果梅自交不亲和相关基因型(S、SFB/SLF)研究进展

果梅(Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)原产于中国,为蔷薇科典型的配子体自交不亲和(GSI)品种。GSI至少由S位点的花柱S(S-RNase)基因和花粉S(SFB/SLF)基因决定。主要介绍了果梅GSI决定基因S基因和SFB/SLF基因的研究现状,并对基因型的鉴定技术AS-PCR的理论基础进行了介绍,对目前国内外已经鉴定出基因型的果梅品种进行了总结,这些将对果梅品种授粉树的合理配置和杂交育种的亲本选择具有重要的意义。     

Genetic analysis of four self-incompatible lines in Brassica napus

Reciprocal hybridization between four self-incompatible lines of Brassica napus: 271, 181, 184 and ‘White Flower’, revealed incompatibility. The reciprocal F₁s obtained by bud pollination showed self-incompatible reactions, and no segregation for self-incompatibility was observed in all the reciprocal F₂ populations, indicating that lines 271, 181, 184 and ‘White Flower’ were genetically identical with regard to self-incompatibility. Observations of self-incompatibility in 17 hybrids from crosses between line 271 and 17 varieties of B. napus showed 10 of the F₁ hybrids to be self-compatible, while four were partially self-compatible and three were self-incompatible. Genetic analysis based on F₂ and BC₁ populations from five self-compatible F₁ hybrids and two self-incompatible F₁ hybrids suggested the existence of at least two loci controlling the self-incompatibility of line 271: one is the S locus, with dominant and recessive relationships between the S alleles, and the other is the suppressor (sp) of the S locus. The sp locus is genetically different from the S locus, and also shows dominant and recessive relationships between the sp alleles.     

甘蓝自交不亲和基因MLPK与SSP的FISH定位

利用FISH技术, 对自交不亲和基因MLPK与SSP在甘蓝有丝分裂前中期染色体、减数分裂早粗线期染色体以及伸长DNA纤维等3种分辨率水平的靶DNA载体上进行物理定位。结果表明, 在有丝分裂前中期, MLPK探针信号位于一对近中着丝粒同源染色体的短臂中部, 距着丝粒的百分距离约为53.41±3.16;SSP探针信号位于一对具有随体的近端着丝粒同源染色体的长臂端部, 距着丝粒的百分距离约为78.36±4.26。综合3种载体上的FISH结果表明, MLPK与SSP在甘蓝染色体组中可能都只有一个同源序列座位, 具有在单倍体基因组中的单拷贝性。重复FISH杂交表明, MLPK与5S rDNA位于同一对染色体。依据Armstrong的核型分析标准, 初步判断MLPK与SSP分别位于甘蓝的2号和7号染色体, 与S位点不存在连锁关系。另从比较基因组学角度对定位结果进行了讨论。     

昌江芒果花期气候适宜度变化特征分析

[目的] 建立海南昌江地区芒果花期气候适宜性评价指标和模型,以期为芒果气象灾害防范提供依据。[方法] 利用相关系数法确定权重建立气候适宜度,根据其与芒果气象产量的相关性,确定气候适宜性评价指标。[结果] 气象产量丰歉指数与气候适宜指数呈显著相关关系;芒果花期适宜度指数低值主要在12月-2月上旬;湿度适宜度指数更能反应芒果单产的丰歉情况。[结论] 建议芒果开花期安排在2月中旬及以后,可大概率避开低温阴雨天气;开花期间天气干燥对芒果丰产较为有利。适宜度指标可以用于评价气候条件对芒果开花期的适宜程度。     

氧气浓度对杧果种子贮藏寿命的影响

杧果种子在所试各氧浓度中密闭贮藏时，含水量变化不大，但在21．0％和17．5％O2中贮藏20天后，颜色由白完全变黑，生活力完全丧失；在10．5％。。中贮藏100天，颜色保持白色，生活力达40％；在7．0％和3．5％O2中贮藏100天，种子颜色虽保持白色，但生活力已降至20％以下。推论除脱水损伤外，种子氧化变黑也是杧果种子表现顽拗性的一个主要原因。     

芒果MDS家族基因的鉴定、进化及表达分析

2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2,4-环焦磷酸合成酶(MDS)是MEP代谢途径中的关键酶.为了鉴定芒果中的MDS家族基因,探索MDS家族基因的进化、表达模式.本研究采用同源搜索的方法,从13个植物基因组中下载了16个MDS家族基因,对其进行了蛋白结构域、系统发育及在芒果中的表达分析.蛋白结构域分析结果显示,芒果MDS家族...     

Levels of self-incompatibility in wallflower,Cheiranthus cheiri L.

Summary Approximately 1000 plants from 30 wallflower cultivars were selfpollinated in the open flower and bud stage. Only a very small number of plants failed to set seed and the averages ranged from 3.3 to 11.0 seeds per siliqua. Cultivars with mixed colours appeared to show most self-incompatibility and it is suggested that they form un-evolved populations in terms of the incompatibility system by comparison with their related single-colour cultivars.S1 progenies tended to remain at the same self-incompatibility level as their parents although some segregation occurred with approximately the same number of plants from low to high self-incompatibility and vice-versa.S1 progenies showed no apparent inbreeding depression, as is the case also for their descendants, but there was a tendency for progeny heterogeneity to be associated with high parental self-incompatibility while homogeneous inbreds were most often derived from more self-compatible parents.     

