Deformation of silicates from the sea of tranquillity

Plagioclase and olivine crystals in the crystalline rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity show little or no evidence of either static or dynamic deformation. The large disorientations in many of the pyroxene crystals are commonly consistent with slip on the system T -(100), t = [001], but these distortions are not due to plastic flow. They are ascribed to rapid growth and quenching phenomena as deduced from studies of chondrules and of quenched natural and experimentally produced melts. Some of the silicates in the breccias and regolith show evidence of shock deformation, from mild to intense, as indicated by pervasive featuring, shock lamallae, and partial transformatiion of pyroxene and plagioclase crystals to glass.     

The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing

Calculations of the effects of both natural and anthropogenic tropospheric sulfate aerosols indicate that the aerosol climate forcing is sufficiently large in a number of regions of the Northern Hemisphere to reduce significantly the positive forcing from increased greenhouse gases. Summer sulfate aerosol forcing in the Northern Hemisphere completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the eastern United States and central Europe. Anthropogenic sulfate aerosols contribute a globally averaged annual forcing of -0.3 watt per square meter as compared with +2.1 watts per square meter for greenhouse gases. Sources of the difference in magnitude with the previous estimate of Charlson et al. are discussed.     

Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols

During a cruise from Hamburg to Montevideo, aerosol samples representing air masses from Europe, the Sahara, tropical Africa, South America, and open oceanic regions were collected. They showed significant amounts of soot carbon over large areas of the remote Atlantic, often similar to concentrations in rural continental areas. Back-trajectories and the ratios of soot carbon to total fine (less than 1.7 micrometers in diameter) carbon and of excess fine potassium (the portion not attributable to soil dust or sea salt) to soot carbon indicate that biomass burning in tropical regions is an important source of soot carbon to the world atmosphere. The ratio of excess potassium to soot carbon in the fine fraction of aerosols is proposed as an indicator of the relative contributions of biomass and fossil-fuel burning to soot carbon aerosols. The ratio of soot carbon to fine carbon suggests that most of the particulate organic carbon over the Atlantic is of continental origin.     

Oxygen solubility in sea water: thermodynamic influence of sea salt

Precise measurements of the solubility of oxygen in sea water show that the solubility declines exponentially with increase in salt concentration according to the empirical Setschenow relation. The deviation from linearity is nearly 0.6 percent from the fitted straight-line relations of previous workers. Our experimental data reveal that, in contrast to the effect predicted by the Debye theory, the salting-out decreases with increasing temperature.     

Internal solitons in the andaman sea

The solitary wave is a localized hydrodynamic phenomenon that can occur because of a balance between nonlinear cohesive and linear dispersive forces in a fluid. It has been shown theoretically, and observed experimentally, that some solitary waves have properties analogous to those of elementary particles, and the waves have therefore been named solitons. During a measurement program in the Andaman Sea near northern Sumatra, large-amplitude, long internal waves were observed with associated surface waves called tide rips. Using theoretical results from the physics of nonlinear waves, it is shown that the internal waves are solitons and their interactions with surface waves are described.     

Oxygen-18 variations in sulfate ions in sea water and saline lakes

A new method measures the oxygen-isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate ions and barium sulfate. Sulfate ions in the oceans are enriched in oxygen-18 by 9.5 per mille relative to mean ocean water and show only minor variations, probably because the exchange rate with water is slow enough to prevent local equilibrium with surface waters. Sulfate ions in saline lakes and brines have oxygen-18 enrichment of from 7 to 23 per mille relative to mean ocean water;the value of the highest enrichment observed is about the same as that of atmospheric oxygen.     

