共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) was detected from citrus trees for the first time in Japan. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular, serological,
and biological indexing. RT-PCR detected CPsV from two citrus trees among ca. 200 tested. Both trees were variety Shiranui
of [Citrus unshiu Marc. × C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] × C. reticulata Blanco, and neither had the bark scaling symptom typical of CPsV. The CPsV isolate could be genetically related to those
from Spain, Italy, Florida, and California. 相似文献
2.
A laboratory assay was designed to determine the insecticidal efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) and diatomaceous earth (Diafil 610) against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). The fungus B. bassiana was applied at 2.23 × 107, 2.23 × 108 and 2.23 × 109 conidia kg−1 of wheat individually as well as mixed with 200 and 400 ppm of Diafil 610. The conditions for the trials were 30 ± 2oC with 55% r.h. and the counts for mortality were made after 8, 16 and 24 d. All the dead adults were removed after each count
and the vials were kept for the next 60 d to assess the emergence of the F1 generation. The findings from these studies proved that the extended exposure interval and the highest combined dose rate
of the entomopathogenic fungus and the diatomaceous earth gave the maximum mortality of the beetles. The emergence of the
progeny was also highly suppressed where the maximum dose rate of the synergized treatments was applied. The rate of mycosis
and sporulation in the cadavers of R. dominica was maximum where the low dose rates of B. bassiana were applied. 相似文献
3.
R. S. C. Christiano M. Dalla Pria W. C. Jesus Junior L. Amorim A. Bergamin Filho 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(1):1-7
The combined effect of temperature (15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C and 42°C) and leaf wetness duration (0, 4, 8 12, 16,
20 and 24 h) on infection and development of Asiatic citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) on Tahiti lime plant was examined in growth chambers. No disease developed at 42°C and zero hours of leaf wetness. Periods
of leaf wetness as short as 4 h were sufficient for citrus canker infection. However, a longer leaf duration wetness (24 h)
did not result in much increase in the incidence of citrus canker, but led to twice the number of lesions and four times the
disease severity. Temperature was the greatest factor influencing disease development. At optimum temperatures (25–35°C),
there was 100% disease incidence. Maximum disease development was observed at 30–35°C, with up to a 12-fold increase in lesion
density, a 10-fold increase in lesion size and a 60-fold increase in disease severity. 相似文献
4.
We developed a simple method for long-term preservation of the soybean red crown rot fungus, Calonectria ilicicola, using barley grains. Autoclaved barley grains were inoculated with the fungus, then incubated at 25°C for 1 month. After
incubation, grains were dried to approximately 3% moisture content, and stored at 4, −20, or −80°C for 3 years. C. ilicicola preserved on barley grains at −80°C remained viable without any change in mycelial growth and virulence. These results showed
that C. ilicicola can be successfully cryopreserved for extended periods on barley grains at −80°C. We also confirmed that cultures preserved
on barley grains are suitable for direct use without further manipulation as inocula in pathogenicity tests. 相似文献
5.
Rachid Lahlali Sébastien Massart Deborah De Clercq M. Najib Serrhini Piet Creemers M. Haïssam Jijakli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(1):37-45
The yeast Pichia anomala strain K was selected in Belgium from the apple surface for its antagonistic activity against post-harvest diseases of apples.
The efficacy of this strain against P. expansum was evaluated in the laboratory in three scenarios designed to mimic practical conditions, with different periods of incubation
between biological treatment, wounding of fruit surface, and pathogen inoculation. Higher protection levels and higher final
yeast densities were obtained when the applied initial concentration was 1 × 108 cfu ml−1 than when it was only 1 × 105 cfu ml−1. The protection level correlated positively with the yeast density determined in wounds and was influenced by apple surface
wetness. In orchard trials spanning two successive years, biological treatment against P. expansum, based on a powder of P. anomala strain K (1 × 107 cfu ml−1), β-1,3-glucans (YGT 2 g l−1), and CaCl2.2H20 (20 g l−1), was applied to apples pre- or post-harvest under practical conditions and its effect compared with standard chemical treatments.
