黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目减水减沙效益计算

世界银行中国黄土高原水土保持项目区截至１９９２年底止，已完成综合治理措施面积２９．８１万ｈｍ２，占区内水土流失面积的２．３％，现状减水效益已达６．５％～１７．６％，减沙效益已达９．４％～２５．８％。采用水保法计算减水效益和减沙效益，得出项目区水土保持治理措施计划全部实施后的第一年治理栏度可达６０．４％，可减少径流１．ｌｌ亿ｍ３，累计减水效益可达２１．３％～４３．２％，年可减少入黄泥沙３５６０万ｔ，累计减沙效益可达３０％～５３％。项目经济分析期３０年的减水量约２５．８８亿ｍ３．减沙量大致在９亿：左右。这对改善当地生态环境和生产条件以及黄河下游的治理开发、都具有主要作用。     

冀西北高原旱作农田土壤水分动态与提高水分作物生产力研究

针对当地栗钙土坡梁地旱、薄的作物生产障碍,根据土壤水分时空变异和层位特征,充分利用有限的降水资源,采用聚水土沟作、聚水沟作等保护性耕作措施,较传统耕作莜麦产量提高１８．４％～２３．４％,水分利用效率由４．０５ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２提高到４．５７～４．６４ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２;而改变土壤营养环境则显著提高水分作物生产力。在贫水、平水和丰水三种降水年型下,氮磷肥合理配施莅麦产量可提高８９．８％～１６１．２％,水分利用效率可高达７．２７ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２。     

清涧河水沙变化分析

清涧河流域水土流失严重。年侵蚀模数在１００００ｔ／ｋｍ２以上。自５０年代初开展水土保持工作，截至１９８９年底止，共治理水土流失面积２２０４．０７ｋｍ２，治理程度达５０．６７％，流域输水输沙明显减少。分析表明：清涧河水沙减少受降雨和流域治理的共同影响，与１９６９年以前相比，７０年代年均减沙１５．４％，８０年代年均减沙７１．３％。在减沙量中，降雨偏枯影响７０年代占１４．６％～２８．２％，８０年代占３６．９％～４１．８％；流域治理减沙量７０年代占７１．８％～８５．５％，８０年代占５８．２％～６３．１％。同时，流域治理减水量也由７０年代的１８．２％～３３．９％增加到８０年代的４２．９％～４７．７％。     

美国南部大平原冲沟治理与水质的关系

在美国南部大平原地区，由于周期性强烈降雨及大面积的易侵蚀土壤的存在，引起了强烈的沟蚀。在俄克拉荷马州的ＬｉｔｔｌｅｗａｓｈｉｔａＲｉｖｅｒ流域选取了两个毗邻的普遍发生沟蚀（４级侵蚀）并长有当地草类的小流域，坡度均为５％，面积分别为３．８、５．７ｈｍ２，同时对径流中的土壤沉积物、氨、磷的流失量进行了长达１３年的测试研究（１９８０～１９９２），１９８３年，对试验流域的冲沟进行了治理，种植了米德兰狗牙根，并修建了１个蓄水池。治理前，沉积物、氮和磷的流失量远大于对照流域的流失量。治理后，年土壤流失量只有４９００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，氮、磷流失量分别为３，１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、１．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，而对照小流域年土壤流失量为２７５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，氮、磷流失ｈ量分别为７．１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、４．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。根据径流与土壤相互作用的主要层次的土壤特性，利用动力学与丰度法。预测出治理区和对照区径流中氨、磷的流失量。根据心土层特性预测出对照区径流中氮、磷的释放量及迁移量：在治理区，也作出同样精确的预测。此后１０年效益结果为：用在冲沟治理上的每投入１美元可减少土壤流失量２１０ｋｇ，减少氮、磷流失量为５ｇ、３ｇ。关键词     

