首次妊娠体高对中国荷斯坦牛生产性能的影响

本文旨在研究首次妊娠体高（SFP）对中国荷斯坦牛生产性能的影响。以38个规模奶牛场2013—2020年生产记录为依据，通过SAS9.1处理数据，应用Brody模型拟合体高生长曲线，结合首次妊娠日龄获得SFP。应用GLM过程对日产奶量影响因素进行方差分析，影响因素考虑产犊场年季、SFP、胎次、体细胞评分、SFP与胎次间互作、泌乳天数效应，应用wood模型对牛群泌乳曲线拟合。结果表明，小于129 cm，体高生长迅速，大于129 cm，体高生长放缓；产犊场年季、SFP、胎次、体细胞评分、SFP与胎次间互作、泌乳天数对日产奶量有影响（P<0.01）;1胎牛高峰奶产量、305 d产奶量低于经产牛，但泌乳持续力高于经产牛；1胎牛高峰奶产量、305 d产奶量随SFP的增加而增加，但SFP为129 cm与130～134 cm牛高峰奶产量、305d产奶量差异较小；经产牛SFP为129cm时，高峰奶产量、305d产奶量最高；SFP为129cm时，各胎次泌乳持续力最大。结果表明，中国荷斯坦牛最佳SFP为129 cm，即128.5～129.4 cm。研究结果为奶牛场经营管理提供了理论依据。     

产犊季节、胎次及牛场对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

本研究收集了3个千头以上奶牛场共8872条相关信息,采用多因素方差分析法分析了不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场对泌乳天数、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量、305d蛋白产量和全泌乳期产奶量5个泌乳性能指标的影响。结果表明,不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场都极显著影响奶牛的该5项泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。夏季和秋季产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较为理想。夏季产犊奶牛的泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量最高,其他三个泌乳性能指标都位居第二;秋季产犊奶牛的305d校正奶量、脂肪产量和蛋白产量都显著高于其他三个季节（P〈0．05）,泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量也仅次于夏季。头胎牛的各项泌乳性能都显著高于其他胎次的奶牛（P〈0．05）,其次为2胎产犊奶牛。随着胎次的增加,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。不同的牛场极显著地影响奶牛的泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。     

影响荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能的因素分析

为探索胎次、产犊年度和产犊季节对荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能的影响,本研究利用一般线性模型对江苏省某大型牧场于2009—2016年产犊且泌乳天数为240～400 d的14 837个完整泌乳期荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能数据进行分析,同时以泌乳期总产奶量和泌乳天数为自变量,利用线性模型对305 d校正产奶量进行拟合。结果表明:不同胎次、产犊年度、产犊季节对荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能有显著影响;经产奶牛305 d产奶量显著高于初产奶牛;春冬季产犊奶牛305 d产奶量显著高于夏秋季节;305 d产奶量与泌乳天数、脂肪产量、蛋白产量与泌乳期总产奶量极显著正相关,与平均乳脂率和平均乳蛋白率极显著负相关。根据泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量利用线性模型Y_(305)=P×1.045-D×0.262可以很好地预测荷斯坦牛305 d产奶量。     