The first year, the highest reduction (95.2%) against blue decay was obtained by means of four successive fungicide treatments
and the next-highest level (87.6%) with pre-harvest high-volume spraying of the three-component mixture 12 days before harvest.
The second year, the best results were obtained with post-harvest Sumico (carbendazim 25% and diethofencarb 25%) treatment
and post-harvest biological treatment, both by dipping the apples, 88.3 and 56.3% respectively. A density threshold of 1 × 104 cfu cm−2 of strain K on the apple surface seemed to be required just after harvest for high protective activity, whatever the method
and time of application. In the case of pre-harvest biological treatments, variations in meteorological conditions between
the 2 years may have considerably affected strain K population density and its efficacies. 相似文献
6.
The effects of some fungicides used against citrus diseases, on mycelial growth and conidial germination of Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fries [Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales] and also on the pathogenicity of the fungus on citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), were determined. Systemic fungicides such as tebuconazole, penconazole and nuarimol were the most effective as regards
both conidial germination and mycelial growth. Protective fungicides such as captan, chlorothalonil, mancozeb and propineb
inhibited conidial germination at between 1 and 5 μg ml−1 concentration, but captan, chlorothalonil and propineb did not inhibit the mycelial growth at 5,000 μg ml−1. Mancozeb inhibited mycelial growth between 2,500 and 5,000 μg ml−1. Sulphur and copper oxychloride did not inhibit the fungus even at very high concentrations. Sulphur, copper oxychloride,
fosetyl-al, chlorothalonil and carbendazim did not decrease the mortality percentage caused by I. farinosa. Tebuconazole, penconazole and mancozeb were the most effective and respectively reduced the mortality from 83% to 33%, 28%
and 30% in the ovisacs, from 81% to 29%, 27% and 29% in the 1st instar larvae, and from 84% to 34% in the adult females. 相似文献
7.
21种药用植物提取物对柑橘青霉病抑菌作用的筛选及白薇醇提物对脐橙青霉病的防治效果 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为开发研制新型植物源柑橘保鲜剂,以抑菌圈直径为指标,利用牛津杯法筛选出对柑橘采后意大利青霉有良好抑制作用的21种中草药的醇提物,并对白薇醇提物防治脐橙青霉病的效果进行了评价。结果表明:白薇、零陵香、鸦胆子、藏青果、白药子5种中草药乙醇提取物对意大利青霉均有较好的抑制效果,抑制圈直径达26 mm以上,其中白薇醇提物抑菌活性最佳,抑制圈直径可达38.39 mm,最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为3.13 mg/m L和6.25 mg/m L,且抑菌效果与对照药剂1 000倍咪鲜胺无显著差异。25 mg/m L白薇醇提物处理脐橙7 d后,对脐橙青霉病的防治效果达35.93%,与1 000倍咪鲜胺的防治效果相当(36.37%);白薇醇提物处理后可抑制意大利青霉菌菌丝生长,导致菌丝肿胀、膨大、畸形、细胞膜透性增加、细胞内含物外渗;还可诱导脐橙体内过氧化物酶活性下降,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶和几丁质酶活性上升。表明白薇醇提物对脐橙采后青霉病具有较好的防治效果,可进一步开发为植物源柑橘保鲜剂。 相似文献
8.
When the influence of host species, inoculum density, temperature, leaf wetness duration, and leaf position on the incidence
of gentian brown leaf spot caused by Mycochaetophora gentianae, was examined, the fungus severely infected all seven Gentiana triflora cultivars, but failed to infect two cultivars of G. scabra and an interspecific hybrid cultivar. Inoculum density correlated closely with disease incidence, and a minimum of 102 conidia/mL was enough to cause infection. In an analysis of variance, temperature and leaf wetness duration had a significant
effect upon disease incidence, which increased with higher temperature (15–25°C) and longer duration of leaf wetness (36–72 h).
