The hatching of gypsy moth eggs,a phenological model

The skewed course of hatching of gypsy moth eggs is represented by a mathematical model embodying the conception that the eggs begin at location 0 in development space and progress at a rate that is the reciprocal of the time when the first eggs hatch because they reach location 1 in space. During their progress, a daily fraction is delayed for a period and then progresses again from the location in space from which it was delayed. Theoretically, the course of hatching is represented by a Poisson function, with the usual mean replaced by the product of the daily fraction delayed and the time of first hatch. A time referred to the time of first hatch and adjusted for the period of delay replaces the usual number whose frequency is calculated. Skewness significantly exceeded the expected 0 of the Normal curve in 79% of 91 experiments at steady temperature, whereas it exceeded the expected skewness of the Poisson in only 35%. The times of first hatch and of delay and the daily fraction delayed changed in an orderly fashion from 12 to 33°C. In 43 experiments with changing temperature in the laboratory, the course of hatching was predicted by numerical integration of the parameters observed at steady temperature. The standard deviation of the difference between observation and prediction was $\text{2}\text{3}$ day for the time of first hatch and the mean time of individual hatches; it was $\text{1}\text{2}\text{3}$ days-squared for the variance and $\text{1}\text{2}$ unit for the skewness. In six outdoor experiments from spring to autumn, the entire courses of hatching were predicted reasonably well, and the means were predicted more consistently than by a method of degree-days.     

Change in the acid-base status of an appalachian mountain catchment following forest defoliation by the gypsy moth

Infestation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) can alter biogeochemical conditions in affected catchments. Stream-water concentration data obtained over the period of 1980–1993 for White Oak Run, a stream in Shenandoah National Park, Va., indicate that change in catchment acid-base status is associated with forest defoliation by the moth larva. Stream-water concentration changes following defoliation included increasing concentrations of strong-acid anions, base-cations, and hydrogen ion, as well as decreasing concentrations of acid-neutralization capacity (ANC) and sulfate. The largest change was in the concentration of nitrate; annual discharge-weighted mean concentrations increased from predefoliation levels consistently less than 5 μeq L^?1 to postdefoliation levels greater than 50 μeq L^?1. An intensification of acidification was indicated by record-high hydrogen ion concentrations and record-low ANC concentrations. The long-term biogeochemical implications of the infestation are uncertain due to the nonlinearity of the observed responses and unknown patterns of recovery and recurrence.     

苹果汁冷冻浓缩工艺的研究

应用渐进冷冻浓缩原理对苹果汁冷冻浓缩特性进行研究,试验证明渐进浓缩苹果汁浓缩效果良好。影响冷冻浓缩的主要因素是搅拌速度。搅拌速度1200 r/min时浓缩效果最佳,溶质损失最少。冷冻浓缩对苹果汁中酸度和维生素C含量无影响,是提高浓缩品质量的较佳方法。浓缩产品感官质量均匀一致,保持了果汁的原有风味。     

橙汁冷冻浓缩动力学模型的研究

为了降低果汁在冷冻浓缩过程中由于冰晶夹带造成的的损失并提高浓缩速度,需要获得冷冻浓缩过程中冰晶的增长规律。以橙汁为原料,采用二级冷冻浓缩方法,利用冰与水溶液之间的固液相平衡的原理,将水分从液态转变为固态的冰,使橙汁的浓度从13°Bx浓缩到34°Bx。该试验中,测定了橙汁的浓度及其对应的冻结点温度的关系,结果表明:在试验范围内,冻结点与浓度呈线性关系并随浓度的升高而降低。该文还研究了在冰晶中所夹带的可溶性固形物与橙汁浓度的关系,所获得分配系数K表明,冰晶中所夹带的可溶性固形物随浓度的提高而增加。根据Fick扩散方程式建立了冰晶增长动力学模型,模型显示冰晶增长速率与冰晶质量成正比,同时也受到最大冰晶量的抑制,采用Powell法,对试验数据回归模型参数、采用龙格—库塔法进行数值积分求得模型解,计算结果与试验结果吻合,该模型有助于为建立冰晶增长的质量、热量传递之间的平衡提供一定的理论依据和试验参考,加深对橙汁冷冻浓缩过程的认识。     

