项目绩效评价研究

 项目绩效评价是在项目已经完成并运行一段时间后,对项目的效果、效益和影响进行系统的、客观的分析和总结的一种技术经济活动。文章利用成功度评价方法,构建了成功度评价的基本模型,对利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目评价指标进行等级评定。同时运用层次分析法对各项指标进行层次分析,计算出各指标的权重值,得出利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目的总体绩效评价结果。利用成功度评价方法便于客观、科学地评价项目区实施的效益、总结经验和教训,为利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目乃至农业综合开发项目的决策、建设、管理等提供参考。     

基于项目成功度评价方法的世行贷款农业科技项目绩效评价研究——以利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目为例

项目绩效评价是在项目已经完成并运行一段时间后,对项目的效果、效益和影响进行系统的、客观的分析和总结的一种技术经济活动.文章利用成功度评价方法,构建了成功度评价的基本模型,对利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目评价指标进行等级评定.同时运用层次分析法对各项指标进行层次分析.计算出各指标的权重值,得出利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目的总体绩效评价结果.利用成功度评价方法便于客观、科学地评价项目区实施的效益、总结经验和教训,为利用世界银行贷款加强灌溉农业项目乃至农业综合开发项目的决策、建设、管理等提供参考.     

中国渔政管理指挥系统信息化绩效评价——基于AHP 层次分析法和模糊综合评价法

以中国渔政管理指挥系统作为评价对象,将该系统的信息化建设的长远目标和近期目标、内在组织流程和外部影响因素等诸多方面结合在一起,基于AHP层次分析法和模糊综合评价法构建中国渔政管理指挥系统管理信息化绩效评价模型和多层次、多维度的评价指标体系,实现对中国渔政管理指挥系统管理信息化绩效的客观评价。通过对管理信息化绩效评价的研究,将为渔业管理部门提供系统实用的信息化评价方法和工具,帮助渔业管理部门明确在信息化需求和实施绩效方面的优势和薄弱环节,便于管理决策层及时掌握当前的信息化实施状态。     

黑果枸杞温室育苗及滨海盐碱地造林的技术研究

为实现黑果枸杞在滨海盐碱地的成功引种,提高该地区盐碱地绿化面积及单位面积产值,以青海野生黑枸杞为试验材料,通过温室播种育苗获得幼苗,经驯化后在山东滨海地区盐碱地进行造林。试验结果表明,造林成活率在85%以上,造林成功。黑果枸杞种子经温水浸泡5 h 左右进行播种,第7 天开始出苗,此过程可持续15~20 天,总体播种成苗率在72%以上;幼苗生长4 个月后,经驯化可在滨海中重度盐碱地进行定植,1 个月后测定成活率为95%且生长状况良好。本试验对黑果枸杞温室育苗及盐碱地造林的研究摸索,为其在滨海盐碱地的推广提供了技术支持和指导。     

热应激小鼠附睾组织HSP70表达的研究

利用化学恒温培养箱对小鼠实施42℃1h/d的热应激处理,建立持续的全身热应激动物模型。在热应激持续到8d、13d、21d和35d时,颈椎脱臼处死对照组和热应激组小鼠,应用改良巴氏染色法检测附睾精子畸形率,免疫荧光组织化学和蛋白质印迹分析的方法检测附睾组织HSP70的表达。结果显示：热应激组小鼠附睾精子畸形率随着热应激持续时间的延长而升高,且显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;对照组小鼠附睾组织HSP70呈极强表达（+++）,而热应激组小鼠附睾组织HSP70的表达随着热应激持续时间的延长而减弱,当热应激持续到35d时呈极弱的表达（±）。结果表明：热应激损伤了附睾的功能,使附睾精子畸形率增加;附睾内HSP70为非热诱导型,HSP70可能在附睾精子的成熟过程发挥特殊的作用。     

基于向量模法的西安市水环境承载力研究

为了深入掌握西安市目前的水资源状况,为促进当地的经济、社会发展和水资源保护协调发展提供科学的指导.根据西安市水环境特征和水环境承载力评价指标的选取原则,确定了西安市水环境承载力评价指标.根据水环境承载力影响因素的特征,应用层次分析法构建了各评价因素的3层结构模型,并计算确定了各评价指标的权重.将向量模法与层次分析法相结合,对西安市水环境承载力现状进行评价.结果表明,2004-2010年间西安市水环境承载力状况有逐年改善的趋势,评价值由0.035升至0.083,但是增长速度缓慢,每年的增长幅度只有0.01.西安市的水资源现状正在逐年改善,但是速度缓慢.     