No disease developed at temperatures lower than 10°C or when leaf wetness lasted <24 h. At 48-h leaf wetness, disease incidence
was 0, 28, 77, and 85% at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively. Middle and lower leaves on the plant were more susceptible than
upper leaves. In microscopic observations of inoculated leaves, >50% of conidia germinated at temperatures >15°C after 24-h
leaf wetness. More appressoria formed at higher temperatures (15–25°C) with extended duration of leaf wetness (24–72 h). At
48-h leaf wetness, appressorium formation was 0, 8, 26, and 73% at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively. These results suggest
that temperature and leaf wetness duration were important factors for infection of gentian leaves. 相似文献
9.
Z. K. Punja A. Wan M. Rahman R. S. Goswami T. Barasubiye K. A. Seifert C. A. Lévesque 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(2):173-184
Fusarium equiseti is prevalent in ginseng soil, straw mulch and in ginseng root tissues and is the cause of a root surface discolouration on
ginseng grown in British Columbia. Population levels of the fungus in ginseng fields ranged from 3.8 × 103 cfu g−1 soil to 1.4 × 104 cfu g−1 soil and were highest at 0–5 cm soil depths compared to 10–15 cm. Soil population levels were negatively correlated with
S content in soil and positively correlated with Zn levels. Barley or wheat straw added to soil significantly increased population
levels under laboratory conditions. Mycelial growth in culture was highest at 26–30°C and at pH 7.2–7.8. Samples of flowers
and berries, and harvested seed, contained DNA of F. equiseti detected using a Fusarium-specific DNA array and the fungus was isolated from these tissues on agar medium. A high degree of genetic variation in the
EF-1 alpha gene sequence was present among 52 isolates of F. equiseti which originated from ginseng fields. At least seven clades were identified. Inoculum dispersal from straw mulch used in
ginseng gardens can result in seed contamination by the fungus. In addition, fungal growth near the soil surface under warm
summer conditions can result in infection and crown discolouration of ginseng roots. 相似文献
10.
M. C. G. Gasparoto H. D. Coletta‐Filho R. B. Bassanezi S. A. Lopes S. A. Lourenço L. Amorim 《Plant pathology》2012,61(4):658-664
The objectives of this work were (i) to determine the influence of temperature on infection of citrus by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’, the two bacterial species associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB) in Brazil, and (ii) to determine the influence of temperature on citrus colonization by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, which has taken over from ‘Ca. L. americanus’ as the predominant species in Brazil since 2008. Two experiments were carried out with graft‐inoculated Valencia oranges on Rangpur lime rootstocks. Immediately after inoculation the plants were maintained for 423 days in growth chambers under the following night/day temperature conditions: 17/22, 22/27 or 27/32°C, with a dark/light photoperiod of 8/16 h. Infection and colonization of plants were determined using quantitative PCR (qPCR). ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ did not infect the plants maintained at 27/32°C; however, infection by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ occurred at all studied temperatures. Two months after inoculation, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was distributed throughout the inoculated plants, with mean Ct values in the range of 30–31 for leaves and 25–28 for roots. Over time, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ reached the highest titres in mature leaves (mean Ct value = 26·7) of citrus plants maintained at 22/27°C. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ colonization of citrus plants was negatively affected by the daily temperature regime of 27/32°C (mean Ct value in mature leaves = 33·6). 相似文献
11.
Kishor Bhandari Pankaj Sood Pawan K. Mehta Amit Choudhary Chandra S. Prabhakar 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(4):317-322
A granulosis virus strain infecting Pieris brassicae (PbGV) was isolated from the dry temperate region of northwestern Himalayas as a potential microbial agent for its management.
The effect of different botanicals (having insecticidal action against P. brassicae) on the bioefficacy of PbGV was evaluated under laboratory conditions using leaf disc bioassays on cabbage for improving
the insecticidal performance of the PbGV. The synergistic action of different botanical extracts was evident in terms of reduction
in LC50 values against different botanical extracts. Among different extracts, petroleum-ether extract of neem seed kernel (NSK)
when combined with PbGV resulted in maximum reduction of LC50 value (4.39 × 102 occlusion bodies [OBs] ml−1) followed by methanolic extract (7.38 × 102 OBs ml−1) and aqueous extract (9.36 × 103 OBs ml−1) as compared with PbGV alone (1.85 × 104 OBs ml−1) for 2nd instar larvae of the test insect. These trends were found analogous in cases of 3rd and 4th instars of P. brassicae with different solvent extracts of NSK. The other botanicals evaluated, viz., Eupatorium and Artemesia, also resulted in reduction of LC50 values for 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars as compared with PbGV alone when different extracts were combined with virus for bioassays.
The studies suggest that the PbGV in combination with botanical pesticides could be more useful as a bio-pesticide against
cabbage butterfly (P. brassicae) in IPM programs. 相似文献
12.
L. A. Alvarez D. Gramaje P. Abad-Campos J. García-Jiménez 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(4):621-635
Three citrus scions were evaluated to determine seasonal changes in susceptibility to infections by Phytophthora citrophthora and Phytophthora nicotianae. In a period of 24 months, the Clementine mandarin cv. Hernandina, the hybrid Fortune mandarin and the sweet orange cv. Lane-Late
were branch-inoculated under field and laboratory conditions. Field studies showed that the cultivars inoculated with P. citrophthora developed the highest lesion areas during March–June (spring) and September–October (autumn) and with P. nicotianae from June to August (summer). However, lesion areas on detached citrus branches did not show a definite pattern of infection
because lesion sizes fluctuated irregularly during the study. The lesion area caused by P. nicotianae in different citrus scions correlated significantly with the monthly mean maximum values of temperature, relative humidity,
and the percentage of the relative water content in the 24-month period of inoculations. In contrast, there was no correlation
between these variables and the extent of colonisation by P. citrophthora. Nevertheless, a significant relationship was observed between lesion areas caused by P. citrophthora from October to May of each year and the same variables that were significant in inoculations with P. nicotianae. Seasonal changes in the susceptibility of citrus cultivars to P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae may facilitate timing of disease control measures to coincide with periods when disease development is greatest. 相似文献
13.
Thomas Thomidis Themis J. Michailides Efstathia Exadaktylou 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(2):171-178
Shoot blights are common diseases of peach trees in Greece. This study is the first report of a shoot blight and canker disease
of peach in Greece caused by the fungus Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel. The pathogen caused distinct cankers with abundant gumming on shoots of peach trees. The rate
of development of P. glomerata in vitro was reduced as temperatures increased from 25°C to 30°C, decreased from 25°C to 15°C, and was totally inhibited
at 35 and 10°C. The rate of conidial germination and the germ tube elongation in vitro was reduced as temperatures increased
from 25°C to 35°C, decreased from 25°C to 10°C, and was totally inhibited at 2–4°C. Pathogenicity tests showed that 24 peach
and nectarine cultivars grown in Imathia Perfecture, Greece, were equally susceptible to P. glomerata. The fungicides thiophanate methyl, carbendazim, and tebuconazole were evaluated against the development of P. glomerata and disease symptoms. All fungicides inhibited the growth and conidial germination of P. glomereta and disease symptoms, and all 30 isolates tested were sensitive to the above fungicides. The disease caused by P. glomerata could be a threat to peach cultivation in Greece and its management should be investigated in the field. 相似文献
14.
