菜籽油脱臭馏出物中甾醇分离的甲酯化过程优化研究

运用中心组合设计,以甾醇得率与纯度为考察指标,对菜籽油脱臭馏出物的甲酯化过程工艺进行了优化研究。通过甾醇回收率的响应曲面分析,考察了甲酯化时间、催化剂浓硫酸量与甲醇/物料比及其交互作用的影响,并建立了其数学回归模型,利用Matlab绘制出响应曲面图,揭示了内在关系。结果表明：甲酯化温度60℃,甲醇/物料比100 mL/(100 g),甲酯化时间1.65 h,催化剂浓硫酸加量4.4%,将甲酯化产物通过结晶与冷冻高速离心,甾醇得到较高纯度与得率,维生素E也得到较好保留。二次重结晶甾醇纯度可以达到95％以上,总得率达到45％以上。     

气质联用检测土壤中有机磷农药的优化研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法检测土壤样品中敌敌畏、内吸磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷的残留量,对土壤样品的前处理方法进行了优化。确定的优化方法为土壤样品用乙腈振荡提取,在旋转蒸发仪上用40 ℃旋转浓缩至约2 mL左右,取下后在氮吹仪上用氮气吹干,在选定的质谱条件下对土壤样品进行分析检测。实际土壤样品均未检出,在0.2、0.4、0.6 μg/mL添加水平下,该方法加标回收率为75.5%～121.5%,相对标准偏差在2.3%～8.7%,检出限0.25～0.82 μg/kg。     

固定化细胞磁稳定流化床反应器制备生物柴油

为了探索生物酶法制备生物柴油新工艺,克服现有工艺的不足,采用超顺磁性全细胞催化剂在自制的磁稳定流化床中对废油脂连续生产生物柴油进行了试验研究。考察了改变磁场强度、进料醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量及流量等因素对连续酯交换反应的影响,进而得到单级磁流化床酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件：磁稳态操作,醇油摩尔比为1∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的12%,进料流量为42.6?mL/min。四级磁流化床连续系统最终转酯化率达到85%以上,连续反应200 h后四级出口的甲酯产率仍在80%以上。这说明全细胞催化剂在磁稳定流化床中活性较高,使用寿命较长,该系统具有良好的操作稳定性。     

不同营养液浓度与喷雾频率对雾培马铃薯生长及产量的影响

试验以营养液浓度为主区,喷雾频率为副区,马铃薯块茎形成前后为前期、后期,研究雾培条件下不同生育期不同营养液浓度与喷雾频率对马铃薯生长和产量的影响,为马铃薯原原种生产实践提供参考。营养液浓度梯度分别设为0.6 A∶0.8 A(前期∶后期)、0.8 A∶A、A∶1.2 A,用C0.6∶0.8、C0.8∶1、C1∶1.2表示,喷雾频率为40s/10 min∶40 s/20 min(喷雾/间隔,前期∶后期)、40 s/15 min∶40 s/25 min、40 s/20 min、40 s/30 min,用T10∶20、T15∶25、T20∶30表示,并采用主成分聚类分析对各处理进行综合排序与评价。结果表明:定植30 d,营养液浓度、喷雾频率及二者交互均可极显著增加马铃薯各部位干重且均为处理C0.8∶1T20∶30最大;定植60 d,各处理间生物量差异显著性较大且处理C1∶1.2T20∶30全株干重最大。各处理G≤3 g小薯在薯类分级中所占比例均最大,处理间3gG≤5 g小薯差异不大,但其他等级小薯差异较大,处理C1∶1.2T15∶25在单株薯数、单株薯重和折合产量上均最大。通过主成分聚类分析,处理C1∶1.2T15∶25得分最高,且各处理对雾培马铃薯生长的影响可聚为五类,处理C0.8∶1T20∶30与C1∶1.2T15∶25聚为一类,综合评价为一等;处理C0.6∶0.8T10∶20、C1∶1.2T20∶30和C0.6∶0.8T15∶25聚为一类,综合评价为二等;处理C0.8∶1T15∶25单独聚为一类,综合评价为三等;处理C0.6∶0.8T20∶30和C0.8∶1T10∶20聚为一类,综合评价为四等;处理C1∶1.2T10∶20单独聚为一类,综合评价为五等。因此,适当加大营养液浓度,延长喷雾间隔时间有利于雾培马铃薯生长及产量增加。     