产犊季节对北京地区荷斯坦奶牛Wood泌乳曲线参数的影响探究

本研究通过对北京地区1998-2016年28个场区的奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）数据进行分析,旨在比较不同产犊季节对1~3胎奶牛泌乳曲线相关参数的影响。使用Wood模型对1~3胎不同产犊季节群体和个体泌乳曲线进行拟合,并获得相应胎次下不同产犊季节奶牛泌乳曲线参数a、b、c （分别代表泌乳潜力、产奶量上升至顶峰速率、产奶量达到顶峰后下降速率）、泌乳曲线二级参数Per、PY （分别代表泌乳持续力、泌乳峰值）及305 d产奶量（305MY）。群体和个体水平的曲线拟合采用SAS 9.2中NLIN模块进行,采用混合线性模型分析不同产犊季节对各胎次奶牛泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果显示：产犊季节对Wood泌乳曲线的泌乳潜力、达到峰值的上升速率、达到峰值后的下降速率、泌乳峰值及305MY均有显著影响（P<0.05）,对于泌乳持续力没有显著影响（P>0.05）。夏季产犊牛泌乳曲线整体低于其他产犊季节,且胎次越高趋势越明显,1胎牛受到的影响较小;从胎次上分析,头胎牛泌乳持续力极显著高于经产牛（P<0.01）;头胎牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低274.33~490.17 kg,经产牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低440.76~930.68 kg。以上结果提示,北京地区牛场应注重做好经产牛和头胎牛的防暑降温工作,注意调整配种时间,避免夏季产犊牛过多,造成损失。     

产犊季节、胎次及牛场对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

[目的]研究产犊季节、胎次及不同牛场对奶牛泌乳性能的影响情况,以期为提高奶牛的泌乳性能及牛奶质量提供可靠的理论依据。[方法]收集3个千头以上奶牛场共8 872次相关信息,用多因素方差分析法分析产犊季节、胎次和牛场对泌乳天数、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量、305d蛋白产量和全泌乳期产奶量5个泌乳性能的影响进行分析。[结果]不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场都极显著影响奶牛的5项泌乳性能(P<0.01)。夏季和秋季产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较为理想。夏季产犊奶牛的泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量最高,其他三个泌乳性能都位居第二;秋季产犊奶牛的305d校正奶量、脂肪产量和蛋白产量都显著高于其他三个季节(P<0.05),泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量也仅次于夏季。头胎牛的各项泌乳性能都显著高于其他胎次的奶牛(P<0.05),其次为2胎产犊奶牛。随着胎次的增加,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。除了泌乳天数之外,A牛场的各项泌乳性能都最佳,且显著高于B、C两个奶牛场(P<0.05)。[结论]在饲养条件良好的情况下,本研究中三个牛场的奶牛适宜在夏、秋两个季节产犊,此时泌乳性能较好;此外,头胎产犊奶牛的泌乳性能在各胎次中最高。     

新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数的制定

为了制定新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数,收集了新疆褐牛17 962条月测定记录。采用5个数学模型(Wood不完全伽玛函数模型、Nelder逆多项式模型、多项式回归模型(六次)、Ali-Schaeffer模型和Wil mink模型)通过SAS(8.1)软件的非线性过程(NLIN)对泌乳曲线进行拟合。结果表明:5个模型的拟合度R2在0.834 0～0.921 4,确定逆多项式模型为新疆褐牛泌乳曲线最佳拟合模型,绘制了不同胎次的泌乳曲线,制定了一套不同胎次的泌乳天数产奶量校正系数。结果提示,新疆褐牛泌乳高峰日出现在20～50 d,第一胎泌乳高峰值最低,第三胎泌乳高峰日来得最早;随胎次的增加,母牛产奶量不断提高,在第五胎达到最高,以后逐渐下降,平均305 d产奶量为4 445.3kg。     

泌乳天数对头胎和经产荷斯坦牛生产性能的影响及相关性分析

本试验收集了内蒙古地区某牧场4 156头荷斯坦泌乳牛共20 441条生产性能测定记录,采用SPSS17.0软件对不同泌乳阶段头胎牛和经产牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数(分)、尿素氮含量进行了分析,结果表明,头胎牛和经产牛产奶量在泌乳周期内均先升高后降低,60~100d时均达到高峰,经产牛高峰奶高于头胎牛,持续力小于头胎牛。乳脂率均呈先降后增趋势,产奶高峰期(60~100d)降到最低;高峰期以前头胎牛大于经产牛,高峰期过后头胎牛小于经产牛。乳蛋白率在整个泌乳周期内均持续增加,且经产牛大于头胎牛。经产牛体细胞分在泌乳期内持续增加,头胎牛在泌乳早期(小于60d)和泌乳后期(大于400d)体细胞分较高,中期(泌乳100d左右)最低;泌乳早期头胎牛体细胞分高于经产牛,泌乳中后期经产牛高于头胎牛。头胎牛尿素氮含量在泌乳早期和后期较高,泌乳中期较低,经产牛泌乳早期和后期较低,泌乳中期(100~200d)最高;小于300d时经产牛高于头胎牛,超过300d时头胎牛高于经产牛。在整个泌乳周期内,头胎牛与经产牛产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率均有显著相关性(P0.05),体细胞分和尿素氮无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