中国海域建设海洋牧场的意义及可行性

在分析世界海洋牧场发展的基础上，以中国海洋渔业保持可持续性发展为目的，论述了中国开发建设海洋牧场的意义、必要性及可行性，提出了在渤海海域建设海洋牧场的几点建议，建议对渤海水域进行整体长远规划，在近岸较深水域投放以增殖底栖和近底层鱼类为主的人工鱼礁，在适合网箱养鱼的近岸或内湾水域投放人工藻礁，在旅游城市近岸海域建设音响驯化型海洋牧场，最终在渤海海域形成布局合理的海洋大牧场。     

海盐胁迫对棉花种子萌发的影响

为探究不同基因型棉花萌发期的耐盐碱性,本研究采用5个棉花种质进行培养皿滤纸发芽试验,分析了不同浓度海盐胁迫对棉花发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、下胚轴长、根长、鲜重和活力指数的影响,并以各项指标的盐害系数作为萌发期的耐盐碱指标,比较了5个棉花种质萌发期的耐盐碱性。结果表明,随着海盐浓度的升高,5个棉花种质各项指标的盐害系数总体呈上升趋势;海盐胁迫对各项指标有显著影响,但不同种质影响不同。根据盐害系数隶属函数值进行综合评价,5个棉花种质的耐盐碱性强弱为：苏棉30 ＞ H602 ＞ 苏棉22 ＞ 泗抗1号 ＞ 1138。     

Chemical wastes in the sea: new forms of marine pollution

Drums containing chemical wastes have been found in and along the North Sea. The wastes were analyzed and were found to include lower chlorinated aliphatic compounds, vinyl esters, chlorinated aromatic amines and nitrocompounds, and the insecticide endosulfan. Because dropping these drums into the sea endangers the environment and results in damage to fishing operations, measures should be taken to stop this practice.     

Hydroxyl radical photoproduction in the sea and its potential impact on marine processes

Photochemical production rates and steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) were measured in sunlight-irradiated seawater. Values ranged from 110 nanomolar per hour and 12 x 10(-18) molar in coastal surface water to 10 nanomolar per hour and 1.1 x 10(-18) molar in open ocean surface water. The wavelengths responsible for this production are in the ultraviolet B region (280 to 320 nanometers) of the solar spectrum. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) appears to be the main source for .OH over most of the oceans, but in upwelling areas nitrite and nitrate photolysis may also be important. DOM in the deep sea is degraded more readily by .OH (and its daughter radicals), by a factor of 6 to 15, than is DOM in open-ocean surface water. This finding may in part bear on major discrepancies among current methods for measuring dissolved organic carbon in seawater.     

宁波海域产纤维素酶海洋细菌的筛选

通过两种途径筛选来自宁波海域的具有纤维素酶活性的海洋细菌。在实验室原有的365株海洋细菌资源库中,通过刚果红染色法筛选到27株纤维素酶活性菌株,活性比例为7.40%;在以羧甲基纤维素钠为唯一碳源的分离培养基中,共分离到70株海洋细菌,经过刚果红染色筛选到68株活性菌,活性比例为97.14%。在分析透明圈直径与菌落直径大小的比值(Hc)时发现,两种途径筛选到的活性菌株在产酶能力上存在着显著差异。以羧甲基纤维素钠作为唯一碳源的分离培养基中,虽然活性菌株的比例高,但酶活力相对较小,Hc值大于2的菌株数为0;而从菌株资源库筛选活性菌株时,虽然活性比例小,但酶活力相对较高,其中有25.93%的菌株Hc值大于2,并且有两株Hc值高达5的菌株。研究亮点:近年来微生物来源的纤维素酶研究在国内外一直是研究热点,但宁波海域乃至浙江海域内却尚未开展相关研究工作。本实验从宁波海域采集海洋样品,比较了两种不同途径筛选海洋细菌来源的纤维素酶的研究结果,为海洋微生物的有效筛选提供了一定的参考价值。同时,实验中获得了7株活性较高的纤维素酶活性菌株,为今后的深入研究奠定了基础。     

肺血管结构重建在高盐负荷诱发肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征中的作用

为探讨高盐负荷导致内鸡肺动脉重建的发生发展过程及其与肺动脉高压的关系,将160 只7 日龄AA商品代内公仔鸡,随机分成正常对照组和试验组(饮水中含质量浓度为0.30%的NaCl 溶液),分别于处理后6周内,采用右心导管法测定肺动脉压(mPAP);采用图像分析仪测定肺小动脉面积及中膜厚度.结果显示:1)试验组肉鸡的肺动脉压显著高于对照组((2.91±0.29)～(3.62±O.39)kPa vs(2.18±0.40)～(2.41±0.39)kPa);2)处理4、5、6周时,试验组肉鸡各种管径肺小动脉管壁面积,管总面积(Aw/AT=63.40±5.79)(P<0.05)和中膜厚度占外径百分值(mMTPA=38.02±3.55)均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);3)肉鸡各种管径肺小动脉 Aw/AT mMTPA 都与平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、AHI(腹水心脏指数)极显著相关.表明高盐诱发肉鸡肺血管结构重建是其导致肺动脉高压发生发展的形态学基础.     

