基于分等因素组合和物元分析的耕地质量潜力研究

为了科学测算和评估耕地质量潜力,以河北省涿州市为研究区,以400 m×400 m规则网格为评价单元,基于涿州市2013年耕地质量等别数据,运用改进的因素组合法、层次分析法、物元分析模型等,分别计算耕地整治的自然质量潜力和利用质量潜力。研究结果表明:灌溉保证率和有机质含量是涿州市耕地自然质量的可改造限制因素,且灌溉保证率是主导限制因素;涿州市耕地基础设施水平整体偏低,应通过水利灌排、田间道路修建、增加防护林等工程改善利用条件。通过提升可改造限制因素和影响土地利用系数的指标值,涿州市耕地质量国家自然等、国家利用等可分别提升0.53等、0.73等。提出的研究方法为精细化评估区域耕地质量、制定县域土地整治规划提供了方法参考。     

基于分等因素的耕地质量提升潜力研究

耕地自身存在的限制因素是阻碍耕地质量提升的重要原因之一,耕地质量提升潜力测算是土地整治设计的基础,对耕地质量建设与管理意义重大。文章以陕西省榆林市为例,运用"自然等指数—主导因素"理论模型计算出耕地质量的限制性主导因素并测算其提等潜力,然后根据区域自然条件、经济条件和当前科技水平测算出理论目标等别和可实现目标等别。研究结果表明,榆林市耕地国家自然等可提升至12.5等,提升潜力约1.3等。     

土地整治项目对蒲城县YF镇耕地质量等别评定的影响

耕地质量等别是表征耕地质量好坏、粮食产能高低的一项重要定量描述指标,对耕地质量进行综合评定,有利于进一步摸清耕地质量和产能变化情况。土地整治项目工程措施、土壤培肥、灌溉保障等措施可显著提升耕地等别。笔者对蒲城县YF镇土地整治项目完成后的耕地等别评定进行研究,研究方法可为其他土地整治项目耕地质量评定工作提供参考。     

京津冀地区耕地质量等别空间差异分析

利用2013年耕地质量等别县级年度更新数据,采用面积加权平均法,计算各因素指标区的耕地平均等别;采用均值二分法,计算各指标区内各耕地地块等别与平均等别之间的离差;采用等别方差,计算各县(区)利用等的离散程度。研究结果表明:各因素指标区平均等别均低于8等,大部分地区耕地质量等别低于全国平均水平的9.8等,北京平均水平略高于天津与河北;自然等的离差值域为-3.08~4.90,利用等的离差值域为-5.97~5.16,经济等的离差值域为-5.99~4.24,该地区80%以上的耕地等离差范围在±2等;各区县的耕地利用等方差值域为0~6.13,平原地区各区县的利用等方差较大,山地丘陵区和高原地区的各县利用等方差较小。通过空间差异分析表明,平原地区自然条件稍好,但其利用水平和经济效益差异较大;西部山区、北部山区和坝上高原区的耕地质量提升潜力较大,但自然条件和基础设施较差。     

基于物元模型的高标准农田建设优先区划定方法

以河北省涿州市为研究区,从耕地的立地条件、基础设施、空间布局、生态保护4方面构建高标准农田建设条件评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对各指标赋值,综合计算评价高标准农田建设条件,并采用物元模型对各评价条件进行综合关联度计算,结合限制因素组合法,对各限制因素进行等级划分和个数组合,通过建设条件和限制因素两方面划分高标准农田建设优先区。研究结果表明:涿州市高标准农田建设条件整体较好,其中优先划入区、适宜调入区、重点整治区、后备调控区面积比例分别为17.58%、48.60%、32.70%、1.12%,且优先划入区主要分布在码头镇、刁窝乡、豆庄乡北部以及松林店镇,适宜调入区主要分布在百尺竿镇东部、东城坊镇、义和庄乡西部、刁窝乡以及涿州市南部大部分地区,重点整治区分布在百尺竿镇、东城坊镇以及义和庄乡东部地区,呈现明显的聚集状态,后备调控区分布较少,零散分布于研究区内。研究结果可为高标准农田建设优先区合理划定提供借鉴参考。     

