Latitudinal and longitudinal oscillations of cloud features on neptune

Voyager observations suggest that three of Neptune's major cloud features oscillate in latitude by 2 degrees to 4 degrees and that two of them simultaneously oscillate in longitude by 7.8 degrees and 98 degrees about their mean drift longitudes. The observations define most convincingly the two orthogonal oscillations of the second dark spot (near 53 degrees south). These oscillations have similar periods near 800 hours and approximately satisfy a simple advective model in which a latitudinal oscillation produces a phase-shifted longitudinal oscillation proportional to the local wind shear. The latitudinal motion of the Great Dark Spot can be fit with an oscillation period of about 2550 hours, whereas its dominant longitudinal motion, if oscillatory at all, has such a long period that it is not well constrained by the Voyager data.     

Photometry from voyager 2: initial results from the neptunian atmosphere, satellites, and rings

The Voyager photopolarimeter successfully accomplished its objectives for the Neptune encounter, performing measurements on the planet, several of its satellites, and its ring system. A photometric map of Neptune at 0.26 micrometer (microm) shows the planet to be bland, with no obvious contrast features. No polar haze was observed. At 0.75 microm, contrast features are observed, with the Great Dark Spot appearing as a low-albedo region and the bright companion as being substantially brighter than its surroundings, implying it to be at a higher altitude than the Great Dark Spot. Triton's linear phase coefficients of 0.011 magnitudes per degree at 0.26 microm and 0.013 magnitudes per degree at 0.75 microm are consistent with a solid-surface object possessing high reflectivity. Preliminary geometric albedos for Triton, Nereid, and 1989N2 were obtained at 0.26 and 0.75 microm. Triton's rotational phase curve shows evidence of two major compositional units on its surface. A single stellar occultation of the Neptune ring system elucidated an internal structure in 1989N1R, in the approximately 50-kilometer region of modest optical depth. 1989N2R may have been detected. The deficiency of material in the Neptune ring system, when compared to Uranus', may imply the lack of a "recent" moon-shattering event.     

Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Neptune's Cloud Structure in 1994

Images of Neptune taken at six wavelengths with the Hubble Space Telescope in October and November 1994 revealed several atmospheric features not present at the time of the Voyager spacecraft encounter in 1989. Furthermore, the largest feature seen in 1989, the Great Dark Spot, was gone. A dark spot of comparable size had appeared in the northern hemisphere, accompanied by discrete bright features at methane-band wavelengths. At visible wavelengths, Neptune's banded structure appeared similar to that seen in 1989.     

Atmospheric dynamics of the outer planets

Despite major differences in the solar and internal energy inputs, the atmospheres of the four Jovian planets all exhibit latitudinal banding and high-speed jet streams. Neptune and Saturn are the windiest planets, Jupiter is the most active, and Uranus is a tipped-over version of the others. Large oval storm systems exhibit complicated time-dependent behavior that can be simulated in numerical models and laboratory experiments. The largest storm system, the Great Red Spot of Jupiter, has survived for more than 300 years in a chaotic shear zone where smaller structures appear and dissipate every few days. Future space missions will add to our understanding of small-scale processes, chemical composition, and vertical structure. Theoretical hypotheses about the interiors provide input for fluid dynamical models that reproduce many observed features of the winds, temperatures, and cloud patterns. In one set of models the winds are confined to the thin layer where clouds form. In other models, the winds extend deep into the planetary fluid interiors. Hypotheses will be tested further as observations and theories become more exact and detailed comparisons are made.     

Jupiters great red spot: a free atmospheric vortex?

A simple hydrodynamic model yields steady-state solutions with many of the properties of the Great Red Spot and the neighboring belts and zones of Jupiter. No special forcing mechanism is necessary to maintain the circulation of the Spot. This is consistent with observations which indicate that the Great Red Spot and the zones have similar dynamic properties.     