红土严重裸露的里仁沟小流域治理及效益

渭源县里仁沟流域红土裸露面积占流域总面积的６０．６％，水蚀和红土泻溜等重力侵蚀严重。在治理中，突出综合作用，坚持工程措施和植物措施相结合，拦蓄利用梁坡径流稳定坡脚和沟床，雨季红土坡穴播沙棘、沙打旺等林草。经过五年连续治理，全流域累计完成基本农田６２８．７７ｈｍ￣２，造林５６２．６ｈｍ２，种草１５０．０７ｈｍ￣２，治理水土流失面积１３．４１ｋｍ￣２，其中红土治理面积６．２７ｋｍ￣２。土地利用和产业结构得到初步调整，人均收入由治理前的２０６．５１元增加到４０７．０９元，林草覆盖率由６．１％上升到４０．６％，年径流模数由３１２３８．６ｍ３／ｋｍ￣２降低到１１９２８．４ｍ３／ｋｍ￣２，年土壤侵蚀模数由５６００ｔ／ｋｍ￣２降低到１１６５．９ｔ／ｋｍ￣２。     

黑土长期施肥对土壤磷的影响

经过１５年长期施肥试验,结果表明,黑土在产量３．７－４．２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２条件下,平均每年施Ｐ２Ｏ５１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,就可以满足作物生长发育对磷的需要,并且磷在土壤中有积累。土壤全磷含量平均增加０．３１１％－４．６７％,有效磷平均增加３．９２－１４．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

概述端正沟梁小流域生态环境建设的途径

端正沟梁村综合治理试验基点为辽宁省“一二三工程”第三期工程基点。几年来栽植水土保持林１００．３ｈｍ２，种草３３．３ｈｍ２，加上原有林地面积５９７．１ｈｍ２，现在林草面积占宜林宜草面积的８０．２％。新治理水土流失面积４４６．２ｈｍ２， 加上原有治理面积６４３．８ｈｍ２，现在治理程度达８０％。据调查该村１９９０年人均收入４５０元，１９９５年猛增到１２００元／人，提高 了１６６．７％，人均占有粮食由１９９０年的 ２６３ｋｇ增加到１９９５年的５００ｋｇ，提高了９０．１％．经过５年综合治理，使流域内人均收入每年以 ３３．３％的速度递增，人均占有粮食每年以１８％的速度递增。小流域面貌发生了根本性变化，基本控制了水土流失，生态环境得到了改善。     

氮硫单施及配施对大蒜的效应研究

系统研究了氮硫肥对大蒜产量和品质的影响，结果表明，在河南省潮土区大蒜施硫以６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２为宜；施肥基施的综合效应优于追施和底施加追施处理，大蒜施用氮肥，一般蒜头增产１６．４％～３０．２％，蒜苔增产８．３％～２８．４％，大蒜经济合理施肥量范围为１９３．２～３２８．６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，此时大蒜产量在１７７４０．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上，氮硫配施比对照平均增产３８．７％，呈显著的正交互作用，３个试验点的     

国家甘蔗品种生产示范试验初报

本文报道了来自福建、广西、广东、云南四省（区）１０个甘蔗品种在广西的生产试验结果。试验结果表明：桂糖８０、闽糖８６／０５两品种的蔗茎产量,甘蔗蔗糖分含火糖量表现突出。桂糖８９／５蔗茎产量为９２．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２４．８％和１３８．５％;含糖量达１４．４１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２;分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２７．５％和１３８．４％。闽糖８６／０５新宿根蔗茎平均产量为８３．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分     

水土保持对汾河水库入库水沙的影响分析

针对汾河水库淤积严重的现实,山西省委、省政府决定从１９８８年开始对水库上游地区进行重点治理。１９８８～１９９７年首期治理结束,治理区新建坝库１０３座,淤成坝地１０２０ｈｍ２,完成滩地治理２８００ｈｍ２,累计完成梯田２２４万ｈｍ２、水保林６６３万ｈｍ２、经济林０８４万ｈｍ２、封山育林３９６万ｈｍ２。根据汾河水库３８年降水、径流、泥沙资料,采用水土保持法与水文法进行分析,１０年重点治理水保措施年减少入库泥沙量约５００万ｍ３,减沙效率达４５％～５０％;年减少入库径流量约０５亿ｍ３,减水率达１０％～１４％。在水保措施减沙中,淤地坝和引洪治滩工程的减沙量占治理措施总减沙量的近６０％。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.