城乡统筹视野下的现代农业发展规划探析——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例

现代农业作为农业发展的新形态,对社会经济的稳定和发展具有十分重要的意义。笔者结合重庆市统筹城乡综合配套改革,以沙坪坝区为例,从规划理念、规划战略、规划路径、规划定位、规划总体目标以及产业选择和产业布局等方面,探讨了现代农业发展规划思路和布局。通过认真分析沙坪坝区现代农业发展现有基础,认为全区应以统筹城乡社会经济发展为宗旨,以“全域城市化”为契机,构建“一线、一带、一河”（即缙云山麓精品农业观光线、中梁山绿色农业观光带、梁滩河流域生态循环农业观光长廊）的总体空间布局,从而建成服务重庆都市区的融生产、生态、休闲、观光、体验、教育功能为一体,巴渝山水特色浓郁、生态景观优美、城乡一体、农民富裕的都市郊野生态农业公园和都市生态循环农业示范基地。     

植物保护对中国粮食生产影响的经济分析

本文分析了有害生物发生危害及植物保护减灾对粮食生产产值、农民收入、粮食价格的影响,结果表明：植物保护对我国粮食生产的经济影响日益增强,植保减灾水平也不断提高。植保减灾的挽回粮食产值对农村居民人均种植业纯收入和农村居民人均纯收入的影响均大于有害生物危害造成的负面影响。植保减灾成效还与当年的和上年的粮价之间存在着紧密的联系。而后就增强植保减灾能力,促进我国粮食生产提出了若干对策。     

棉花HSP70基因植物表达载体的构建及转化烟草的研究

为研究棉花HSP70 基因在转基因植物中抗旱效果,利用前期克隆的GhHSP70 基因,以pCAMBIA1304 质粒为植物表达载体,构建了GhHSP70 基因的植物表达载体CAMBIA1304-HSP70;采用冻融法转入根癌农杆菌EHA105 菌株,通过叶盘法对模式植物烟草进行遗传转化研究。结果表明,在潮霉素(50 mg/L)选择压力下获得的烟草转化不定芽和完整植株,经过PCR方法以及GUS基因组织化学法检测鉴定转基因烟草,其中有5 株为阳性植株。初步证实了GhHSP70 基因已导入烟草基因组中。为进一步研究该基因的功能提供实验基础,同时为后续转化棉花改善其抗旱能力奠定基础。     

农业气象灾害综合评价中权重确定方法的研究

摘 要 福建省气象灾害种类繁多,但对农业生产的影响程度并不相同,只有通过权重的科学确定才能正确评价农业气象综合灾情。如何确定灾害权重,是进行农业气象灾害综合评价的核心问题。本文将主、客观赋权方法（层次分析法、灰色关联分析和熵权法）应用于福建农业气象灾害综合评价中权重的确定,探讨和比较它们在计算气象灾害权重方面的适用性,并在此基础上提出同时体现主观和客观信息的组合赋权法,得到福建农业气象灾害的组合权重,由大到小依次为低温冻害、旱灾、洪涝、风雹。结果表明,由组合赋权法计算的各灾害指标组合权重相比任何一种主、客观方法都更为合理和可靠。     

热应激奶牛血清NO浓度和NOS活力的变化

为探索不同品种奶牛血清中一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）的活力以及一氧化氮（NO）浓度变化与热应激的关系。此实验在热应激期（THI 82.61±0.60）和非热应激期（THI 47.42±0.51）对荷斯坦牛（n=20）和娟-荷F1牛（n=20）血清NOS活力及NO浓度水平进行测定。结果表明：荷斯坦牛和娟-荷F1牛在热应激期血清NOS的活力均显著低于非热应激期（P〈0.01）;热应激期娟-荷F1牛血清NOS的活力显著低于荷斯坦牛（P〈0.01）,非热应激期二者差异不显著（P〉0.05）;热应激期荷斯坦牛血清NO浓度较非热应激期显著降低（P〈0.05）,娟-荷F1牛有降低趋势,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）;非热应激期荷斯坦牛血清中NO浓度显著高于娟-荷F1牛（P〈0.05）,热应激期二者差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

轻微至中度热应激对荷斯坦奶牛生理指标及产奶性能的影响

随机选用16头中国荷斯坦泌乳牛,研究轻微至中度热应激对其生理指标及产奶性能影响。结果表明：（1）泌乳牛在轻微热应激期（THI 74.5±1.0）的生理常数指标与非热应激期（THI 65.2±4.1）差异均不显著（P>0.05）;中度热应激期（THI 84.0±2.4）的各项生理常数指标均显著高于非热应激期（P<0.05）。从非热应激至中度热应激,THI每升高1,直肠温度上升0.04℃;从轻微至中度热应激,THI每升高1,泌乳牛的呼吸频率增加3.4次/min,脉搏增加2.6次/min。（2）在轻微和中度热应激期泌乳牛产奶量分别下降13.8%和26.9%（P<0.01）,产奶量与THI呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）（R= -0.82）,THI每上升1,产奶量下降1.9％。     

高温高湿地区奶牛热应激综合控制技术体系研究

摘要：根据南方高温高湿气候条件和中国荷斯坦牛生物学特性,利用分子生物、遗传育种、营养调控及环境控制技术,建立了包括新型实用防暑降温散栏式奶牛舍、新型实用散栏式奶牛场环境小气候智能化控制系统、奶牛抗热应激营养调控剂以及培育奶牛耐热新品系等高温高湿地区奶牛热应激综合控制技术体系。     

Effect of humidity and temperature on power electric field intensity

We measure power electric field intensity at a substation in southwestern P. R. China at various humidity levels and temperatures. Measurement data and a back propagation neural network are used to construct a model of electrical field intensity responses to fluctuations in humidity and ambient temperatures. The maximum error is 0.047 5. The results show that the power electric field intensity increases as humidity rises when the temperature is constant; when humidity is a constant, temperature changes do not affect the regularity of the electric field intensity in a consistent manner regularly.     