Oxidative stability of silky fowl eggs. Comparison with hen eggs

Oxidative stability of original silky fowl's eggs was investigated. The silky fowl's whole eggs indicated significant oxidative stability compared to hen's eggs in storage for 14 days. The hen eggs showed an increased amount of hydroperoxides on 6 days of storage at room temperature. In contrast, the silky fowl eggs showed restricted generation of hydroperoxides until 8 days and then a gradual increase. Though pigment extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1) solvent from hen's whole egg turned brown for 14 days, the pigment extracted from silky fowl's whole egg slowly turned brown. Unsaturated fatty acids in silky fowl eggs were 62.5% among total fatty acids, while the unsaturated fatty acids of hen's eggs were 53.9%. It is speculated that the silky fowl eggs show oxidative stability owing to the higher ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in the silky fowl eggs compared with that of hen eggs.     

超声波平板冷冻提高胡萝卜冻干速率

为了探究接触式超声波辅助平板冷冻法对固体果蔬冻干过程的影响,该文研究了接触式超声波辅助胡萝卜的平板冷冻过程。首先,利用低温显微镜证实了接触式超声波能够有效促进平板冷冻固体果蔬样品成核,并且冰晶的形态与成核温度呈显著相关性(相关系数0.99),即成核温度越高,冰晶尺寸越大。其次,研究了超声波作用参数(功率,作用时间)对胡萝卜冰晶尺寸以及冻干速率的影响。结果表明,在胡萝卜样品厚度为5 mm,样品冷冻温度为?1℃时施加178.7W功率的超声波10 s能显著提高(P0.05)样品的成核温度,使冻干胡萝卜的孔隙当量直径从无超声波辅助条件下对照组样品的(66.29±3.58)μm提高到了(80.81±3.03)μm,同时干燥至实际含水率为10%时,升华干燥速率提升了29.1%。该研究为接触式超声波辅助平板冷冻用于果蔬样品的冻干过程提供了有益参考。     

Volatile emissions of navel oranges as predictors of freeze damage

Volatile emissions of navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Washington) fruit were evaluated as a means for predicting and gauging freeze damage. The fruits were subjected to -5 or -7 degrees C treatments in a laboratory freezer for various time periods of 2-9.5 h and stored at 23 degrees C for 1, 2, or 7 days, after which time the emission of volatiles from the fruit was measured. Following the final day of volatile measurements the fruits were stored at 5 degrees C for an additional 2-3 weeks and then evaluated for fruit quality characteristics. Peel injury in the form of brown lesions, drying of the juice vesicles, a decline in acidity, and a loss of flavor were observed to occur as a result of freezing. Corresponding to the loss in fruit quality were large increases in the emissions of ethanol, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. With the exception of methyl hexanoate, for which volatile emissions decreased during storage for 7 days at 23 degrees C, all of the other volatiles were relatively unchanged in amount by storage. Treatment at -7 degrees C caused greater injury, quality loss, and more volatile emanation than did freezing at -5 degrees C. The measurement of volatile emissions appears to be a useful approach to identify freeze-damaged navel oranges.     

微波真空冷冻干燥时怀山药的微CT孔道分布

局部温度过高的问题限制了微波真空冷冻干燥（microwave freeze drying,MFD）技术在果蔬干燥中的广泛应用。发展传热传质理论是解决MFD局部温度过高问题的根本途径。数值模拟是研究传热传质机理的重要方法,并有望解决MFD中局部温度过高的问题。利用详细的孔径和孔隙分布建立结构模型对数值模拟至关重要。该研究以怀山药为样品,利用微CT（X-ray micro-computed tomography）技术分析不同干燥仓压力（100、200、300 Pa）和微波加载量（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 W/g）时孔隙和孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,干燥仓内的低压环境更倾向于形成小孔隙,干燥仓内压力的变化对外层的孔隙大小和分布无明显影响,但对内层的孔隙大小和分布有明显影响。微波加载量对内、外层的孔隙大小和分布均有显著影响。研究结果将为解决MFD中局部温度过高问题的数值计算研究提供试验支持。     