海洋放线菌A3202的分离鉴定及其对柑橘采后病害的防效 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为获得用于防治柑橘采后病害的海洋放线菌,以柑橘青霉病菌Penicillium italicum、柑橘绿霉病菌P.digitatum和柑橘炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides为指示菌,对分离到的25株海洋放线菌进行筛选。通过平板对峙法测定拮抗菌株的抑菌谱,并测定其发酵产物粗提物对柑橘果实采后病害的防效,根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列对其进行鉴定。结果表明,分离自鳞笠藤壶Tetraclita squamosa的菌株A3202对3种指示菌均具有强抑菌活性,对供试13种植物病原菌的菌丝生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,尤其对柑橘青霉病菌和柑橘绿霉病菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌带宽度分别可达2.33±0.05 cm和2.32±0.10 cm。该菌株800 mg/L粗提物溶液对接种后7 d的柑橘青霉病、柑橘绿霉病和柑橘炭疽病的相对防效均可达100%。初步鉴定该菌株为放线菌中的米修链霉菌Streptomyces misionensis。 相似文献
15.
Contrasting canopy and fibrous root damage on Swingle citrumelo caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and Phytophthora nicotianae
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant pathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with the phloem‐limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), is devastating trees in citrus orchards of Florida. Additionally, Phytophthora nicotianae, omnipresent in citrus soils, causes root rot that reduces water and nutrient uptake by fibrous roots. To investigate fibrous root damage and replacement and canopy size in relation to infection of fibrous roots by Las and P. nicotianae, rootstock seedlings of Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) were inoculated with Las or P. nicotianae in two greenhouse pot trials. Phytophthora nicotianae caused root damage within 5 weeks post‐inoculation, which led to greater reduction of canopy size than for Las‐infected seedlings by the end of the experiment. Las increased accumulation of fibrous root biomass at 5 weeks post‐root trimming (wpt) in the 2014 trial and at 11 wpt in the 2015 trial. New root length was not consistently increased by Las. Reduced total leaf area of symptomless Las‐infected seedlings compared to noninoculated controls might be due to the combined effect of altered carbohydrate allocation between shoots and roots and altered leaf morphology. 相似文献
16.
David Ezra Tammy Kroitor Avraham Sadowsky 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(2):183-191
Mal secco disease of citrus caused by Phoma tracheiphila is a devastating disease in the Mediterranean basin. Susceptible citrus species include lemon, citron, lime and others. Trees
attacked by the fungus show characteristic symptoms; the smallest twigs die first, followed by the larger branches. Eventually,
the whole tree is killed. The symptoms are clear in the orchards but by the time they are visible the disease is already well
established. The need for a sensitive, reliable and rapid diagnostic method for the early identification of the fungus in
trees and fruit exists. We have developed a PCR-based method for the identification of P. tracheiphila from plant tissues including fruit. Any such method must take into account the genetic variability in the pathogen population.
Molecular methods were used to compare different isolates of P. tracheiphila. This study found no significant differences between different isolates from different citrus species from different parts
of Israel. 相似文献
17.
Khalid A. Hussein Mohamed A. A. Abdel-Rahman Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek Saad S. El-Maraghy Jin Ho Joo 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(2):117-126
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is occasionally found in beehives and is a major pest of stored wax. Entomopathogenic fungi have
recently received attention as possible biocontrol elements for certain insect pests. In this study, 90 isolates of Beauveria bassiana and 15 isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae were screened for proteases and lipases production. The results showed significant variations in the enzymatic action between
the isolates. In the bioassay, the selected isolates evinced high virulence against the 4th instar of the G. mellonella larvae. The isolates BbaAUMC3076, BbaAUMC3263 and ManAUMC3085 realized 100% mortality at concentrations of 5.5 × 106 conidia ml−1, 5.86 × 105 conidia ml−1, and 4.8 × 106 conidia ml−1, respectively. Strong enzymatic activities in vitro did not necessarily indicate high virulence against the tested insect pest. The cuticle of the infected larvae became dark
and black-spotted, indicating direct attack of fungus on the defense system of the insects. The LC50 values were 1.43 × 103, 1.04 × 105 and 5.06 × 104 for Bba3263AUMC, Bba3076AUMC and Man3085AUMC, respectively, and their slopes were determined by computerized probit analysis
program as 0.738 ± 0.008, 0.635 ± 0.007 and 1.120 ± 0.024, respectively. 相似文献
18.
