不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量的影响

试验阐明了施用磷肥、钾肥和苜蓿专用肥对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量的影响,为苜蓿的合理施肥提供了依据.结果表明,苜蓿专用肥750 kg/hm2施肥处理,苜蓿鲜草产量最高,较对照增产27.72%.新复极差测验表明,不同水平施用苜蓿专用肥各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量间差异均达到极显著水平,且随着苜蓿专用肥施用量的增加鲜草产量相应地增加;不同水平施用过磷酸钙第一次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平,且随着过磷酸钙施肥用量的增加鲜草产量相应增加;不同水平施用硫酸钾与不施硫酸钾鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平,但施硫酸钾150 kg/hm2与50 kg/hm2间鲜草总产量差异不显著,随着硫酸钾水平的提高各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量均呈先升高后略有下降的趋势.试验条件下硫酸钾施用量以100 kg/hm2为宜.     

不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量的影响

试验阐明了施用磷肥、钾肥和苜蓿专用肥对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量的影响,为苜蓿的合理施肥提供了依据。结果表明,苜蓿专用肥750 kg/hm2施肥处理,苜蓿鲜草产量最高,较对照增产27.72％。新复极差测验表明,不同水平施用苜蓿专用肥各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量间差异均达到极显著水平,且随着苜蓿专用肥施用量的增加鲜草产量相应地增加;不同水平施用过磷酸钙第一次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平,且随着过磷酸钙施肥用量的增加鲜草产量相应增加;不同水平施用硫酸钾与不施硫酸钾鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平,但施硫酸钾150kg/hm2与50kg/hm2间鲜草总产量差异不显著,随着硫酸钾水平的提高各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量均呈先升高后略有下降的趋势。试验条件下硫酸钾施用量以100kg/hm2为宜。     

施肥与刈割对不同紫花苜蓿品种生产性能的影响

在甘肃省兰州市秦王川地区研究了4个施肥处理(ck、N0P、N1P、N2P)和2个刈割次数处理(3次、4次)对甘农3号和陇东苜蓿株高和产量的影响。结果表明:苜蓿各茬株高和产量随施肥量的增加而增加;同一施肥水平下,甘农3号刈割4次年鲜、干草产量均比刈割3次的高,陇东苜蓿刈割4次年鲜草产量比刈割3次高,但刈割3次年干草产量比刈割4次的高。甘农3号在N2P和刈割4次处理下鲜草和干草产量均达到最高,分别为61 611kg/hm2和15 117kg/hm2;陇东苜蓿在N2P和刈割4次处理下鲜草产量达到最高,为39 178kg/hm2,在N2P和3次刈割处理下干草产量达到最高,为11 217kg/hm2。在试验地区甘农3号和陇东苜蓿均以N2P处理的株高和干草产量达最高。     

施氮和刈割频度对蕹菜再生及饲草产量和品质的影响

田间试验研究了施氮和刈割频度对蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatic)再生及饲草产量和品质的影响。结果表明:蕹菜再生草鲜草、干物质产量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,但随着刈割频度的增大而降低。在施氮量277.2 kg/hm2和415.8 kg/hm2处理下,蕹菜再生草鲜草产量分别达到75 441.1 kg/hm2和82 774.2 kg/hm2,但两者差异不显著(P0.05)。再生草产量与株高和叶片数呈极显著正相关。再生生长期(2008年6月24~10月22日)刈割4次处理的再生草产量还与分枝数呈极显著正相关。再生草粗蛋白含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但随着刈割频度的增大而降低。再生草干物质体外消化率随施氮量和刈割频度的增加而增加,而酸性洗涤纤维含量则随施氮量和刈割频度的增加而降低。     

氮肥水平和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白含量的影响

为探明氮肥和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白含量的影响,在杂交狼尾草第1次刈割后,采用裂区设计(主区为4个N肥水平0,33.75,67.50和101.25 kg/hm2,副区为4个刈割间隔21,28,35和42 d)进行试验,结果表明,1)根系伤流液强度、伤流液中氨基酸总量平均值均以施肥水平33.75 kg/hm2显著高于其他处理,硝态氮总量平均值随施肥水平提高而增加,不同处理间差异均显著.根系伤流液强度、伤流液中氨基酸总量平均值刈割间隔为28 d时显著高于刈割间隔21,35和42 d,硝态氮总量平均值刈割间隔35 d时显著高于刈割间隔21,28和42 d;2)植株粗蛋白含量N肥水平间差异显著,N肥水平101.25 kg/hm2时平均粗蛋白含量达到13.34%,显著高于氮肥水平33.75 kg/hm2和不施N处理,而与N肥水平67.50 kg/hm2的平均粗蛋白含量12.59%无显著差异,刈割间隔28 d时平均粗蛋白含量为13.83%,显著高于刈割间隔21,35和42 d的粗蛋白含量11.86%,11.83%和11.05%;3)植株粗蛋白含量与根系伤流液中的氨基酸总量呈二次曲线关系;4)根系伤流液强度及其氮素形态变化规律为杂交狼尾草适宜施肥技术和刈割间隔的确定提供了依据.     