产犊季节对北京地区荷斯坦奶牛Wood泌乳曲线参数的影响探究

本研究通过对北京地区1998—2016年28个场区的奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)数据进行分析,旨在比较不同产犊季节对1～3胎奶牛泌乳曲线相关参数的影响。使用Wood模型对1～3胎不同产犊季节群体和个体泌乳曲线进行拟合,并获得相应胎次下不同产犊季节奶牛泌乳曲线参数a、b、c(分别代表泌乳潜力、产奶量上升至顶峰速率、产奶量达到顶峰后下降速率)、泌乳曲线二级参数Per、PY(分别代表泌乳持续力、泌乳峰值)及305d产奶量(305MY)。群体和个体水平的曲线拟合采用SAS 9.2中NLIN模块进行,采用混合线性模型分析不同产犊季节对各胎次奶牛泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果显示:产犊季节对Wood泌乳曲线的泌乳潜力、达到峰值的上升速率、达到峰值后的下降速率、泌乳峰值及305MY均有显著影响(P0.05),对于泌乳持续力没有显著影响(P0.05)。夏季产犊牛泌乳曲线整体低于其他产犊季节,且胎次越高趋势越明显,1胎牛受到的影响较小;从胎次上分析,头胎牛泌乳持续力极显著高于经产牛(P0.01);头胎牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低274.33～490.17kg,经产牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低440.76～930.68kg。以上结果提示,北京地区牛场应注重做好经产牛和头胎牛的防暑降温工作,注意调整配种时间,避免夏季产犊牛过多,造成损失。     

娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的比较分析

荷斯坦牛和娟珊牛作为目前分布广泛的主要奶牛品种,其泌乳性能各有优势。为了比较二者泌乳性能的差异,收集了江苏某大型牧场2015年9月至2016年12月间共25489条DHI记录,用多因素方差法分析不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的差异。结果表明:娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性状之间存在极显著差异,娟珊牛乳脂率和蛋白率极显著高于荷斯坦牛,而荷斯坦牛产奶量相关性状(日产奶量、校正奶量、高峰奶量、305天奶量以及成年当量)极显著高于娟珊牛(P0.01)。不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能比较结果总体上也符合上述趋势,但头胎娟珊牛校正奶量极显著高于头胎荷斯坦牛(P0.01),三胎娟珊牛的高峰日极显著大于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。该结果表明娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性能各有优势。     

初配月龄对澳系荷斯坦牛头胎泌乳性能的影响

本试验采用海丰奶牛场有限公司2 480头澳系荷斯坦牛初配月龄及其第一胎泌乳性能数据,分析不同初配月龄对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305天校正奶量、305天脂肪产量和305天蛋白产量的影响。结果表明,22月龄初配奶牛305天校正奶量最高(8 934±1 667kg),其次为14月龄,24月龄305天校正奶量最低。14月龄初配奶牛全泌乳期产奶量最高(9 369±1 375kg),并且14~16、19~22月龄初配奶牛全泌乳期产奶量显著高于其他月龄奶牛(P<0.05)。22月龄初配奶牛305天脂肪产量和蛋白产量均达到最高。综上,该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛初配月龄为14月龄时最佳。     

Relationship between antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and shape of lactation curves