冷涡影响下的两次对流天气对比分析

对2010年7月16日和2011年7月15日两次冷涡位置相似,造成的天气不尽相同的冷涡天气过程,从环流背景、物理量场、卫星云图进行了分析,结果表明：高空冷涡和低层中尺度切变是主要影响系统;由于中低层温度场配置不同、低层切变位置不同、导致天气不同;强对流天气与SI指数的负值区、K指数大值区及CAPE的高值区有较好的对应关系;卫星云图上是一个边缘整齐光滑的对流积雨云团。     

Voyager 2 at neptune: imaging science results

Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices. Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot (GDS). About the same size as Earth in extent, the GDS bears both many similarities and some differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Neptune's zonal wind profile is remarkably similar to that of Uranus. Neptune has three major rings at radii of 42,000, 53,000, and 63,000 kilometers. The outer ring contains three higher density arc-like segments that were apparently responsible for most of the ground-based occultation events observed during the current decade. Like the rings of Uranus, the Neptune rings are composed of very dark material; unlike that of Uranus, the Neptune system is very dusty. Six new regular satellites were found, with dark surfaces and radii ranging from 200 to 25 kilometers. All lie inside the orbit of Triton and the inner four are located within the ring system. Triton is seen to be a differentiated body, with a radius of 1350 kilometers and a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter; it exhibits clear evidence of early episodes of surface melting. A now rigid crust of what is probably water ice is overlain with a brilliant coating of nitrogen frost, slightly darkened and reddened with organic polymer material. Streaks of organic polymer suggest seasonal winds strong enough to move particles of micrometer size or larger, once they become airborne. At least two active plumes were seen, carrying dark material 8 kilometers above the surface before being transported downstream by high level winds. The plumes may be driven by solar heating and the subsequent violent vaporization of subsurface nitrogen.     

洞庭湖地区一次暴雨过程分析

利用常规天气资料、卫星云图资料、雷达资料,对2013年6月5～7日岳阳地区一次暴雨天气过程的环流背景、卫星雷达资料、物理量场等进行了天气学诊断分析.结果表明,高空低槽、中低层低涡切变及地面冷空气是这次暴雨天气过程的主要影响系统;低涡东移过程中,低涡与低槽、中低层切变结合,是此次暴雨过程的有利条件之一;K指数和位势涡度的演变与暴雨的发生发展一致,具有很好的对应关系,对暴雨有较好的指示作用.     

Infrared observations of the neptunian system

The infrared interferometer spectrometer on Voyager 2 obtained thermal emission spectra of Neptune with a spectral resolution of 4.3 cm(-1). Measurements of reflected solar radiation were also obtained with a broadband radiometer sensitive in the visible and near infrared. Analysis of the strong C(2)H(2) emission feature at 729 cm(-1) suggests an acetylene mole fraction in the range between 9 x 10(-8) and 9 x 10(-7). Vertical temperature profiles were derived between 30 and 1000 millibars at 70 degrees and 42 degrees S and 30 degrees N. Temperature maps of the planet between 80 degrees S and 30 degrees N were obtained for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere between 30 and 120 millibars and the other in the troposphere between 300 and 1000 millibars. Zonal mean temperatures obtained from these maps and from latitude scans indicate a relatively warm pole and equator with cooler mid-latitudes. This is qualitatively similar to the behavior found on Uranus even though the obliquities and internal heat fluxes of the two planets are markedly different. Comparison of winds derived from images with the vertical wind shear calculated from the temperature field indicates a general decay of wind speed with height, a phenomenon also observed on the other three giant planets. Strong, wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is found, some of which appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot. An intense, localizd cold region is seen in the lower stratosphere, which does not appear to be correlated with any visible feature. A preliminary estimate of the effective temperature of the planet yields a value of 59.3 +/- 1.0 kelvins. Measurements of Triton provide an estimate of the daytime surface temperature of 38(+3)(-4) kelvins.     

