照,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,研究了递增型降雨(0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0 mm/min)条件下偏土质(砾石含量30%)和偏石质(砾石含量70%)石灰土坡面的径流特性及侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)随雨强增大,各坡面径流率呈稳定增长—波动的变化趋势,且土质坡面径流率整体小于2种含砾石坡面;偏土质、偏石质坡面累计产流量较土质坡面增加了0.49,0.37倍;(2)1.0~3.0 mm/min雨强下,土质坡面侵蚀速率在0.16~5.4 g/(m^2·s)范围内波动,整体呈稳定—波动增加的变化趋势;偏土质和偏石质坡面分别为0.16~5.4,0.06~0.74 g/(m^2·s),前者侵蚀速率变化范围大且波动剧烈,后者变化范围小且稳定;随砾石含量的增加,各坡面累计侵蚀量呈先增后减的变化趋势,偏土质坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面增加2.5倍,偏石质坡面较其减少了0.9倍;(3)土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面的侵蚀速率与径流率分别呈极显著正相关幂函数、线性函数和线性函数关系。研究结果可为桂西北岩溶区弃渣场水土流失治理提供一定的科学依据。     

神府东胜煤田不同下垫面侵蚀特征野外试验

通过野外放水冲刷试验,对神府东胜煤田不同下垫面（原始地面、扰动地面、非硬化路面、弃土坡面、沙少石多弃渣坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面）上的侵蚀特征进行分析。结果表明：1）在不同下垫面上,侵蚀量与径流量及径流剪切力都呈正相关关系,原始地面、扰动地面和非硬化路面侵蚀量与径流量呈较好的幂函数相关,弃土坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流量呈线性相关,沙少石多弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流量呈指数函数相关;原始地面、扰动地面、非硬化路面、弃土坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流剪切力呈较好的对数函数相关,沙少石多弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流剪切力呈较好的线性关系;2）与原始地面对照,弃土弃渣坡面更易遭受侵蚀,其中弃土坡面的平均侵蚀量最大,为22.68 kg,是原始地面侵蚀量的45.27倍,其次为沙多石少弃渣坡面和沙少石多弃渣坡面,侵蚀量分别为原始地面的19.61和10.61倍,扰动地面、非硬化路面侵蚀量为原始地面侵蚀量的4.35和4.41倍。     

基于三轴UU试验的土体含水率对根土复合体强度特性的影响

为研究自然边坡其强度特性随含水率的变化规律。通过设计不同体积含水率(20%,27%,35%,40%,45%)和2种含根量(RAR=0.1%,0.3%)的重塑土进行不固结不排水三轴试验,以研究含水率对土体破坏方式、抗剪强度和初始切线模量的影响。结果表明：(1)试样破坏模式多为剪切变形和剪胀变形,在含水率为20%,27%时,出现明显剪切贯穿面破裂带,其余含水率下表现为剪胀变形;(2)含水率对根土复合体抗剪强度主要体现在黏聚力上,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体黏聚力分别降低67%,72%;含水率低于35%时,可用对数关系表示,随含水率升高,黏聚力明显降低;含水率达到35%以上时,可用线性关系表示,黏聚力下降速度减缓;含根量增加,抗剪强度提高;(3)不同含根量和围压下根土复合体初始切线模量与含水率关系可以用线性关系拟合,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体初始切线模量平均分别降低43%和47%。综合考虑土体弹塑性和植物因素对土体位移或变形的影响,可提高边坡稳定性计算精度。研究结果可为植物边坡以及水土保持植被建设治理提供科学参考,丰富根系固土领域的科学理论。     

Laboratory studies of crust development in irish and iraqi soils: I. moisture content,penetration resistance,aggregate size and seedling emergence of spring barley (hordeum vulgare L.)

Thirty soils differing widely in origin, texture and organic carbon content were used to study crust properties and development under laboratory conditions. Crust strength was measured as penetration resistance to an upward moving probe both with and without artificial rain treatment. The patterns of penetration resistance with time of drying under infra-red lamps varied considerably, the time taken to reach maximum and steady values for penetration resistance varying from 4 to 10 days. Maximum penetration resistance values ranged from approximately 50 to 500 kPa with one Iraqi soil recording a value of 800 kPa. The soils separated into 3 fairly distinct groups when penetration resistance was plotted against moisture content: Group I showed a sudden and sharp increase, Group II a gradual increase, whereas Group III did not show a definite relationship. A positive linear relationship was found between maximum penetration-resistance values of soils with and without artificial rain treatment. There was also a high positive correlation between small (2?0.53 mm) water-stable aggregates and penetration resistance and a negative correlation between penetration resistance and percentage water-stable aggregates of > 2 mm in size.In seedling emergence trials with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maximum emergence (90–98%) was recorded at penetration resistance (no rain treatment) of 75–110 kPa and zero emergence at approximately 300 kPa, with a good negative relationship between these values. There was a positive relationship between seedling emergence and penetration resistance values < 75 kPa, failure to emerge being due to a lack of anchorage and radial support for the shoot. Simulated rain treatment, which led to additional crust strength, reduced seedling emergence further for the limited number of soils tested.     