低温高湿对转Bt基因抗虫棉杀虫蛋白表达及其氮代谢的影响

摘要：通过对两个不同类型Bt 棉品种不同生育期低温高湿胁迫研究表明,低温高湿胁迫48h整个生育期叶片Bt杀虫蛋白含量都下降,其中在结铃期,Bt杀虫蛋白含量大幅下降。低温高湿使叶片GPT活性下降,游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量下降,即氮代谢减弱。     

Rapid induction of small heat shock proteins improves physiological adaptation to high temperature stress in peanut

With the changing climatic scenario and increasing global mean temperature, heat stress became a major limiting factor for today's agriculture. To identify the underlying mechanism associated with heat tolerance in peanut, two experiments (field and growth chamber) were conducted with four genotypes (ICGS 44, GG 7, AK 159 and DRG 1) having differential high temperature stress sensitivity. Field grown plants under three different temperature (D₁, D₂ and D₃) regimes simulated three temperature treatment effects with a variability of 3–4/4–5°C in mean day/night temperature, respectively. In growth chamber, imposition of heat shock (10°C above ambient inside growth chamber) revealed not only rapid induction (within 0.5 hr) of HSPs, especially small HSPs (HSP 17, HSP 40) in tolerant genotypes, but also its sustenance for longer duration (2 hr), which might help them to have better physiological adaptation strategies under high temperature stress. This was evident from significant advancement in phenophases observed with increase in temperature by 15–18 days at physiological maturity, while pollen viability and membrane stability reduced below 50% and 41%, respectively in DRG 1 with increase in mean day/night temperature. Maintenance of higher photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance helped the tolerant genotype ICGS 44 to keep relatively cooler canopy and higher photosynthates, ensuring better physiological condition in this genotype under heat stress. Significant increase (~2.5‐fold) in inositol and hexoses (glucose and fructose) content and reduction (>50%) in sucrose content in leaf tissues indicated degradation of storage carbohydrates for improved osmotic adjustment especially in tolerant genotypes under elevated temperature.     

Independent and combined effects of high temperature and drought stress around anthesis on wheat

High temperature and drought stress are projected to reduce crop yields and threaten food security. While effects of heat and drought on crop growth and yield have been studied separately, little is known about the combined effect of these stressors. We studied detrimental effects of high temperature, drought stress and combined heat and drought stress around anthesis on yield and its components for three wheat cultivars originating from Germany and Iran. We found that effects of combined heat and drought on the studied physiological and yield traits were considerably stronger than those of the individual stress factors alone, but the magnitude of the effects varied for specific growth‐ and yield‐related traits. Single grain weight was reduced under drought stress by 13%–27% and under combined heat and drought stress by 43%–83% but not by heat stress alone. Heat stress significantly decreased grain number by 14%–28%, grain yield by 16%–25% and straw yield by 15%–25%. Cultivar responses were similar for heat but different for drought and combined heat and drought treatments. We conclude that heat stress as imposed in this study is less detrimental than the effects of those other studied stresses on growth and yield traits.     

Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains

Optimum in vitro germination of pollen grain of the avocado cultivars Fuerte, Nabal, Ettinger, Bacon and Zutano occurred at 25 °C. However, there were significant differences between cultivars in percentage germination and relative humidity (RH) requirements for optimum pollen grain growth. The most sensitive cultivar to relative humidity was Fuerte, in which the germination of pollen grain rose from 11.4%, at 40% RH, to about 50%, after one hour at 100% RH. The germination% of Nabal pollen grain was already high at 40% RH and was not increased by higher relative humidity. Increased relative humidity also helped to sustain the viability of avocado pollen. At 30 °C and 5% RH the pollen grains of Fuerte quickly lost its ability to germinate, at 40% RH for 1 hour, germination was reduced spectacularly compared to pollen kept in saturated with moisture environment where it was not affected the first 24 hours. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on fruit-set and yield of avocado are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

循环通风对白肋烟晾制期间晾房内温湿度的影响

为改进白肋烟晾制技术,利用温湿度自动记录仪定时测量白肋烟晾制期间晾房内的温度和相对湿度,在晾房内加装循环通风风机调控温湿度,分析了白肋烟晾制期间晾房内外的温湿度差异,比较了加装风机循环通风对晾房温湿度的影响。结果表明,晾房内温湿度主要受外界天气的影响,但晾房可缓解外界天气的影响;晾房内温度变化与相对湿度变化呈相反趋势,温度高时相对湿度低,温度低时相对湿度高;晾房内上层温度较下层高,上层湿度较下层低。在晾房内加装风机能够调控晾房内的温湿度状况,可适度减少晾房上层与下层的温湿度差异,但是由于晾房内温湿度主要受外界气象条件影响,仅安装循环风机对降低晾房内相对湿度的效果有限。