Phyllosticta citricarpa (teleomorph Guignardia citricarpa) is the causal agent of citrus black spot, a disease causing lesions on fruits and leaves of different Citrus species in Asia, Australia, South Africa and South America. It is a quarantine organism in the European Union and the USA and hence a reliable differentiation between this species and other Phyllosticta species found on Citrus is essential. A differentiation based on morphology is often problematic, hence a range of molecular tests have been developed to distinguish P. citricarpa from other species present on citrus fruits, especially the endophyte Phyllosticta capitalensis (teleomorph Guignardia mangiferae). However, these tests cannot distinguish P. citricarpa from the closely related Phyllosticta citriasiana, the causal agent of tan spot disease. In this study, a real‐time PCR was designed which is specific for P. citricarpa and does not amplify P. citriasiana or P. capitalensis DNA. 相似文献
19.
Rosario Torres Carla Nunes José María García Maribel Abadias Inmaculada Viñas Teresa Manso Manuel Olmo Josep Usall 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(1):73-83
We determined the potential of using a formulated product based on Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2, either alone or in combination with heated sodium bicarbonate (SBC) solutions, to control the major postharvest diseases
affecting citrus crops in the Mediterranean region. Treatments applied either individually or in combination were tested in
semi-commercial and commercial trials carried out with oranges and mandarins from the Algarve, Andalusia and Catalonia. Firstly,
several formulations of the biocontrol agents were tested in laboratory trials; one of them, a freeze-dried formulation of
P. agglomerans strain CPA-2 called FD10-3, was chosen for combined with SBC. This formulation, applied at 2 × 108cfu ml−1 and the SBC treatment, applied at 3% 50°C for 20–40 s, demonstrated that it was possible to reduce decay development in laboratory
trials. Semi-commercial applications of FD10-3 and 3% SBC solution at 50°C for 40 s showed excellent control of decay in unwounded
mandarins and oranges artificially inoculated with both Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum. No rind injuries or residues attributable to hot water or SBC were observed on treated fruits. Combined treatment provided
better control than the two treatments applied separately. Commercial trials demonstrated an important reduction in natural
decay with the treatment of SBC 3% at 50°C for 40 s. Furthermore, bacterial-product formulation treatment significantly reduced
the percentage of infected fruit and in some cases this reduction was equal to chemical treatments. Even so, no improvement
in efficacy was observed with the combination of FD10-3 and SBC in the commercial test. We also assessed the ability of FD10-3
to grow at the wound site in oranges, whether alone or in the presence of SBC, and also its compatibility with standard citrus
packinghouse practices. 相似文献
20.
C. H. Bock James H. Graham Tim R. Gottwald Amanda Z. Cook Paul E. Parker 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(1):21-38
Citrus canker (caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) can cause severe damage to citrus. It is endemic in Florida, and occurs in other citrus growing regions. The bacterium is
dispersed predominantly in rain splash. To simulate dispersal in splash, and to investigate the effect of wind speed on infection,
young plants of Swingle citrumelo were exposed to sprayed inoculum at different wind speeds. Wind was generated using an axial
fan, and a pressurized sprayer delivered the inoculum spray. In the five experiments, higher wind speeds (>10 m s−1) consistently resulted in higher incidence and severity of citrus canker developing. By 15 ms−1, there was a dramatic increase in disease. Visible injury to leaves of Swingle citrumelo due to wind was evident at wind
speeds ≥ 13 m s−1. The relationship between wind speed and disease, and wind speed and injury was described by a logistic model. More disease
was associated with visible injury as the wind speed increased, and disease not associated with visible injury also increased
with wind speed. The petiole-leaflet junction was more often infected at higher wind speeds (≥17 m s−1). The concentration of the Xcc inoculum increased the incidence and severity of citrus canker in all experiments. Reducing wind speed in citrus groves with
the aid of wind breaks may contribute to a reduction in the severity of an epidemic by reducing dispersal and infection events. 相似文献