咸蛋盐水腌制动力学研究

以鲜鸡蛋为原料,采用盐水腌制法,研究腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟度的影响。试验结果表明：随着腌制温度、时间的延长和盐水浓度的增加,含盐量及蛋黄指数迅速升高,蛋清的含盐量明显高于蛋黄,且含盐量由内到外呈梯度分布,蛋黄外层含盐量明显高于中心点。建立的腌制条件对蛋品含盐量及蛋黄指数的拟合方程,能较好地描述腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟的影响。     

Response of denitrifying communities to successive soil freeze–thaw cycles

The effect of soil freeze–thaw cycles on the denitrification potential was examined based on the C₂H₂ inhibition method. The gross N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation with C₂H₂) showed minor changes between the freeze–thaw treatment and the unfrozen control. However, kinetics analysis revealed that the initial production rate, an indicator of the population density of denitrifying communities, decreased (P = 0.043) and the specific growth rate constant, an indicator of the activity of denitrifying communities, increased (P = 0.039) as a result of the freeze–thaw cycles in five of six soil samples examined. The increase in the specific growth rate constant suggested the stimulation of the activity of denitrifying communities that survived after the freeze–thaw cycles and may explain the minor suppression on the gross N₂O production in spite of decreasing the population density of denitrifying communities that was suggested by the initial production rate. The net N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation without C₂H₂) showed a remarkable change in one out of six soil samples, and in that one soil sample, N₂O release to the atmosphere was largely stimulated (7.6 times) by the freeze–thaw cycles. However, the stimulation of the N₂O release by the freeze–thaw cycles was even observed in two other selected soil samples (4.6 and 1.8 times), suggesting that an imbalance in the N₂O-producing and N₂O-reducing activities of denitrifying communities might complementally explain the N₂O release stimulated by the freeze–thaw cycles.     

双孢菇微波冷冻干燥特性及干燥品质

为获得干燥时间短、产品质量高的蘑菇制品,采用微波冷冻干燥技术对双孢菇进行干燥处理,研究其在不同微波比功率(0.25,0.5,0.75 W/g)和系统压强(50,100,150 Pa)下的干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比、收缩率、白度、维生素C保存率、能耗及基于模糊数学推理法下感官评定的变化规律;通过非线性拟合建立了适用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的数学模型;基于干燥能耗、干燥时间及部分品质指标对不同条件下双孢菇微波冷冻干燥过程进行加权综合评价。结果表明:微波比功率对干燥速率及干制品物理品质指标影响比对其他指标的影响更显著(P0.05);系统压强对干制品营养含量指标、干燥能耗以及感官评定的影响比对干燥特性的影响显著(P0.05);采用Henderson and Pabis模型能够准确(R20.9)描述干燥过程中水分变化规律;双孢菇有效水分扩散系数在10-10 m2/s数量级且受微波比功率影响更明显(P0.05);微波比功率和系统压强过高会造成双孢菇干制产品不被消费者接受;当微波比功率和系统压强分别为0.25 W/g和100 Pa时双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的综合评分值最高为0.67847,该条件较适合应用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥中。研究探索了不同微波冷冻干燥条件下双孢菇干燥及品质特性的变化规律,为双孢菇微波冷冻干燥较优工艺参数组合的选择提供了理论依据。     

真空冷却预处理在微波冻干胡萝卜片中的应用

为了探讨真空冷却预处理在微波冻干工艺中应用的可行性,该文以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,以胡萝卜为试验原料,开展真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及3组不同工艺方法包括真空冷却后无冷库冻结、真空冷却后再冷库冻结、无真空冷却处理对微波冻干的影响研究。真空冷却工艺试验中,在真空泵和冷阱制冷机组满负荷运转的工况下,预处理22 min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5%,在预处理60 min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20%。3组冻干试验中,与无真空冷却处理组相比,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间缩短了2 h,总耗电分别节省了17.3%、19.9%;3组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在含水率、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的胡萝卜片维生素C保存率均超过80%,而无真空冷却处理组维生素Ｃ保存率为68%。结果表明,在胡萝卜片微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高维生素Ｃ保存率。     

高压脉冲杀菌集成冷冻浓缩加工果汁的工艺

为了最大限度的保留果汁原有的生鲜风味和营养,采用高压脉冲电场杀菌和冷冻浓缩这两种非热加工的集成技术,应用在果汁浓缩加工中,其中高压脉冲电场技术可以有效地抑制微生物生长,而冷冻浓缩可以有效地钝化酶活力。将该系统非热力加工工艺应用于浓缩橙汁,经感官评定分析,结果表明,产品品质明显优于巴氏杀菌橙汁。     