干旱与高盐对梭梭叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了更好地了解梭梭适应极端复杂沙漠生境的生理生态适应机制,在对梭梭幼苗离体脱水胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性研究基础上,应用IMAGING-PAM调制荧光成像系统对梭梭幼苗在模拟干旱、高盐以及与强光并存环境下的叶绿素荧光参数进行了测定与分析。结果表明:干旱和NaCl胁迫对Fv/Fm和qP值没有明显影响;qN值在干旱10 d时无明显变化,而胁迫25 d时则略低于对照水平;但各浓度NaCl胁迫下qN值均明显低于对照水平;从光响应曲线变化来看,干旱和NaCl胁迫下qP值随着光强的增加均表现为降低趋势,但NaCl与高光并存发生时对qP值影响更大;然而,对qN值的影响则截然相反,干旱与高光并存发生时qN值降低,而NaCl与高光并存发生诱导了qN值增加,这与单一NaCl胁迫的影响恰好相反。表明梭梭在极端复杂的沙漠生境中可能具有多种过剩光能耗散机制,保护光合机构免受破坏,使PSⅡ保持较高的电子传递活性,从而维持较高的光合能力。      

高性能混凝土的抗硫酸盐、镁盐侵蚀研究

结合工程实际，以在4种不同浓度的SO4^2-，Mg^2 侵蚀溶液中浸泡的普通水泥胶砂试件和掺矿渣微粉高性能混凝土胶砂试件为对比试件进行研究，通过测定和观察试件在浸泡期为28d、2个月、4个月、6个月、8个月、10个月、12个月的强度损失和形态形貌变化，用抗折强度和抗蚀系数来评定其抗侵蚀性能。宏观试验结果表明普通水泥胶砂试件在不同浓度的SO4^2-，Mg^2 侵蚀溶液中抗侵蚀性能都很差；掺矿渣微粉高性能混凝土胶砂试件抗侵蚀性能优异，在4种侵蚀溶液中侵蚀龄期均大于1年。     

Mount pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion

The injection into the stratosphere of large quantities of sulfur during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) and the subsequent formation of sulfate aerosol particles have generated a number of perturbations in the atmosphere with potential effects on the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar and infrared radiation budget caused by the eruption should produce a cooling of the troposphere and a warming of the lower stratosphere. These changes could affect atmospheric circulation. In addition, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosol particles render the ozone molecules more vulnerable to atmospheric chlorine and hence to man-made chlorofluorocarbons.     

Radiation effects and oxygen vacancies in silicates

Proton and electron irradiation of silicates, minerals, and rocks produces a paramagnetic defect whose resonance spectrum is identical to that of the singly charged oxygen vacancy in silica glass and alpha-quartz. It is suggested that this defect is characteristic of all structures containing SiO(4) tetrahedra. Cracks, fracturing, and electric discharges have been observed after irradiation in planes determined by the particle ranges. These processes may contribute to the erosion materials.     

Soluble aluminum silicates: stoichiometry, stability, and implications for environmental geochemistry

Soluble aluminum silicate (Al-Si) complexes are critical species for the development and application of geochemical models. A fluorescence probe technique was used to show that Al-Si complexes account for up to 95% of the total inorganic mononuclear Al in natural waters. The presence of these soluble Al-Si species affects the solubility of Al-Si minerals. Soluble Al-Si species may be important intermediates in the weathering reactions of primary Al-Si minerals and should be considered in dissolution models. Soluble Al-Si species may be key components controlling the formation of metastable and new stable minerals during interactions between water and rocks or soils.