蜜蜂减少诱发生态系统剧变

据法国农艺研究所的统计,法国蜂群的数量已经从1994年的150万群减少到了现在的100万群.爱因斯坦曾经预言:"如果蜜蜂消失了,人类生存的时间就可能只有几年了."与爱因斯坦的预言相反,蜜蜂的消失并不会影响人类的生存.但蜜蜂的减少也是很令人担心的,因为蜜蜂在农业和生态系列中发挥着关键作用,必须明白,蜜蜂担负着生物圈里主要的授粉作用,因此它是促使作物繁殖的主要昆虫.     

国际有关蜜蜂突然消失（CCD）的研究进展

CCD，英文全称Colony Collapse Disorder，译为“蜂群崩溃失调”或“蜜蜂突然消失”，是一种导致蜂巢内的大批量工蜂突然消失的现象，原因至今仍不明确。     

科学家破解蜜蜂成群死亡之谜

<正>据新加坡《联合早报》2009年9月10日报道,蜜蜂突然成群消失的谜团困扰科学界多年。互联网中有人引述美国物理学家爱因斯坦的预言,指蜜蜂一旦消失,人类也就只剩下大约4年的存活时间,另有人也驳斥此为以讹传讹之谈。中国农业科学科院蜜蜂研     

蜜蜂的免疫系统

<正>蜂群崩溃失调症的明显标志是工蜂突然"消失"。消失原因之一是蜂群的免疫反应水平,这种免疫反应可以正常抵抗感染,但蜂群中存在这种积极反馈循环,能导致蜂巢内大部分或全部蜜蜂死亡。为了更好地了解发生了什么,我们必须全面掌握蜜蜂的免疫系统是如何发挥功能的。蜜蜂基因组被测序以后我们都听说过这样一句     

论西方蜜蜂在中国野生的可能性

中国是野生东方蜜蜂、大蜜蜂、小蜜蜂等蜂种的故乡，但未发现过野生的西方蜜蜂。本对野生是蜜蜂本来的生存形式、野生蜜蜂对气候蜜源条件的选择性、西方蜜蜂对野生环境的适应性等方面进行了论述，并通过考证研究发现的野生新疆黑蜂的现实和历史，进一步证实了西方蜜蜂在我国野生的可能性。     

关于加强中华蜜蜂保护的建议

<正>中华蜜蜂有7 000万年进化史,是我国独有的土生土长的蜜蜂当家品种。中华蜜蜂适应性强,抗寒抗敌害能力远远超过西方蜂种,很多种开花植物靠中华蜜蜂授粉得以繁衍下来,所以说维持生态平衡、保障粮油安全中华蜜蜂功不可没。中华蜜蜂为苹果授粉坐果率比西蜂高30%,且耐低温、出勤早、善于采集零星蜜源,对保护生态和农业丰产意义重大。但现如今由于环境污染、滥施农药等因素,造成中华蜜蜂生存危机。加之引入的意大利等西方蜂种,造成残酷的     

工蜂之间相互作用促成激素调节蜜蜂劳动分工的适应性

工蜂之间以日龄为基础的分工要求高水平的群体统一。一般蜜蜂的成年生活开始的前 3周在蜂巢里工作 ,最后的 1 -3周进行采集活动。但为了适应群体或环境条件的改变 ,蜜蜂能加快、阻碍、颠倒它们行为的发展。蜜蜂准确地反应对特定工蜂活动的需要 ,对群体的生存和生产有很重要的作用 ,因为从蜂巢守卫向采蜜的转变需要复杂的生理变化。一只蜜蜂不具有获得并综合它所在蜂群的整体状况信息的能力 ,数以万计个体才可能同时进行完成的不同活动。因而工蜂行为发展的适应性规则可能相似于细胞发展的适应性规则。为了把工蜂之间相互作用的影响和工蜂与…     

中蜂的生态环境和管理

中蜂是我国的优良蜂种,土生土长,繁衍不断,经过长期自然选择,对外界环境具有很强的适应性和抗逆性,对恶劣生活条件的忍受性是西方蜂种所不能相比的。这种优良特性在生产上具有较大的实际意义。蜜蜂生活上相互联系的环境条件是比较复杂的。生态环境极大地影响着蜜蜂的生存。下面就中蜂生态环境中几个主要的和生产有着密切关系的问题简述,供商榷。中蜂对外界环境的适应性,体现了中蜂群体与生活环境的统一性。一旦这种统一性     

生态条件的多样性变化对蜜蜂生存的影响

蜜蜂在整个生态系统中起着重要的传花授粉作用,是生态链中不可或缺的物种.随着现代农业的发展,蜜蜂赖以生存的环境遭到破坏,继而引发蜜蜂数量大幅减少,影响了蜂种的生存与可持续发展.总结了近年来生态条件的变化,归纳了影响蜜蜂生存的主要因素,分析了蜜蜂生存艰难的原因,提出了蜜蜂生存的关键问题,并展望了未来维持蜜蜂强群的主要研究方向.     

蜜蜂是如何飞行和盗窃的

<正>养蜂者曾惊讶的发现:一个强壮蜂群的蜜蜂数量逐渐减少甚至完全消失。这时他们只能沮丧的挠挠头,对此匪夷所思,蜜蜂之间到底发生了什么?是蜜蜂的盗窃行为导致蜂群内蜜蜂数量减少?但当我们意识到盗蜂袭击蜂群时再去弥补就已经太晚了。虽然认识到蜜蜂会攻击甚至杀死自己的种族以求得生存,但这毕竟是件令人伤心的事,而了解导致盗窃行为的基     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。