The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates

A study was carried out to determine the rate at which lugworms returned to areas of beach depopulated by digging. Over a six-month experimental period there was no significant increase in the density of worms in depopulated areas. Control populations remained approximately constant during June and July but decreased in density throughout the remainder of the study, leading to some convergence of treatment and control areas by the end of the experiment. A second study investigated the choice of boulders by intertidal crabs. It was demonstrated that replacing a boulder rather than inverting it after searching underneath for crab baits significantly increased the probability of finding crabs on subsequent tides.     

十八胺化学改性下壤土的斥水性与入渗性能研究

以壤土为研究对象,将十八胺基伯胺作为斥水剂掺入天然风干重塑壤土中,配置了不同十八烷基伯胺含量和初始含水率的改性试样,采用滴水穿透时间法测定了改性壤土的斥水等级,提出并获得了改性壤土的临界含水率,分析了十八烷基伯胺含量、壤土斥水等级、初始含水率的关系。在此基础上,采用全自动三轴渗透仪,开展了改性壤土在不同水头差作用下的渗透试验,揭示了不同斥水等级壤土的入渗性能,获得了改性壤土的稳定入渗率。结果表明:十八烷基伯胺含量和土壤含水率是影响土壤斥水性的重要因素。十八烷基伯胺含量越高,土壤斥水等级越大,上限含水率越低,而下限含水率越高。土壤斥水等级相同时,初始入渗速率受水头差影响较小,如十八胺基伯胺质量分数为0.6%的土壤,20和60k Pa水头差条件下其初始入渗速率分别为0.210和0.238cm/s;入渗持续一段时间后,入渗速率突然降低,降至0.005 cm/s,进入稳定入渗阶段。土壤斥水性越强,稳定入渗速率和稳定入渗率均呈下降趋势,壤土防渗效果越好。起始出渗时间随水头差的增大而减小,随土壤斥水性的增大而增大。上述研究成果可为斥水性土壤应用于土木水利工程领域提供试验基础。     

Laboratory studies of crust development in Irish and Iraqi soils II. Effects of some physico-chemical constituents on crust strength and seedling emergence

The influence of soil constituents including sand, silt, clay, organic substances, aluminium and iron on crust development and seedling emergence was investigated in a selection of 30 soils. After treatment with simulated rain, soil crust strength as measured by penetration resistance to an upward-moving probe tended to decrease with increasing total organic carbon content, but the relationship was not a simple one. Consideration of other factors showed that in some soils (soils of 1.5–2% total organic carbon), alkali-exractable carbon and clay contents had the greatest influence on penetration resistance values whereas in other soils (2.4–3% total organic carbon), coarse sand, fine sand, EDTA-extractable aluminium and humic acid carbon were highly correlated with penetration resistance. In a group of soils with around 4% total organic carbon, oxalate-extractable aluminium appeared to exert a dominant influence. There was a good correlation between humic acid carbon and penetration resistance after rain treatment in soils containing less than 40% sand. A similar relationship was also noted with EDTA-extractable iron.Combination of all factors in a multiple regression analysis accounted for a considerable proportion of the variation in penetration resistance of soils with and without simulated rain application and in seedling emergence of barley. Organic carbon, and the humic acid fraction in particular, were most important in determining crust strength for all soils as a group.A significant correlation between plastic limit moisture and the logarithm of penetration resistance is explained partially, at least, by the relationships that exist between organic carbon alone, clay alone and a combination of both, with variation in moisture.     

不同植被类型沙地表层土壤水分变化特征

通过对沙坡头地区不同植被类型沙地土壤表层水分时空变化特征的研究表明，该区不同植被类型沙地土壤表层水分的分布均符合正态分布，降雨使表层土壤水分的空间变异性减小，空间自相关性减弱，分维数减小，空间自相关范围由干旱时的5m左右内变化扩大到几十米，土壤表层水分的空间依赖性增强；在土壤表层水分含量极低的情况下，土壤表层水分的空间变异性规律与土壤水分含量的变化规律一致；在土壤水分含量不是很低的情况下，其空间变异性与土壤表层水分含量变化趋势相反，流沙地、柠条地A、柠条地B、油蒿地、1956年人工固沙植被区土壤表层水分空间变异性与土壤表层水分含量关系发生改变的转折点，分别在土壤表层体积水分含量为1．5％，2．5％，3％，3％，4％左右。     

土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用

本文应用土壤颗粒的质量分布原理来描述土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种土壤颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出它们的分形维数（D=2.489～2.896）,并分析了其与土壤质地之间的关系。同时对土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应土壤的幂函数型水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数进行比较分析,建立了二者之间的相关关系。结果表明:分形维数的大小反映了土壤质地中粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量的变化,随粘粒含量的增多分形维数增大,随砂粒含量的增多分形维数减小;同时土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应的水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数呈现出良好的一致性,因而对所研究的土壤而言,可应用土壤颗粒的质量分形维数结合幂函数模型来估算土壤水分特性曲线。