EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS IN A SEMI‐ARID CATCHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Knowledge of the effects of land use on soil moisture variations is necessary to improve land and agricultural water management in the semi‐arid Chinese Loess Plateau. However, previous studies are insufficient to guide management practice in this area and improvement is needed to help with the development of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme. As part of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme, we examined the effects of five land uses (fallow, grassland, cropland, 3‐year and 8‐year jujube orchards) on soil water variations in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture at 0–160 cm depth was monitored approximately weekly at 47 sites from 17 August to 19 October 2009 and from 4 April to 27 September 2010 using a portable time domain reflectometer. Results indicated that mean soil water profiles in different land uses varied with time, land use induced spatial variations of soil water but exerted negligible influence on soil water temporal patterns, and soil water content was of the greatest spatial variability with moderate means (approximately 20 per cent). Furthermore, the relationship between standard deviation and mean water content was dependent on soil depth, although it was negligibly affected by land use. Profile soil water for five land uses was different in various seasons, precipitation infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, and the whole profile soil moisture (0–160 cm) was complemented following a 93·5‐mm rainfall event. The findings presented here provide helpful information for land and agricultural water management in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOIL EROSION,CONSERVATION, AND ECO‐ENVIRONMENT CHANGES IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA

As one of the best‐known areas in the world, the Loess Plateau, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. The present paper reviewed the historical variation of climate, vegetation cover, and environment changes in order to understand the causes of severe soil erosion. Documentary evidence indicated that climate changes and vegetation cover were the dominant natural factors influencing the soil erosion rates during the Holocene. Intensive human activities consisting of warfare, population growth, deforestation, and soil and water conservation measures were responsible for the changes of soil erosion during the anthropogenic period. Spatial and temporal changes of specific sediment yields presented significant decrease within the last several decades, which resulted from decreasing rainfall, large scale soil and water conservation measures, agricultural irrigation, and reservoir construction. Different phase of soil conservation measures demonstrated the development of policies and techniques on soil erosion control. Effective strategies of soil and water conservation, consisting of terracing, afforestation, natural rehabilitation, and check‐dams construction, were carried out on the Loess Plateau during the past six decades. The progress of soil conservation measures confirmed that the check‐dams systems might be suitable for Loess hilly Plateau, and natural vegetation rehabilitation is the best way for soil erosion control and should be implemented in other regions with emphasis of improving the quality of conservation measures based on natural rehabilitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型黑土直型坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的小波分析

土壤侵蚀导致东北黑土坡耕地土地质量严重退化,研究东北黑土区典型坡耕地的土壤侵蚀规律,对控制坡耕地的水土流失以及深化土壤侵蚀规律的认识具有重要的意义。本研究通过采集开垦近100年的黑土直型坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,结合小波分析方法,研究了长坡长直型坡耕地50多年来土壤侵蚀强度的空间变化规律,结果显示4个断面顺坡方向上的坡面侵蚀强度均存在着坡长为142m的强弱交替变化的波动周期,这反映了长坡长直型坡土壤在长期的降雨侵蚀过程中,泥沙沿坡面输移的强弱交替变化。通过对4个断面的侵蚀速率的数学拟合发现,用正弦函数的和拟合的结果最好,R2均在0.96以上,进一步说明了直型坡面侵蚀随坡长变化的波动性规律。所研究的断面控制面积内平均侵蚀速率为3054 t.km-2.a-1。     

降雨及土壤湿度对水土流失的影响

水土流失同降雨及降雨前土壤湿度关系密切。坡耕地产生坡面流失的临界雨强约为4mm/10min,降雨量为12.5mm;从中雨至大暴雨,雨型每增加一级,土壤流失量将翻一番;水土流失量同侵蚀雨量呈极显著的线性关系;地表径流量同降雨前0—30cm的土壤湿度因子成正比,冲刷量则与此成反相关。     

利用方式对高寒牧区土壤有机碳含量及土壤结构性质的影响

在高山草原带选择了围栏草地、一年生人工草地(先围栏草地后开垦种植燕麦草)和多年生人工草地(先围栏草地后开垦种植多年生垂穗披碱草和无芒雀麦)三种利用方式,就人工草地利用方式对土壤有机碳含量和结构性质的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,在高寒牧区,开垦自然植被分别种植一年生燕麦草20多年和种植多年生禾草7年以后与围栏草地相比较,0-30cm深度土壤有机碳密度分别平均降低了27.7% 和8.5%,土壤结构的稳定性(MWD)分别平均降低了46.9%和42.6%。同时土壤容重和土壤密度显著增加, 土壤孔隙度显著降低。在高寒牧区开垦自然植被建植人工草地情况下,土壤结构性质的恶化与有机碳(质)含量的降低密切相关。     

用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带坡耕地土壤的沟蚀和沟间侵蚀

用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带地区粘淀湿润富铁土和铝质湿润淋溶土的坡耕地土壤沟蚀和沟间侵蚀。研究结果表明，类似于当地花生、山芋垄作的沟垄，在无外来径流影响下土壤沟蚀与沟间侵蚀程度相当，土壤沟侵蚀率与土坡自身特性和外来径流量大小关系密切，相同的外来径流量对不同类型土壤的沟侵蚀率的影响程度也不同。同时利用ＷＥＰＰ中的土壤可蚀性关系式计算出上述两种土壤的沟间可蚀性气值分别为０．１６４６和０．１３６２（１０－６ｋｇ ｓｍ－４）。     

等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点

应用等高植物篱能在较低投入下有效控制坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失。三峡库区紫色土 2 5°坡地的大雨强模拟降雨实验表明 ,香根草等高植物篱能减少相当于对照坡耕地的 82 .2 %的侵蚀量 ( 1 997年 1 1月 ) ,通过施肥促进植物篱生长密闭能进一步提高对流失土壤的拦截效率 ,效果不逊于带间覆盖。经过 31个月的侵蚀过程 ,各植物篱小区最明显的坡形变化是篱带处及其前部堆淤成接近水平的淤积带。由于植物篱的阻滞和坡形的变缓 ,径流和表土作用的时间延长 ,由径流携带的养分损失成为坡面养分流失的重要途径 ,控制径流损失是控制养分流失的重要方式之一 ,同时也有助于减少坡面侵蚀     

水和磷互作对红壤丘岗地区旱作水稻生物量和产量的影响

通过盆栽和大田试验研究了水和磷互作对旱作水稻生物量和产量的影响。研究表明:土壤含水量和施磷量对旱作水稻生物量和产量有极显著的影响,且二者的交互作用十分明显,影响程度以籽粒> 茎>根。上壤含水量为饱和持水量的60%时对旱作水稻生物量和产量影响较大,而80%和100%时几乎没有影响。旱作水稻生物量和产量均随施磷量的增加而增加。这说明控制土壤水分为饱和持水量的80%时就能完全满足旱作水稻的生长,但要求获得较高的产量时必须注意磷肥的投入,或者采取一些凋控措施提高土壤磷的利用率。     

EFFECT OF SOIL BUNDS ON RUNOFF,SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES,AND CROP YIELD IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

The effects of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop yield are rarely documented in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was set up consisting of three treatments: (i) barley‐cultivated land protected with graded soil bunds (Sb); (ii) fallow land (F); and (iii) barley‐cultivated land without soil bund (Bc). For 3 years (2007–2009), the effect of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop productivity was studied. Daily runoff and soil and nutrient losses were measured for each treatment using standard procedures while barley yield was recorded from the cultivated plots. The results showed that Sb brought about significant reduction in runoff and soil losses. Plots with Sb reduced the average annual runoff by 28 per cent and the average annual soil loss by 47 per cent. Consequently, Sb reduced losses of soil nutrients and organic carbon. However, the absolute losses were still high. This implies the need for supplementing Sb with biological and agronomic land management measures to further control soil erosion. Despite these positive impacts on soil quality, Sb do not increase crop yield. Calculated on a per‐hectare basis, Sb even reduce crop yield by about 7 per cent as compared with control plots, which is entirely explained by the reduction of the cultivable area by 8·6 per cent due to the soil bunds. Suitable measures are needed to compensate the yield losses caused by the construction of soil bunds, which would convince farmers to construct these land management measures that have long‐term beneficial effects on erosion control. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤水分含量和施磷量对旱作水稻磷素吸收的影响

通过温室盆栽和大田试验研究了土壤含水量和施磷量对旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响。结果表明:土壤水分和施磷量对大田旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响不显著;对盆栽而言,施磷量的影响显著,但二者的交互作用明显,因而其差异主要体现为水和磷的复合效应;当施磷量(P)为0·030gkg-1、土壤含水量为饱和持水量的80%时旱作水稻吸磷量最高,但相同土壤水分条件下,施磷与不施磷间旱作水稻吸磷量差异最大,而不同施磷量间差异较小;旱作水稻各部分全磷平均吸收量为:籽粒>茎>根。实验结果可以为中国南方丘岗地区水稻旱作的水分和磷素管理提供理论依据。     

IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON EROSION RISK: AN INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING,GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MODELING METHODOLOGY