土壤全硫测定方法的改进及其在燃煤电厂周边土壤分析中的应用

为了提高硫酸钡比浊法测定土壤中全硫含量方法的准确性,对其进行改进,考察了乙酸和硝酸镁添加量对比浊液吸光度的影响,并对某燃煤电厂周边土壤样品进行测定。结果表明:乙酸溶液(1∶1)和硝酸镁溶液(308 g/L)的最佳添加量分别为 15、5 mL。改进后的方法具有较高的准确度和精确度。某燃煤电厂周边土壤全硫的含量范围为 95.71～ 1 102.03mg/kg,平均值为 412.48mg/kg,总体平均含量未超过全国一般水平,但有 32%的样品高于全国一般水平,说明该燃煤电厂周边土壤的硫发生了一定程度的蓄积,需引起重视。     

原子吸收法测定配合饲料中的锌

建立了测定配合饲料中锌元素的火焰原子吸收方法。样品经碳化、灰化后,用盐酸溶液分解,0.6 mol/L盐酸定容后上机检测。锌元素设置了1.0,5.0,10.0 mg/kg 3个添加浓度水平,在配合饲料样品中加标回收率为86.0%~98.5%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~6.8%。检测限为0.05 mg/kg。     

不同施肥水平下旱地土壤细菌群落多样性的RFLP分析

采用直接提取土壤微生物总DNA的方法,通过对不施肥(CK)、低量施肥(F1,N∶P2O5∶K2O为0·1gkg-1∶0·075gkg-1∶0·15gkg-1)、适量施肥(F2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为0·2gkg-1∶0·15gkg-1∶0·3gkg-1)和过量施肥(F3,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1·0gkg-1∶0·75gkg-1∶1·5gkg-1)等4种不同施肥水平土样DNA提取,扩增细菌16SrDNA基因片段,建立克隆文库。用限制性内切酶HhaI和RsaI进行PCR-RFLP分析,分别得到146、133、187、170个酶切类型。采用α多样性的测度对试验结果进行分析统计表明,不同处理间土壤细菌的多样性和物种丰富度均为F2>F3>CK>F1,表明合理施肥有利于土壤细菌的多样性;λ、R2、dMa和E指数在不同施肥处理间的变异系数达到12·86%～118·9%,尤其是Simpson指数λ变化最为敏感,处理间的差异最大。序列分析和系统发育树结果表明,不同施肥处理下供试土壤优势细菌的分布发生了改变。     

样品前处理对斑头雁组织稳定同位素碳、氮比值的影响

为了更好地确定不同处理方法对样品稳定同位素分析的影响,以斑头雁(Anser indicus)为研究对象,对比了不同酸化条件、干燥方法和粉碎形式对组织材料稳定同位素碳、氮比值的影响。结果表明,不同温度和盐酸浓度对卵壳δ1 3C值有影响,80℃较40℃、60℃条件下得到的卵壳δ1 3C值富集,3 mol·L-1HCl较1、5 mol·L-1HCl浓度条件下得到的卵壳δ1 3C值贫化;冷冻干燥和烘干2种干燥方法对肌肉稳定同位素δ1 3C、δ15N的影响均未达到显著水平,液氮研磨和直接剪碎2种粉碎形式下测得的羽毛δ1 3C、δ15N值差异不显著。本研究为使用稳定同位素技术开展鸟类学相关研究提供了参考依据。     

尿素施肥方式对水稻增产增效和土壤氮素损失的影响

【目的】探讨尿素施用量、基施比例和方法对水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率的影响,以及肥料氮的去向,为制定科学合理的施氮措施提供理论依据。【方法】水稻季田间试验于2019年和2020年在江苏太湖地区开展。供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),二者用量均为施氮量的1%。试验共设6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm² (RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP (RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。表施氮肥处理基肥∶分蘖肥∶孕穗肥为4∶3∶3;深施氮肥处理基肥∶孕穗肥为7∶3。2020年在处理小区内设置了¹⁵N示踪微区试验。调查了水稻产量、吸氮量、氮肥利...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定挂面、方便面中15种真菌毒素

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定挂面、方便面中黄曲霉毒素B1、 B2、 G1、 G2,雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,玉米赤霉烯酮,赭曲霉毒素A,伏马菌素B1、 B2、 B3, T-2毒素和HT-2毒素等15种真菌毒素的分析方法。样品用乙腈-水-甲酸溶液（70∶29∶1, V∶V∶V）提取,经稀释、离心、过滤后,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测模式（正离子模式）测定,稳定同位素稀释内标法定量。结果显示,15种真菌毒素在一定浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99。方法检出限为0.1～33.0μg/kg,方法定量限为0.2～100.0μg/kg。3个不同加标水平下的平均加标回收率为76.9%～110.4%,相对标准偏差为0.1%～7.1%。该方法准确度高、精密度好,适用于同时测定挂面、方便面中15种真菌毒素。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.