To analyze how infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) affects the shape of lactation curves, a three-level hierarchical test-day model was set up with fat-corrected test-day milk yield (FCTM) as response. Milk samples from 6955 cows in 108 Danish dairy herds were tested with ELISA to detect antibodies against MAP. Optical densities (ODs) recorded on a continuous scale were standardized according to parity and stage of lactation. In addition to standardized ODs (stOD), seven fixed covariates, quadratic terms and first-order interactions were included in the model. Cow and cow nested in herd were included as random effects. Cows of first, second and higher parities were analyzed separately. The lactation curves after peak yield were significantly less persistent in young infected cows, where an increase of one stOD unit was associated with a depression of the milk yield per day through day 305 of 3.7 kg FCTM in first parity and 2.7 kg FCTM in second parity. In second-parity cows, the lactation curve also was both depressed through the entire lactation and more steep after 60 days in milk (DIM). In third and older parities, a significant effect of the quadratic term of stOD indicated exponentially increased losses with increased ODs.     

Early lactation dairy cows: Development of equations to predict intake and milk performance at grazing

The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of parity and days in milk (DIM) on dry matter intake (DMI) and actual milk yield (MY_Act) of grazing spring calving dairy cows in early lactation (< 100 DIM) and to develop equations to predict DMI and milk yield for grass based systems of milk production. A dataset containing 335 observations from 134 Holstein Friesian dairy cows was assembled from two early lactation grazing studies. Observations were available for primiparous (n = 130) and multiparous (n = 205) cows during periods of DMI measurement using the n-alkane technique. Animal performance was divided into two classes of DIM: less than 50 DIM (< 50 DIM) or between 51 and 100 DIM (> 50 DIM). Parity and DIM had a significant effect on grass DMI (GDMI), total DMI (TDMI), MY_Act and milk composition. TDMI increased with parity and DIM and ranged from 13.4 kg/cow per day (primiparous animals, < 50 DIM) to 20.1 kg/cow per day (multiparous animals, > 50 DIM). Actual MY increased with parity and decreased with DIM (range: 24.1 kg/cow per day (primiparous animals, > 50 DIM) to 33.0 kg/cow per day (multiparous animals, < 50 DIM)). Multiparous cows had greater bodyweight (BW) and lower BCS than primiparous cows. In the early lactation period a number of variables had a significant effect on GDMI, TDMI and milk yield. These predictor variables included BW, BCS, potential milk yield (MY_Pot), DIM, daily herbage allowance (DHA; > 4 cm), concentrate level and parity. The equations accounted for 79%, 83% and 86% of the variation in GDMI, TDMI and milk yield, respectively. Actual milk yield was always below the MY_Pot of the cows, the mean difference was 5.8 kg/cow per day. As DHA and concentrate level increased, the difference between MY_Act and MY_Pot reduced. This study supports the concept that immediately post-calving offering a grass based diet with a medium level of concentrate supplementation is sufficient to support high milk production in grazing dairy cows.     

Advancing parity is associated with high milk production at the cost of body condition and increased periparturient disorders in dairy herds

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of parity on milk production, body condition change, periparturient health, and culling in Korean dairy herds. The data utilized included; milk yield, body condition score, cow parity, calving condition, periparturient disorders, culling, and reproductive status, which were recorded from 1290 calvings in eight dairy herds. The mean milk yield in cows over 305 days increased with increasing parity (p < 0.01). Cows with parities of 3, 4, and 5 or higher lost more body condition than those with a parity of 1 during month 1 of lactation (p < 0.01), and body condition recovery by cows with parities of 4 and 5 or higher was slower (p < 0.01) than recovery by cows with parities of 1, 2, or 3 until month 3 of lactation. The risk of retained placenta, metabolic disorder, and endometritis also increased with advancing parity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of ovarian cysts was lower in cows with a parity of one than in cows with greater parities (p < 0.01). Culling rate due to reproductive failure also increased with advancing parity (p < 0.01). These results suggest that parity increases milk yield, body condition loss during early lactation, the risk of periparturient disorders, and culling due to reproductive failure in dairy herds.     