不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量和营养品质的影响研究

研究了在酸性土壤奈件下不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施肥处理N90-P120-K150＋MgMoB,鲜草产量最高,较对照增产98％;同时,该处理下干物质中粗蛋白质含量也最高,在开花初期和开花期分别达19．04％和18．22％,分别比对照增加了3.42％和0.58％;新复极差测验表明,不同施肥处理各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量间差异均达到显著水平,且随着氮磷钾施用量的增加,鲜草产量相应增加。     

施氮水平对新疆地区苜蓿营养生长和产量品质的影响

为了研究氮肥施用水平对新疆地区苜蓿营养生长和产量品质的影响,试验采用田间小区随机区组排列设计,设4个施氮水平,T_1水平为对照,不施氮,T_2~T_4水平分别施氮37.5,75.0,112.5 kg/hm~2,按照苜蓿刈割时期测定苜蓿株高、根瘤数量、产量、粗蛋白和粗纤维指标。结果表明:适当施用氮肥可以显著促进苜蓿的营养生长并提高产量品质,其中施氮量为75.0 kg/hm~2时苜蓿年总产草量显著提高(P0.05);施用氮肥显著提高了苜蓿粗蛋白含量和苜蓿的营养品质(P0.05)。说明新疆地区苜蓿种植全年合理施氮量以37.5~75.0 kg/hm~2为宜。     

前茬施氮对皖草2号草产量影响的研究

研究前茬施氮水平和施氮方式与后茬皖草2号草产量及全年草产量的动态关系.结果表明:前茬施氮能增加皖草2号的株高,尤以前茬氮肥分期施用处理最为明显.随前茬氮肥水平的加大,后茬皖草2号的鲜草、干草产量相应提高,其中前茬纯氮肥施用量达225 kg/hm2以上时,后茬皖草2号的鲜草、干草产量达到较高水平.相同施氮水平条件下,前茬氮肥分期施用比一次性基施的鲜草、干草产量高.前茬氮肥施用量的增加与氮肥分期施用均能提高小黑麦Triticale cereale-皖草2号Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense的全年草产量,且差异达极显著水平,前茬纯氮施用量为300和375 kg/hm2且分期施用时,2茬牧草全年干草总产量均可达到较高水平,且两者之间的差异不显著.     

施氮水平与方式对黑麦草生物学特性和硝酸盐含量的影响

禾本科牧草的产量、品质和硝酸盐含量等性状与施氮量密切相关。本试验在大田种植情况下,研究6个施氮水平和4种施肥方式对黑麦草的农艺性状、产量、品质和氮素生产效率的影响,以及相关性状与施氮量的相关性。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,黑麦草的分蘖数、株高、产量、粗蛋白和氨基酸含量能显著提高,黑麦草的硝态氮含量也随之提高,但随着施氮量的继续增加,氮肥对黑麦草农艺性状、产量和品质的作用增幅变小,氮素生产效率降低。当每次刈割后施纯氮肥量超过100 kg/hm2时,施氮肥能较好促进黑麦草粗蛋白含量提高,而不能有效促进氨基酸含量的提高;当每次刈割后施纯氮肥量达250 kg/hm2时,黑麦草的株高和产量还表现出降低的趋势;当每次刈割后施纯氮肥量超过150 kg/hm2时,黑麦草的硝态氮含量明显提高,部分刈割期黑麦草的硝酸盐含量还超过0.25%的致毒标准。黑麦草的分蘖数、株高、产量、粗蛋白含量、氨基酸含量和硝态氮含量6个测定指标相互间均呈正相关,产量与施氮量只有在撒施情况下呈显著相关,粗蛋白和氨基酸含量与施氮量多数呈显著或极显著相关,硝酸盐含量与施氮量呈极显著相关。深施对黑麦草的分蘖数和株高产生影响,但促进黑麦草产量、粗蛋白含量和氨基酸含量的提高。     

施肥对钻石T多花黑麦草产草量及营养品质的影响

以两种不同比例施肥处理方式(T1:N_(420)P_(50)K_(100)、T2:N_(580)P_(190)K_(380)),分析鲜草产量及饲草营养价值。结果表明:施肥处理显著增加了钻石T黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)鲜草产量(P<0.05),T1处理组鲜草总产量增加了1.99倍,T2处理组鲜草总产量增加了2.51倍,T2与T1处理相比增产17.25%。3次刈割中T1与T2处理组的CP、EE含量均显著增加(P<0.05),CF和P含量没有明显的变化规律,CA和Ca含量有增加的趋势,而NFE含量显著降低(P<0.05)。第一次刈割时T1、T2处理组粗蛋白含量比对照组分别增加38.0%和59.6%(P<0.05),第二次刈割时分别增加35.1%和54.1%(P<0.05),第三次刈割分别增加了37.5%和60.6%(P<0.05),而T2与T1相比,3次刈割中粗蛋白分别增加15.7%、14.0%和16.8%(P<0.05)。两种配方施肥处理都明显提高钻石T多花黑麦草鲜草产量和营养价值,且T2比T1效果更佳。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein