内陆河湿地芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是连接植物与外界环境的重要桥梁，其在不同环境梯度下的变化表现出了对异质环境的适应机制。本文以敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区克隆植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）为研究对象，设置了未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个梯度样地，研究环境异质条件下芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明：① 各环境梯度下，芦苇叶功能性状特征变化显著（P<0.05），叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重随环境梯度退化呈下降趋势，比叶面积随梯度退化呈上升趋势；② 芦苇各叶功能性状间呈协同变化的特征，叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），比叶面积与叶长、叶干重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；③ 叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重与土壤表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05），而与土壤表层、中层含盐量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），说明土壤表层与中层的水分与盐分是芦苇叶功能性状最主要的驱动力。研究结果对干旱区内陆河湿地的保护、生态恢复及管理具有重要的指导意义。     

内陆河湿地芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是连接植物与外界环境的重要桥梁,其在不同环境梯度下的变化表现出了对异质环境的适应机制。本文以敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区克隆植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,设置了未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个梯度样地,研究环境异质条件下芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明:①各环境梯度下,芦苇叶功能性状特征变化显著(P <0. 05),叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重随环境梯度退化呈下降趋势,比叶面积随梯度退化呈上升趋势;②芦苇各叶功能性状间呈协同变化的特征,叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重之间呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01),比叶面积与叶长、叶干重呈显著负相关(P <0. 05);③叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重与土壤表层(0~30 cm)、中层(30~60 cm)水分呈显著正相关(P <0. 05),而与土壤表层、中层含盐量呈显著负相关(P <0. 05),说明土壤表层与中层的水分与盐分是芦苇叶功能性状最主要的驱动力。研究结果对干旱区内陆河湿地的保护、生态恢复及管理具有重要的指导意义。     

小麦赤霉病田间病情与抽穗扬花期气象条件和病粒率关系

小麦赤霉病在温暖、高湿环境下发病严重。在小麦赤霉病预测预报中,利用小麦抽穗扬花期气象因子,预测小麦赤霉病发生程度,即4月上、中旬雨量(x1)、4月中旬雨日数(x2)与当年小麦赤霉病病情指数(Y1)组建回归预测式:Y1=0.913 1+0.093 5x1+2.460 3x2±2.490 9,及时指导防治工作。通过小麦赤霉病田间病情指数(Y1)、病穗率(x3)与病粒率(Y2)的关系,建立回归预测式:Y2=0.248 2+0.946 9Y1-0.154 1x3±0.344 3,为脱毒处理提供理论依据。     

白枸杞瘤螨的虫瘿特点、分布及对枸杞的危害

本文调查了内蒙古托克托县白枸杞瘤螨为害引起的虫瘿在枸杞植株不同方向枝条,不同相对位置枝条,同一枝条上不同部位叶片上的分布,及螨虫对枸杞叶片和果实造成的为害。结果表明,白枸杞瘤螨有较重为害西北方向枝条的倾向。枸杞生长中后期,虫瘿的分布多集中在植株的上、中部和枝条端部的嫩叶上。白枸杞瘤螨为害形成的虫瘿直径在1~7.5mm之间,不同大小虫瘿出现的频率呈正态分布,直径2~4mm的虫瘿占绝大多数。虫瘿直径与其内活螨数量有一定的相关性,虫瘿直径小于4mm时,直径与其内活螨数量呈正相关趋势;直径大于4mm时,呈负相关。受害叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积及果实的纵径、横径、重量均显著减小,受害叶的叶长、叶宽约为正常叶的3/4,叶面积约为正常叶面积的1/2,干果重量减少11.5%。     

水稻纹枯病的病级与水稻结实率、千粒重关系研究

采用田间调查的方法,调查了秋优838、特优253、特优273和天优6号4个水稻品种的水稻纹枯病病级与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明,4个水稻品种的平均结实率随着病级的变化而变化,且0～7级的平均结实率差异极显著,说明我国目前使用的水稻纹枯病9级分级标准是合理的。秋优838、特优253、特优273和天优6号发生病害的病级（Y）与平均结实率（X1）的相关模型分别为：Y=25．6473—0．2639X1,Y=21．3188—0．21X1,Y=26．6618—0．2698X1和Y=25．4519—0．2756X1;病级（Y）与千粒重（X2）的相关模型分别为：Y=56．3323—1．9635X2,Y=51．4172—1．747X2,Y=88．6786—3．07927（2和Y=62．3624—2．1912X2。     

反枝苋对烤烟农艺性状及产值的影响

为了明确烟田主要杂草反枝苋对贵州烤烟农艺性状、产量、产值的影响,反枝苋按0~25株/m~2的密度栽种,共设置13个处理,在烤烟成熟期记录株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶鲜质量、地上植株鲜质量、茎秆鲜质量、叶干质量、产值等一系列指标参数,通过11种曲线方程进行拟合、回归分析。结果发现三次方程(y=b_0+b_1×x+b_2×x~2+b_3×x~3)具有最高的拟合度和实用性,建议生产上可以用该三次方程预测反枝苋对烟草农艺性状、产量、产值的影响。     

鬼针草与大豆的竞争及防除阈值

模拟田间不同密度鬼针草研究了鬼针草与大豆之间的竞争关系。结果表明,大豆在鬼针草的竞争干扰下,单株分枝数、结荚数、百粒重和产量均随鬼针草密度增加而下降。大豆产量与鬼针草密度的最佳回归模型为对数函数Y=-211．0215lnx＋1218．2615或指数函数Y=319．5328e^-0.0047x,两个函数模型均能较好地表示大豆产量与鬼针草密度之间的关系。鬼针草的经济危害允许水平为14．04％,防除阈值为38．33株／m^2。     

干旱胁迫下CoCl2对紫花苜蓿幼苗生长影响初探

通过不同浓度的CoCl2溶液浸种,研究在干旱胁迫下促进紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的最佳浓度。试验结果表明:在干旱胁迫下CoCl2处理的紫花苜蓿幼苗,以0.00025～0.1mmol/L处理的幼苗在株高、分枝数、根系长度、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、地上部分干重、地下部分干重都有所增加,浓度为0.005mmol/L时各指标基本表现为最优。研究表明,较低浓度的CoCl2具有保护幼苗的作用,较高浓度时则表现为一定的伤害作用。紫花苜蓿株高(y)与叶面积(x1)、分枝数(x2)、地下部分鲜重(x3)、地上部分干重(x4)、根系长度(x5)、地上部分鲜重(x6)、地下部分干重(x7)之间的多元线性回归方程为:y=2.9153-0.4377x1 0.1227x2-4.9510x3-3.0736x4 226.4584x5 350.9114x6 342.4854x7。     

黄腐酸对乙草胺生物活性及持效期的影响

采用玉米根长法或芽长法研究了黄腐酸对乙草胺的生物活性、持效期和除草效果的影响.结果显示:乙草胺浓度和玉米根芽生长呈明显负线性关系,乙草胺浓度与根芽的线性方程为Y1=0.098x1+9.449和Y2=0.079x2+22.255,相关系数R1=-0.9916、R2=-0.9809;黄腐酸能够提高乙草胺的生物活性和除草效果,并延长乙草胺的持效期,添加0.25%～4.00%黄腐酸,乙草胺抑制玉米芽长和根长的活性分别提高7.12%～14.27%和6.32%～11.65%,其持效期延长0.46～12.17天:施药后28天,添加0.5%～2.0%的黄腐酸使乙草胺防除稗草的鲜重抑制率提高11.93%～16.88%.     

塔里木盆地南缘不同生境盐生草种群分布特征及地上生物量初步估测

本文对不同生境盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)种群分布特征及地上生物量做了初步分析。结果表明:(1)盐生草种群格局均为成群分布。(2)不同生境盐生草地上生物量不同:策勒-洛浦公路北侧最高达40.34±2.59g.m-2,昆仑山北坡-恰哈乡其次达24.91±1.80g.m-2,策勒-洛浦公路南侧最低为3.65±1.33g.m-2。(3)各样地地上生物量最优回归方程分别为:策勒-洛浦公路南侧Y=7.07e0.0002x;策勒-洛浦公路北侧Y=0.006x1.17;昆仑山北坡-恰哈乡Y=16.1550.0011x,各模型检验的平均拟合率都在90%以上,预测精度较可靠。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.