春季寒潮对早稻盘育抛秧的危害特点及其预防对策

盘育抛秧常遭春季寒潮危害.大田调查和试验结果表明,其受害程度因品种、植秧方式、管水方法、秧苗素质、抛植期的不同而不同,选用抗寒能力强的品种,采用壮秧剂培育壮秧,选择适宜的播种和抛秧期以及加强苗床和大田的管理,可有效地预防或减轻寒潮危害.     

强寒潮对早稻秧苗影响的调查分析

寒潮是一种严重的灾害性天气过程，早稻育秧期间遇到春季寒潮，常造成烂秧死苗。2006年4月12～14日，宁乡县遭遇气温剧降并伴有大风的强寒潮，造成早稻秧苗普遍青枯、发黄，甚至死苗，其危害程度与秧田管理水平、品种特性、育秧方式、秧苗素质、秧龄等有关。在选用抗寒品种、选择适宜育秧方式及播种期，采用壮秧营养剂培育壮秧的基础上，加强秧田和大田的管理，能有效地防御和减轻强寒潮危害。     

水稻壮秧营养剂增产机理研究

水稻旱育抛秧技术由于省工、高产而具有较大的推广价值，然而，旱育抛秧培育壮秧技术难掌握。针对湖南土壤、气候特点而研制的壮秧营养剂，简化了旱育秧操作，在生产上推广应用增产效果明显。为阐明壮秧营养剂对秧苗的壮秧效果和大田增产机理，2000年早季在大田条件下比较研究了壮秧营养剂对秧苗素质及生理特性的影响以及对抛栽大田后的生长发育特性和产量形成的影响。结果表明，壮秧营养剂具有明显的抑菌效果，能显著提高秧苗素质；抛栽大田后缓苗期短，穗分化提前，能提高分蘖成穗率和穗粒数，进而增加产量，实际产量平均增加5．39％。     

水稻抛秧栽培倒伏的原因与对策

倒伏是影响抛秧稻高产的重要原因，引起抛秧稻倒伏的原因包括特性，秧苗素质，抛栽质量，肥水管理，病虫危害和风雨侵袭等几个方面，防止倒伏应从推广抗倒性强的良种，培育壮秧，提高抛秧质量和加强田间管理等方面入手。     

晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧苗期喷施多效唑对秧苗及产量的影响

多效唑是一种高效植物生长调节剂 ,广泛应用于杂交中、晚稻水育秧 ,其主要作用是有效控制秧苗高度 ,促进根系生长和提高低节位分蘖 ,增加叶绿素含量，达到培育壮秧、增产的目的。但多效唑在晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧中试验和应用 ,则处于起步阶段 ,目前试验研究报道尚少。湖北省监利县双季晚稻育秧期间高温、多雨 ,秧苗生长快、易徒长 ,尤其是塑盘旱育抛秧播种密度增大 ,秧苗更易徒长成高脚弱苗 ,不利于抛栽和立苗。因此 ,晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧在培育壮秧上控苗是关键。我们就晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧施用多效唑的控促效果及其对秧苗素质和产量的影响做了试验 ,…     

晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧苗期喷施

多效唑是一种高效植物生长调节剂,广泛应用于杂交中、晚稻水育秧,其主要作用是有效控制秧苗高度,促进根系生长和提高低节位分蘖,增加叶绿素含量,达到培育壮秧、增产的目的。但多效唑在晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧中试验和应用,则处于起步阶段,目前试验研究报道尚少。 湖北省监利县双季晚稻育秧期间高温、多雨,秧苗生长快、易徒长,尤其是塑盘旱育抛秧播种密度增大,秧苗更易徒长成高脚弱苗,不利于抛栽和立苗。因此,晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧在培育壮秧上控苗是关键。我们就晚稻塑盘旱育抛秧施用多效唑的控促效果及其对秧苗素质和产量的影响做了试验,现将试验结果介绍如下：     

壮秧营养剂在早稻上应用试验总结

早稻穴盘旱育抛秧出苗成秧快 ,发根力强 ,抛栽后大田期植株地上部生长迅速、旺盛 ,并且省工、高产 ,具有较大的推广价值。但旱育抛秧培育壮秧技术难以掌握 ,而在使用了水稻壮秧营养剂后能显著提高秧苗素质 ,抛栽大田后缓苗期短 ,穗分化提前 ,能提高成穗率和穗粒数 ,增加产量。早稻穴盘旱育抛栽既有穴盘抛栽省工、省力的特点 ,又有旱育秧苗根系发达的优势 ,在晋安区新店镇深受农民的喜爱 ,通过试验和示范表明 ,在其它栽培措施基本一致的前提下 ,应用穴盘旱育抛栽技术能提高水稻产量 5 % ,但是培育旱育壮秧的技术措施在生产上难以到位 ,尤其是…     

壮秧营养剂在早稻育秧中的应用

１９９６～１９９９年，选用湘早籼１９号等供试材料，在湖南安化等地进行了软盘育秧、旱育秧和湿润育秧的对比试验。结果表明：采用壮秧营养剂培育水稻秧苗可以促进水稻根系发达。干物质增加，苗期病害减少，成秧率增加，抛栽大田后能早生快发，提高水稻的产量，施用壮秧营养剂是水稻抛秧、旱育秧、水育秧培育壮秧、提高产量的有效措施。     

连作杂交晚稻抛秧塑盘育苗若干难点与技术措施

我县连作晚稻以种植杂交稻为主 ,因受生产季节限制 ,较难培育满足塑盘育苗抛秧夺取高产要求的壮秧 ,所以连作杂交晚稻抛秧推广面积远不如早稻的大。我们通过分析连作杂交晚稻抛秧塑盘育苗的若干难点 ,开展了连作杂交晚稻塑盘育苗技术的研究 ,通过试验、示范、取得一些成功的经验 ,1997～19 99年都出现了连作杂交晚稻主栽组合协优 46、K优 7号抛秧单产超 5 0 0 kg/6 6 7m2的示范方和超 5 5 0 kg/6 6 7m2 的攻关田。一、连作杂交晚稻抛秧塑盘育苗的主要难点1.秧龄长、苗高 ,不适抛栽　连作杂交晚稻抛秧要求苗高小于 2 5 cm,秧苗过长 ,入土不…     

烟后超级稻抛秧栽培关键技术

针对烟稻轮作和抛秧的特点,提出了烟后超级稻抛栽要因地制宜,选好稻种,合理安排播种期,采用塑料软盘培育壮秧,合理的抛栽密度,促控高产群体生长,病虫害综合防治等高产栽培技术。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.