粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达

 应用莫惠栋等新近提出的p+q+2pq交配设计及其分析方法,分析了粳型杂种9个品质性状的遗传表达,试验材料p=4, q=7。结果表明：(1)糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率6个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在F2米粒间(着生在F1植株上)没有发生遗传分离,而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度3个性状在F2米粒间有显著的遗传分离,因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。(2)除直链淀粉含量外,其余8个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度3个性状中,种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例,进一步证明了F2种子的这3个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。(3)正反交测验的结果表明,9个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应,但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的2.49%(糊化温度)～29.3%(精米率),多数性状集中在2%与5%之间,所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的,但在性状间存在差异。     

粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达

应用莫惠栋等新近提出的P十ｑ＋2Ｐｑ交配设计及其分析方法,分析了模型杂种９个品质性状的遗传表达,试验材料P＝４,ｑ＝７。结果表明：（１）糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率６个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在Ｆ２米粒间（着生在Ｆ１植株上）没有发生遗传分离,而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度３个性状在民米粒间有显著的遗传分离,因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。（２）除直链淀粉含量外,其余８个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度３个性状中,种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例,进一步证明了Ｆ２种子的这３个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。（３）正反交测验的结果表明,９个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应,但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的２．４９％（糊化温度）～２９．３％（精米率）,多数性状集中在２％与５％之间,所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的,但在性状间存在差异。     

小麦杂种面粉糊化特性及其与亲本的关系

为了探索小麦杂种面粉的淀粉品质及其与亲本的关系，研究了由31个不同生态类型的常用小麦品种（系）组配的45个小麦杂种（F1植株上的自交种子F2）面粉的RVA参数及其与双亲面粉RVA参数的关系。结果表明：（1）45个小麦杂种的7个RVA参数均存在广泛的遗传变异，其中以回复值的变异最大，最高的杂种达1801RVU，最低的仅为450RVU；变异最小的是峰值时间，最高的杂种为6.20min，最低为5.67min；（2）杂种所有RVA参数平均值均高于亲本的平均表现，但杂种的RVA参数的变异系数小于亲本的变异系数；（3）小麦杂种面粉RVA参数与双亲面粉RVA之间的关系因性状不同而异，其中在峰值粘度、低谷粘度和峰值时间三个性状上，杂种RVA参数与双亲RVA参数呈极显著或显著正相关，而其余4个参数则因组合的不同而异，相关关系未达达显著水平；（4）方差分析结果初步表明，小麦杂种F1代植株上的种子之间在RVA参数上存在显著的分离现象。     

小麦面粉白度配合力及其与主要品质性状的相关分析

为了研究面粉白度的遗传特性,选择8个在面粉白度、蛋白质含量、淀粉糊化特性、粉质特性等性状方面具有不同特点的小麦品种作亲本,按4×4不完全双列杂交配制组合,对16个杂种F1和8个亲本的面粉白度和粉质特性、淀粉糊化特性、沉淀值等品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,面粉白度的一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,广义遗传力大于90%,说明选育高白度小麦品种时应选择高白度品种(系)做亲本。面粉白度一般配合力相对效应值与亲本白度和峰值粘度呈显著正相关,与稀懈值、糊化温度呈极显著正相关。面粉白度与面粉含水率和吸水率呈显著负相关;与面团形成时间呈负相关,但未达到显著性水平;与面团稳定时间,软化度相关性极小;与沉淀值呈正相关,但不显著;面粉白度与蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数相关性极小,表明其对面粉面筋影响较小。     

粗厚山羊草细胞质对普通小麦耐盐性的遗传效应

以具有粗厚山羊草(Aegilops crassa 6x)细胞质的异源细胞质小麦为材料，采用加盐培养基进行幼穗愈伤组织诱导(生长)、盐溶液种子发芽、盐溶液幼苗培养和戍株模拟盐池生长等方法研究了粗厚山羊草细胞质对小麦耐盐性的遗传效应，旨在为小麦耐盐育种提供理论依据和种质资源材料。结果表明：粗厚山羊草细胞质对小麦的耐盐性具有明显的遗传效应，其效应值的性质、大小与核亲本品种的基因型有关，在特定的核质组合中粗厚山羊草细胞质可明显提高小麦的耐盐性。异质系Ae.crassa 6x-鉴26和Ae.crassa 6x-SMH1694在幼穗愈伤组织诱导、种子发芽阶段和三叶期的耐盐性比相应核亲本明显增强。返青期和成熟期的鉴定结果表明，一些经核基因型改良的粗厚山羊草细胞质小麦的耐盐性超过或接近抗盐对照品种科遗26。进一步研究粗厚山羊草细胞质提高小麦耐盐性的遗传机制，必将拓宽小麦耐盐育种途径。     

171份小麦种质面粉糊化特性及其与品质性状的相关性分析

为了解我国现有小麦种质的面粉糊化特性,以来源于不同区域的171个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,分析了小麦面粉糊化特性及其与品质性状的相关性。结果表明,品种对面粉糊化参数有极显著影响(P0.01);糊化参数基本呈正态分布,约有81.9%的小麦峰值黏度集中在2 250～3 000 cP,筛选出峰值黏度较高的6个小麦品种(系)。糊化参数在不同小麦类型区的材料间差异程度不同,其中长江中下游冬麦区的峰值黏度显著高于北方冬麦区,与西南冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区和国外引进材料差异不显著。相关分析表明,峰值黏度与其他所有糊化参数均呈极显著正相关;与面粉白度、L~*值、稳定时间和粉质质量指数呈显著或极显著正相关,与b~*和吸水率则呈极显著负相关。     

杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的配合力及杂种优势研究

以6个籼型三系杂交稻不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本为材料,对其淀粉RVA谱特征值进行了测定和分析。结果表明:淀粉RVA谱特征值在各组合间均存在极显著遗传差异,其加性效应和非加性效应对杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值均存在极显著的影响,并以加性效应为主;杂交稻亲本RVA谱特征值一般配合力(GCA)效应高的,其后代特殊配合力(SCA)效应不一定高;杂交稻母本RVA谱特征值GCA方差在总的基因型方差中所占比重远远大于父本和组合SCA方差,表明杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值主要受不育系的影响;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的竞争优势与母本的GCA极显著正相关,且决定系数较高,表明杂交稻母本的一般配合力高,其所配杂交稻组合的竞争优势也强;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的峰值黏度存在明显的超高亲优势;糊化开始温度存在超低亲优势;其他性状存在中亲优势。     

小麦重要品质性状的遗传分析和面条专用型小麦的筛选

分析了 32个小麦品种 (或稳定品系 )的蛋白质和湿面筋含量、面粉 RVA粘度特性及其相互关系 ,结果表明 :(1)蛋白质和湿面筋含量以及 7个 RVA粘度性状在不同品种 (品系 )间存在着广泛的遗传变异 ,并且都具有较高的广义遗传力 ;(2 )蛋白质和湿面筋含量与到达高峰粘度的时间呈显著正相关 ,与其它 RVA粘度指标相关系数的高低因性状而异 ,未达显著水平 ;(3)依据蛋白质和湿面筋含量聚类的结果与依据 7个 RVA参数聚类的结果有较大差异。依据 RVA粘度性状聚类的结果表明 ,生态类型相似的品种 (品系 )有聚集在一起的趋势 ,而以蛋白质和湿面筋含量聚类时没有类似的现象存在。本研究按照两种聚类结果对蛋白质、湿面筋含量和 RVA粘度参数综合考虑 ,筛选出 10个优质面条加工潜力较大的品种 (品系 ) ,并对优质面条小麦的评价体系做了讨论。     

花生种子脂肪含量的直接和母体遗传效应分析

种子脂肪含量是花生的重要经济性状。本研究旨在通过分析花生脂肪含量遗传的直接效应和母体效应，为高脂肪含量新品种选育、分子标记开发及基因组选择策略的确定提供依据。选用不同脂肪含量的中间型花生品种豫花9326及潍花6号，龙生型农家品种永城小麻壳，珍珠豆型品种湛油62及泉花6号，配置完全双列杂交组合，索氏残渣法分析5个亲本、20个杂交组合的F1和F2等3个世代种子的脂肪含量，利用广义遗传模型分析脂肪含量遗传的种子胚基因直接效应、母体效应及其遗传力。研究结果表明，双亲之一具有较高脂肪含量，另一亲本具有中等以上脂肪含量，则F1的脂肪含量较高；双亲脂肪含量中等，或者亲本之一脂肪含量较低，则后代脂肪含量较低。种子直接加性效应方差最大，其次为母体加性效应，母体显性效应的方差较小，种子脂肪含量无细胞质效应。种子直接效应的遗传力大于母体效应。高脂肪含量亲本的直接加性效应正值较大，低脂肪含量亲本的直接加性效应的负值较大，中间脂肪含量亲本的直接加性效应数值基本居中，方向有正有负。本研究表明脂肪含量的遗传主要受种子自身基因型的加性效应控制，其次是母体加性效应，无细胞质效应。高脂肪含量花生品种豫花9326和永城小麻壳是优良的高脂肪含量供体亲本。挖掘种子脂肪含量关键调控基因应该兼顾荚果皮中表达基因对种子脂肪含量的调控作用。杂交后代选择及分子标记开发应注重基因的累加效应和优良单倍型的选择。     

硬粒小麦缺失4A蜡质蛋白对直链淀粉含量及淀粉品质特性的影响

为了明确硬粒小麦缺失不同Wx蛋白对直链淀粉含量的效应和Wx-B1 缺失型(缺失4A蜡质蛋白)的淀粉特性,利用SDS-PAGE电泳分析技术对1个硬粒小麦F2分离群体(来源于以硬粒小麦品系B413Wx-B1缺失型为母本、PI435045Wx-A1缺失型为父本的杂交组合)的102个单籽粒进行了Wx蛋白的筛选,并测定了其中72个单籽粒(其中Wx-B1 缺失型21粒,Wx-A1 缺失型10粒,正常型41粒)的直链淀粉含量;同时测定了11个Wx-B1 缺失型和7个正常型硬粒小麦品系面粉的直链淀粉含量、膨胀势和RVA黏度.结果表明,硬粒小麦2对Wx基因的分离符合9∶3∶3∶1的分离模式,Wx-B1 缺失型籽粒的直链淀粉含量比正常型低4.78%.Wx-B1 缺失型的面粉直链淀粉含量比正常型低5.76%,RVA高峰黏度和膨胀势比正常型分别高116.02 RVU和3.69 g/g.相关分析表明,直链淀粉含量与RVA高峰黏度和膨胀势均呈极显著负相关.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.