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rapidly changing land use on erosion and sedimentation in a mixed land use watershed in the Ozark Highlands of the USA. The research combines a geographic information system‐based soil erosion modeling approach with land use change detection to quantify the influence of changing land use on erosion risk. Five land use/land cover maps were generated or acquired for a 20‐year period (1986 through 2006) at approximately 5‐year intervals to assess land use change and to predict a projected (2030) land use scenario for the West Fork White River watershed in Northwest Arkansas. The Unit Stream Power based Erosion/Deposition model was applied to the observed and predicted land use to assess the impact on erosion. Total erosion from urban areas was predicted to increase by a factor of six between 1986 and 2030 based on the projected 2030 land use. Results support previous reports of increased urbanization leading to increased soil erosion risk. This study highlights the interaction of changes in land use with soil erosion potential. Soil erosion risk on a landscape can be quantified by incorporating commonly available biophysical data with geographic information system and remote sensing, which could serve as a land/watershed management tool for the rapid assessment of the effects of environmental change on erosion risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE, SLOPE, RAIN INTENSITY AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ON SPLASH DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT

From a factorial experiment using a graded sand and three soils (sand, clay loam, and clay), five slopes (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 per cent) and four intensities (50, 80, 110, and 140 mm h^?1), splash detachment and splash transport are described in terms of the direct effects and the first and second order interactions of these variables. The graded sand and three soils tested are significantly different in the mean weight of soil detached and transported. They can be placed in rank order of graded sand, sand, clay, and clay loam with increasing resistance to splash detachment. The amount of material transported is in the order of graded sand > clay > sand > clay loam. For each soil there are significant increases in splash detachment and splash transport with increasing rainfall intensity. Both splash parameters are significantly correlated with slope steepness. The most important interactions that influence splash detachment and splash transport are soil × intensity and slope × intensity respectively. Significant interactions show that the factors are not independent of each other; the simple effects of a factor differ, and the magnitude of any simple effect varies according to the level of the other factors of the interaction term. These interactions have not been explicitly studied in previous research on splash erosion. Power equations are established between splash activity and the above variables and reasonable working ranges for the exponents are suggested.     

不同土地利用方式对岩溶山区旱坡地土壤水分时空分异的影响

通过对岩溶山区贵州修文县2年的土壤水分定点观测,系统分析了研究区不同坡度下土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响.分析结果表明,在不同坡度之间,土壤水分的变化差异极为显著;在不同的土地利用方式条件下,蔬菜地的土壤水分变化与其他两种用地的差异极为显著,而裸地与小麦-玉米轮作地之间却没有显著差异.同一时间径流深虽然16°坡地＞9.5°坡地＞6.5°坡地,但土壤水分却存在9.5°坡地＞16°坡地＞6.5°坡地的关系,初步分析这是由土壤剖面质地差异所致,从剖面分布来看,土壤水分含量都随着深度的增加而增大.坡度和土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响主要集中在BC层以上,而在C层这种影响较弱,坡度因素的影响深度比土地利用方式小.     

不同土地利用方式对岩溶山区旱坡地土壤水分时空分异的影响

通过对岩溶山区贵州修文县2年的土壤水分定点观测,系统分析了研究区不同坡度下土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响。分析结果表明,在不同坡度之间,土壤水分的变化差异极为显著;在不同的土地利用方式条件下,蔬菜地的土壤水分变化与其他两种用地的差异极为显著,而裸地与小麦—玉米轮作地之间却没有显著差异。同一时间径流深虽然16°坡地>9.5°坡地>6.5°坡地,但土壤水分却存在9.5°坡地>16°坡地>6.5°坡地的关系,初步分析这是由土壤剖面质地差异所致,从剖面分布来看,土壤水分含量都随着深度的增加而增大。坡度和土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响主要集中在BC层以上,而在C层这种影响较弱,坡度因素的影响深度比土地利用方式小。     

坡面水土流失观测分析

本文作者在实地观测资料的基础上,分析了降水量、雨强、土壤入渗及不同植被对水土流失的影响,认为雨强是影响径流速率的主导因子,雨量是影响径流量的关键,建造植被、增强土壤入渗是防止水土流失的有效途径。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区主要水保林类型及草地水保效益的研究

本文分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区主要水保林类型及草地水保效益动态的观测资料,结果表明:柠条成林、刺槐成林、沙棘林保水保土效益好,柠条幼林及沙棘与油松、杨树混交幼林保土效益低于荒坡;林地的侵蚀量与林地的覆盖度呈二次多项式关系,并呈负相关,且覆盖度60%～70%为有效盖度;在林冠郁闭度相近情况下,林地活地被物层盖度越大,林地土壤侵蚀量越小;降雨强度特别是暴雨对林地的径流和冲刷影响极大,而且水土流失主要由暴雨造成,其流失量为总量的20%～97%;人工牧草地水保效益均高于农地,以沙打旺草地最好。     