Colostrum production by primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows and its usefulness as an estimator of full lactation milk yield

This study determined colostrum production of lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows, as well as the predictability of full lactation milk yield based upon this colostrum production. Holstein cows that calved between December 18, 2006 and December 24, 2007 (n = 134) had their first two post-partum milkings weighed and assayed for density. Cows then entered normal production groups and were assessed for milk yield and milk components every 4 or 5 weeks for the duration of their lactation. Primiparous cows produced less colostrum (10.6 versus 13.6 kg; P = 0.02) and density adjusted (DA) colostrum (5.2 versus 8.5 kg; P < 0.01), but there were no differences in estimated 305 day mature equivalent (305ME) milk production (mean = 13,654 kg) or lactation lengths (mean = 301 days) between parities. Colostrum and DA colostrum were poor estimators of subsequent 305ME milk production within primiparous cows (r² = 0.20 and 0.01 respectively) and multiparous cows (r² = 0.18 and 0.12 respectively). Colostrum production of these high producing cows was somewhat lower than expected, highly variable among cows within parity, higher for multiparous versus primiparous cows, and was not a good estimator of subsequent 305ME milk production.     

Genome-wide association for milk production and lactation curve parameters in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305-day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single-step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high-density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305-day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305-day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and −0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305-day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi- and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes.     

应用奶牛群体改良体系对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究应用奶牛群体改良（ｄａｉｒｙｈｅｒｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ,ＤＨＩ）体系对奶牛生产性能的影响。选用 １５０头不同年龄、胎次、泌乳阶段的健康泌乳奶牛,进行为期 ８月（２００９年 ６月-２０１０年 １月）的试验。第 １月为第 １期,不进行调整;第 ２～４月第 ２期,进行第 １次调整;第 ５～７月为第 ３期,进行第 ２次调整;第 ８月为第 ４期,为调整后的观察期。饲粮配方和饲养管理的调整结合试验期内内蒙自治区古巴盟地区气候条件及 ＤＨＩ报告中的数据信息。记录产奶量,通过 ＤＨＩ软件计算 ３０５ｄ产奶量、３０５ｄ成年当量,预测最高日产奶量及其出现时间,采集的奶样测定乳脂蛋比。结果表明：应用 ＤＨＩ体系能够显著提高 ３０５ｄ产奶量和 ３０５ｄ成年当量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,显著提高最高日产奶量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,并缩短其出现时间（Ｐ＜０．０５）,改善乳脂蛋比。结果提示,在内蒙古自治区古巴盟地区的气候条件下,应用 ＤＨＩ体系能够提高奶牛生产性能。     

Effect of administration of a controlled-release monensin capsule on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a controlled-release monensin capsule administered at cessation of lactation on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows. ANIMALS: 290 dairy cows treated with monensin and 290 untreated control cows. PROCEDURE: Treated cows received a capsule that released monensin at 335 mg/d for 95 days. Incidence of calving-related disorders; daily milk yield up to 20 days postpartum; test-day milk yield, fat, protein, and mature-equivalent 305-day milk production; and body condition score at calving were determined. Reproductive variables were conception rate at first service, pregnancy rate, and calving-to-conception interval. RESULTS: Cows treated with monensin were 2.1 times as likely to develop dystocia and 0.8 times as likely to develop metritis as control cows. For milk yield, there was an interaction of treatment X time X parity. In multiparous cows, monensin significantly improved milk yield at test days 4 and 7. In addition, monensin increased body condition score at calving. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite increasing the likelihood of developing dystocia and metritis, administration of monensin improved the lactational performance of multiparous cows and may be a promising additive for use at the time of cessation of lactation.     

Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.