高压脉冲电场结合冷冻浓缩生产浓缩绿茶汤工艺优化

为解决茶饮料生产过程中因热力加工导致茶叶香气物质损失的关键难点问题,寻找一种保留香气成分的低温加工新技术,采用高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)和冷冻浓缩分别对茶汤进行提取和浓缩,得到最佳工艺参数,并用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)与固相微萃取(solid-phase micro-extraction,SPME)相结合的方法测定高压电场提取的茶汤与热水浸提的茶汤以及冷冻浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤与真空蒸发浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤在香气成分方面的差异。试验结果表明:脉宽2.5μS时,PEF技术生产绿茶汤的适宜条件为料液比1:30、电场强度35 kV/cm、脉冲个数8个、脉冲频率2 700 Hz;以4℃的溶液初温、150 r/min的刮刀转速、冷媒温度为-15~-18℃条件浓缩效果最佳;香气成分分析表明PEF集成冷冻浓缩比真空蒸发浓缩更能保留茶汤的香气成分。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场及冷冻浓缩的应用提供技术依据。     

基于多时相环境减灾卫星数据的冬小麦冻害评估

评估冬小麦冻害影响范围和受灾程度对于灾后及时采取田间管理补救措施、恢复农业生产具有重要意义。基于国产多时相环境减灾卫星1号遥感数据(HJ-1),以河北省中南部冬小麦冻害为例,通过分析植被指数对冻害的敏感性,选择了增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)作为评估冬小麦冻害的最优植被指数。开发了一种基于多时相遥感数据的冬小麦冻害评估方法,以冻害指数作为冬小麦冻害程度的评估指标,利用地面实测样本数据对评估结果进行了验证。结果表明,受灾前后冬小麦EVI的变化与冻害程度呈显著线性相关,该方法能够有效评估冬小麦冻害影响范围和受灾程度。     

热板-微波联合真空冷冻干燥茭白工艺优化

为降低新鲜茭白冻干作业能耗,提高冻干成品的品质,以总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差值为考察指标,开展了热板冻干、微波冻干、热板-微波联合冻干试验研究。研究表明:35℃热板冻干后茭白品质好,但能耗高;60℃热板冻干能耗低,但水分升华过快对茭白微观结构造成较大破坏,降低了茭白品质;采用35℃热板冻干8 h后,再采用60℃热板冻干或3 k W微波冻干可有效降低冻干能耗,同时冻干后茭白品质良好。在此基础上,采用均匀设计法,开展热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数优化试验研究,通过逐步回归分析,得出了冻干总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的三元二次回归方程,并通过四维切面等位线图分析了上述4个考察指标受3个试验因素取值变化的影响机理。最后,采用综合加权评分和逐步回归分析得出综合指标关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的回归方程,进一步确定加热板温度为30℃、脱水转换点为72%、微波功率为3 k W为最优的热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数,此时综合加权评价指标值76.07,总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差分别为90.6 k W·h、51.86%、10.59、4.32。该研究为制定产品优良、高效节能的冻干工艺提供参考。     

Recovery of Salmonella from shell eggs.

A preenrichment procedure and a direct selective enrichment procedure were compared for recovery of Salmonella artificially inoculated into liquid whole egg, egg yolk, and egg albumen. For liquid whole egg and egg yolk, the 2 procedures were comparable. With egg albumen, however, preenrichment in lactose broth gave significantly higher recoveries than did direct selective enrichment in either selenite cystine or tetrathlonate broths. The lactose preenrichment procedure was used to determine the survival of S. enteritidis in egg yolk and egg albumen over a period of 7 days. As shown by most probably number determinations, counts of S. enteritidis inoculated into egg albumen decreased by 3 log units, whereas those in egg yolk did not change significantly. It is recommended, therefore, that only the egg yolk be examined for this pathogen. In a comparison of 5 different preenrichment media (lactose broth, brain heart infusion broth, trypticase soy broth, buffered peptone water, and nutrient broth), lactose broth was somewhat less productive than the other 4 media for the recovery of Salmonella from egg yolks. Trypticase soy broth gave the highest recovery.