不同土地利用下黑土密度分组中碳、氮的分配变化

陆地生态系统植被覆盖会影响有机质在土壤及其各组分中的分布,是控制土壤有机质储量的重要因子。通过对黑土有机碳、氮含量的估算,阐明土地利用变化对土壤有机碳库及轻组、重组有机碳、氮含量和结合态腐殖质有机碳含量的影响以及有机碳、氮的消长变化。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式下土壤0～20cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)含量存在显著差异(p<0.05),自然土壤被破坏或转为农田,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量会持续下降,但农田化肥和有机肥配施后,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量显著增加;草地经过20年的植被恢复,土壤总有机碳含量显著高于农田化肥和无肥处理,有机碳库储量显著提高;(2)游离态轻组(Free-LF)和重组(HF)有机碳和氮含量与土壤总有机碳和全氮呈显著或极显著正相关,闭蓄态轻组(Occluded-LF)有机碳和氮在土壤中呈随机分布;(3)游离态轻组的C/N比高于全土和其他组分,易受微生物作用而降解,是土壤不稳定碳库的主要成分;(4)松结态胡敏酸碳含量与土壤总有机碳显著相关(p<0.05),土壤肥力随着胡敏酸的增加而提高。农田有机培肥不但能够提高有机质含量和土壤质量,也能显著提高农田生态系统抵押大气CO2的能力。     

EFFECT OF APPLIED LIME AND BORON ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AN ACID SOIL

Productivity of resources on acid soils occupying one fourth of the total area in India is abysmally low. Lime is applied to such soils with the primary objective of increasing the productivity of crops by enhancing the availability of native and applied plant nutrients. Greenhouse pot experiments and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime and boron (B) on the availability of nutrients in soils and their uptake by plants. The application of lime enhanced the available nitrogen (N,), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) content in soils, which was reflected in their uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annus). On the contrary, availability of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in soil was reduced due to liming. Sunflower responded very well in terms of dry matter yield to B application to the extent of 175% and 188% under 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 applied levels of B, respectively. Dry matter yield of sunflower was reduced to the tune of 29.2 and 42.7% under 2/3 and 1 lime requirement (LR), respectively, over control. Lime application at 1/3 LR with 2 mg kg^?1 of applied B emerged as an optimum combination in acid soils.     

ASSESSMENT OF LAND COVER CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND SOIL TOTAL NITROGEN IN DAQING PREFECTURE,CHINA

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of land cover changes on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) in the Daqing Prefecture of China, where heavy industrialisation in the form of dense oil wells has impacted the environment. Time‐series presentations for the period 1978 to 2008 of remotely sensed data and soil survey data were used to assess the extent of the changes. The study revealed soil degradation under all land cover types and in all soil types, grassland retreat (−15 per cent), swampland retreat (−45 per cent) and increases in the area of farmland (+19 per cent), sand land (+1450 per cent) and alkaline land (+52 per cent). Depletion of the SOC pool occurred in swampland (−64 per cent) both because of the decrease in the area of swampland and because of a decrease in SOC density (−34 per cent). An increase in the SOC pool occurred in alkaline land because of the increase in the area and also because of an increase in SOC density (+297 per cent), but there was little change in the SOC pool in farmland because the increase in area was largely offset by a decrease in SOC density (−14 per cent). The decrease in the STN pool was substantial (−44 per cent), with the largest contributor being the decrease in swamplands (−74 per cent), partly because of the decrease in the area of swampland and partly because of a decrease in STN density (−52 per cent). Large decreases in the STN pool also occurred in farmland (−22 per cent) and grassland (−41 per cent). The direct impacts of construction associated with the expansion of the oil industry were overshadowed by indirect impacts such as interference with water flows and water levels resulting in salinisation of soil. The study also revealed that land cover changes are much more dynamic than a simple analysis would reveal, and because of lag times in the loss of SOC, soil degradation will continue even if land cover changes cease. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同水分和施磷量对旱作水稻耗水量和水分利用率的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了土壤水分和磷素对旱作水稻的耗水量和水分利用率的影响。研究表明 :土壤水分和施磷量对旱作水稻耗水量和水分利用率有极显著的影响 ,且相互间的交互作用明显。旱作水稻 (包括种子 )的耗水量均以中水到高水和中磷到高磷时最高 ,耗水量在生长前期占全生育期的1 5 %～ 1 8% ,生长中期占 63 %～ 68% ,生长后期占 1 6%～ 2 0 %。水分利用率在苗期 (1 2 5～ 1 60gL- 1) ,以低水到中水和低磷到中磷时最高 ;中期 (2 2 2～ 3 5 6gL- 1)到后期 (1 68～ 2 0 8gL- 1) ,以低水到中水和中磷到高磷时最高 ;不同生长阶段的耗水量和水分利用率均以生长中期 >后期 >前期。上述结果将为中国南方丘岗地区水稻旱作的水分和磷素管理提供理论依据