一次强冰雹天气诊断分析

利用常规气象资料和沈阳多普勒雷达,从天气背景、温度对数压力图和雷达反射因子演变特征方面,对2009年7月22日辽宁省昌图县北部地区的冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明,该次冰雹天气发生在东北低涡后部,冷涡旋转东移触发低空切变线形成。冰雹发生前,大气有不稳定能量,低空切变线加剧了大气层结不稳定,促进不稳定能量释放,产生冰雹天气。多普勒雷达资料表明,强对流天气是对流单体,发展强盛时有钩状结构,强回波区为55～70dBz。     

文旅融合引领下延庆长城文化带乡村振兴研究

从长城修筑到戍边屯田,延庆长城沿线形成了许多因长城而存在和发展的村落,结合统计年鉴数据与实地调查具体分析延庆长城文化带乡村的发展现状和问题,总结民宿+文化、特色农业、美食文化餐饮等乡村振兴模式,从创新文旅融合形式、加强文旅资源管理、构建文旅融合发展体系、保护区域生态环境等方面提出文旅融合背景下延庆长城文化带乡村振兴的对应策略.     

2011年7月14日低涡降水分析

利用MICAPS资料、JMA全球模式和NCAR/NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2011年7月14日发生在沈阳桃仙国际机场的中尺度切变线、低涡降水天气形势背景、物理量条件等方面进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,东北地区中低空急流下沉北抬,高空双急流中心逐渐拉近,这种风的垂直变化是暴雨产生的动力原因,同时低涡加强及其与副热带高压之间的南北向急流配合致使中高层西南气流源源不断地为降水提供水汽和不稳定能量,并有渤海低空急流配合时更有利于出现大范围强降水,强降水落区主要位于切变线及其北侧的风速辐合区;此次过程为明显的暖式切变线,其物理量场呈垂直分布;高低空配置利于上升运动维持,降水的水汽输送不仅依赖于对流层中低层的急流,还依赖于中层西南急流,雨强的增大与中高空急流风速辐合中心的建立有关。     

The Dark Age of the universe

The Dark Age is the period between the time when the cosmic microwave background was emitted and the time when the evolution of structure in the universe led to the gravitational collapse of objects, in which the first stars were formed. The period of reionization started with the ionizing light from the first stars, and it ended when all the atoms in the intergalactic medium had been reionized. The most distant sources of light known at present are galaxies and quasars at redshift z congruent with 6, and their spectra indicate that the end of reionization was occurring just at that time. The Cold Dark Matter theory for structure formation predicts that the first sources formed much earlier.     

平行边壁剪切流的雷诺数与摩阻流速特性初探

应用涡动力学观点,分析平行边壁剪切流的流动特性和从层流到湍流转捩的特点;对雷诺数和摩阻流速的概念及他们之间的关系进行分析和评述;给出了雷诺数的不同表达形式,把它与脉动过程和失稳机制联系起来,弥补以往的动力学参数缺乏流动物理机制的不足;最后,指出摩阻流速实际上是反映流场与边壁互相作用的一个系统整体参数.     

闽北一次冰雹天气过程分析

利用闽北地面、高空气象探测站、加密区域自动站、雷达站资料,分析2013年3月19日发生在闽北的冰雹天气过程。此次冰雹天气过程是发生在高层中纬度低槽及南支槽,中低层低涡切变、低空西南急流的天气背景下。邵武高空探测资料表明,闽北上空低层大气逆温逆湿,中高层位势不稳定层结。3月19日闽北降雹的直接影响系统是超级单体雷暴与地面中尺度气旋相对应。     

2015年7月27—28日张家口地区一次暴雨过程分析

应用MICAPS常规资料和区域站降水资料,对2015年7月27-28日发生在张家口地区的一次暴雨过程进行综合分析。结果表明,此次强降水过程是由于冷空气东移南下与副高外围的暖湿气流交汇产生的,冷涡系统,短波槽、低层切变线以及副高外围暖湿气流,地面存在倒槽结构,这些系统为暴雨产生提供大的环流背景。各物理量分析表明,张家口地区动力条件、热力条件、水汽条件配合较好,均有利于强降水的发生。     