GIS技术在永久性基本农田划定中的应用研究

划定永久性基本农田必须综合考虑耕地地力、水利设施水平和交通环境等多方面的因素。为此,以梅江镇为例,选取坡度、连片性、耕地利用指数和灌溉保证率等指标,利用Arcgis9.3软件的数据分析功能,获取各个指标的评价值;最后,通过TOPSIS法对梅江镇耕地的综合质量进行排序,并考虑该镇的粮食需求和实际情况,确定了永久性基本农田的保护目标,实现了永久性基本农田的空间定位。     

新疆生产建设兵团农3师45团农用地整治潜力

对农用地整治潜力进行了测算和分析,最终得出耕地整治潜力的分布情况和分级数据等,并提出了推进农用地整治的技术保障措施。      

基于生态适宜性评价的农用地限制因素及整治分区研究

开展农用地生态适宜性评价可厘清农用地生产和生态功能限制因素,有利于有针对性地分区开展整治并分类施策,进而提高区域农用地的可持续利用水平。以环渤海区域的黄骅市为例,构建“土壤资源—水资源”复合农田生态适宜性评价指标体系,运用单指标评价与分层次评价相结合的方法,识别农用地生态适宜性的限制因素及程度;综合评价结果,并按照改良技术措施一致性原则,划分农用地整治分区,对应提出改良措施。结果表明：研究区农用地化肥施用量、有机质含量、土壤含盐量生态适宜性较差,不适宜级分别达到87.47%、99.62%和25.34%;全域农用地地下水矿化度过高,东部地下水埋深浅,69.54%农用地灌溉保证率不足;此外,其他指标呈适宜状态;研究区农用地主要限制因素为：化肥施用量、有机质含量、土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度、地下水埋深及灌溉保证率;限制因素组合类型分为两类：“主导限制因素(重度)+次要限制因素(轻度)”的复合类型、仅有轻度限制因素的单一类型,二者占比分别为91.9%、8.1%;划分“土壤培肥区”“盐渍化土改良区”两类整治区,并有针对性地提出整治提升措施。为生态系统状况复杂的滨海区农用地改良和整治利用提供实践参考...     

土地综合整治项目实施效益评价——基于AHP-PCE模型

为研究土地综合整治工程实施前后项目区总体建设效益情况,明晰土地综合整治工程建设过程中存在的问题及可提升潜力指标,以法库县龙家村土地整治项目为例,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和景观效益4个方面选取14个评价指标,采用多层次模糊综合评价法测算各效益分值及综合分值,并划分评价等级。研究结果表明：项目区土地综合整治工程综合效益分值为82.10,综合评价等级为良好。经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和景观效益表现为“一优三良”。其中,社会效益分值为86.15,评价等级为优秀;经济效益、生态效益、景观效益分值分别为80.74、82.12和79.41,评价等级均为良好。经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和景观效益均有所提升,但经济效益和景观效益与项目预期建设目标存在差距,其中新增耕地指标、项目区总产值指标及景观丰富度指标有较大提升潜力。     

土地整治区田块空间形态变化遥感监测与评价

为了客观监测和评价土地整治项目建设成效,基于高空间分辨率遥感影像,以耕地图斑数据为约束,利用面向对象分类方法识别田块,并构建田块级和区域级田块空间形态评价指标体系,选取田块面积、规整度、紧致性和连片性等4个指标为田块层级评价指标,选取田块密度、平均田块面积、最大田块指数、景观形状指数和周长面积分维数等5个指标为区域层级评价指标,并分别对两个层级指标进行去量纲处理,构建综合指标。分别以广西丘陵区和海南平原区的土地整治区作为试验区,试验结果表明:广西研究区整治前田块层级耕地空间形态综合指标分布在50~70,整治后提升到70~90,海南研究区整治前在70~90,整治后提升到90~100;广西研究区整治前区域层级田块空间形态综合指标值为41,整治后提升到83;海南研究区整治前为63,整治后提升到92。表征经过土地整治,两个研究区的田块形态均得到了较大提升。研究提出的土地整治项目建设成效遥感监测和评价方法,可以为我国土地整治和高标准农田建设的监测和评价提供技术支撑。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。