Polar lightning and decadal-scale cloud variability on Jupiter

Although lightning has been seen on other planets, including Jupiter, polar lightning has been known only on Earth. Optical observations from the New Horizons spacecraft have identified lightning at high latitudes above Jupiter up to 80 degrees N and 74 degrees S. Lightning rates and optical powers were similar at each pole, and the mean optical flux is comparable to that at nonpolar latitudes, which is consistent with the notion that internal heat is the main driver of convection. Both near-infrared and ground-based 5-micrometer thermal imagery reveal that cloud cover has thinned substantially since the 2000 Cassini flyby, particularly in the turbulent wake of the Great Red Spot and in the southern half of the equatorial region, demonstrating that vertical dynamical processes are time-varying on seasonal scales at mid- and low latitudes on Jupiter.     

一次龙卷过程的WRF模拟及多普勒雷达反演风场研究

利用中尺度WRF数值模式、多普勒雷达资料和4DVar风场反演算法,对2010年7月17日安徽砀山县、江苏省丰县等地发生的伴有龙卷的强对流风暴过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,此次龙卷风暴过程是在西太平洋副热带高压发展强盛,高空冷槽不断东移的大尺度环境背景下形成的;龙卷发生前大气环境具有较大的对流不稳定能量,低层存在大的风垂直切变和丰富的水汽供应;数值模拟显示,在安徽、江苏、山东三省交界处存在明显的风速辐合带,最大风速达15．5m／s,且辐合区存在强的正涡度;在雷达回波径向速度图上,龙卷风暴中存在较强的中气旋（MC）和龙卷涡旋信号（TVS）,尤其是在20：36,出现了东北一西南走向排列成线状的4个中气旋（MC）和一个龙卷涡旋信号（TVS）;从雷达径向速度图上看到,TVS处可观测到正负速度对涡旋结构,正负速度差达64m／s,说明TVS很强;用基于4DVar的风场反演方法可很好地反演出局地三维风场,并在MC、TVS出现的地方可反演出明显的小尺度涡旋结构,对龙卷的发生地点和流场结构有较好的描述。     

一次龙卷天气过程中小尺度特征分析

2008年5月29日16：30-16：40在海南省海口市三江镇附近出现的龙卷天气,海口多普勒天气雷达建成后首次探测到龙卷,由超级单体引发,强度达到F2级。分析表明,南支槽东移和中低层华南切变线的维持为龙卷产生提供了有利的天气背景条件;龙卷运动路径与地面中尺度辐合线位置基本吻合;钩状回波与东北移动的飑线合并演变成为s型对流风暴,龙卷发生在s型对流风暴强烈的前、后侧入流的切变最大处;这次龙卷过程在海口多普勒雷达径向速度图上呈现为明显的中气旋和中层深厚辐合区特征,可以提前3个体扫（18min）对龙卷预警;龙卷涡旋附近谱宽值较大,谱宽大值区伸展高度与中气旋伸展高度相当（3km以上）;中气旋M和TVS图形产品对龙卷天气的指示性十分明显,发现TVS报警应立即发布龙卷或灾害性大风预警。     

Infrared observations of the jovian system from voyager 1

The infrared spectroscopy and radiometry investigation has obtained spectra of Jupiter and its satellites between approximately 180 and 2500 cm(-1) with a spectral resolution of 4.3 cm(-1). The Jupiter spectra show clear evidence of H(2), CH(4) C(2)H(2), C(2)H(6), CH(3)D, NH(3), PH(3), H(2)O, and GeH(4). A helium concentration of 0.11 +/- 0.03 by volume is obtained. Meridional temperature cross sections show considerable structure. At high latitudes, the stratosphere is warmer in the north than in the south. The upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are locally cold over the Great Red Spot. Amalthea is warmer than expected. Considerable thermal structure is observed on Io, including a relatively hot region in the vicinity of a volcanic feature.