1-MCP和热处理对台农芒果贮藏品质的影响

以台农芒果为试材,研究了1-MCP(1μL/L)处理、热处理(50℃热水处理10 min)以及两者结合处理对台农芒果采后生理及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理和1-MCP处理+热处理可较好地保持果实的绿色,降低果实细胞膜的透性,保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,抑制丙二醛(MDA)的产生,对延缓果实衰老起到了积极的作用。同时,热处理+1-MCP处理还抑制了可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的增加和可滴定酸(TA)含量的下降,更好地提高了台农芒果的耐贮性。     

Self-incompatibility in sexually propagated cultivated plants

Whenever self-incompatibility occurs in cultivated plants it can rarely be explained on the basis of a simple oppositional allele self-incompatibility system, and moreover, such self-incompatibility is rarely complete but is frequently characterised by pseudo-self-compatibility. Bearing in mind the selection pressures operating during mass cultivation, it would be surprising if many established crop species had retained a completely effective self-incompatibility mechanism. Furthermore, some crop species have a breeding system which is geared to produce an intermediate level of hybridit; a conflict between inbreeding and the inertia of the genetic system appears to be responsible for maintaining this intermediate hybridity level. The implications of this situation on inbreeding of cultivated crops are discussed.     

小麦Kr基因片段的克隆及序列分析

小麦远缘杂交不亲和性受Kr基因控制.为研究不同基因型小麦Kr基因的序列特征,从中国小麦微核心种质中选择蚂蚱麦、小白芒、托克逊1号、中国春、洋麦、郑麦9023等6种基因型小麦为试验材料,采用同源克隆方法,分离小麦Kr基因并分析其序列特征.结果表明,6种基因型小麦中有3种扩增出Kr基因片段,3条DNA序列长度均为414 b...     

茶树离体植株再生与遗传转化

茶树(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)属山茶科(Theaceae),是重要的饮料作物。茶树为多年生木本植物,其自身的一些特性,如长生育周期、自交不亲和性、高度自交衰退等,使人工杂交或自交进行的遗传改良受到诸多限制。因此通过遗传转化进行茶树育种越来越受到研究者的重视。离体再生困难和转化效率低是限制茶树遗传转化进行的主要因素。本文在综述了茶树微繁途径、器官发生途径和体细胞胚发生途径等离体植株再生和遗传转化的主要研究进展基础上,提出发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)介导法最有可能在茶树遗传转化上取得成功。     

不同采收期对芒果常温贮藏品质的影响

为了对芒果的科学合理采收提供理论依据,以‘红芒6号’芒果为试验材料,探讨了不同采收期对芒果常温贮藏品质的影响,着重考察芒果常温贮藏过程中失重率、病果率、硬度、维生素C(Vc)、可溶性固形物(TSS)和可滴定酸(TA)含量及固酸比的变化。结果表明,过早采收的芒果,其TA和Vc含量较适时采收的要高,而TSS含量和固酸比则较低;过晚采收的芒果,其失重率和病果率高,果实软化快。笔者提出了‘红芒6号’芒果最佳的采收期是盛花期后120天,适宜采收的生理指标是TSS和TA的质量分数分别为6.40%和0.85%。     

芒果采后生物学特性及其研究进展

综述了近年来在芒果采后生物学特性方面的研究现状和成果,针对存在的问题,提出了当前和今后在芒果采后生物学特性方面的应用研究前景和方向,为芒果采后的贮藏保鲜提供了重要理论依据。     

杧果蒂腐病菌潜伏侵染研究

对广西大学杧果园的两个杧果品种果树及果实不同时期带菌情况的调查结果表明,开花期之前一个月就有蒂腐病菌潜伏在春梢上。从各时期组织中至少分离到10种引起杧果果实腐烂的真菌,其中Dothiorella dominicana Pet.et Cif.、 Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.、Diplodina sp.为主要病原菌,Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (P.Henn.) Sutton.、Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad 为次要病原菌,其它真菌只在一定情况下引起蒂腐病症状。D. dominicana.、B. theobromae和 P. mangiferae于开花期之前一个月潜伏侵染枝条,Diplodina sp.从幼果期侵入并潜伏至贮藏期发病,P. mangiferae从青熟果期开始潜伏侵染。     

芒果种质资源保存研究进展

芒果（Mangifera indica Linn.）是一种重要的热带水果。目前,芒果在全球尚无一个具早熟、高产、优质和抗主要病虫害等优良性状的品种。究其原因：一是大量芒果种质资源由于各种自然和人为原因,以及传统种质保存方法的局限性而逐渐流失;二是由于芒果是基因高度杂合的木本植物,用传统的育种方法改良芒果比较困难。本文对芒果种质资源现状,离体保存技术以及超低温保存技术等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出利用体胚再生体系对芒果进行品种改良是未来的一个重要研究方向。     

Combining apetalous parthenocarpy with columnar growth habit in apple

Summary ‘Wijcik’, a sport of ‘McIntosh’ with columnar growth habit, was crossed with ‘Wellington Bloomless’, which has apetalous flowers and bears parthenocarpic seedless fruit if not pollinated. The seedlings segregated for columnar versus normal habit but all had normal flowers and fruit. Four columnar seedlings were crossed with ‘Spencer Seedless’, another apetalous cultivar, and the resulting seedlings segregated not only for plant habit but also for apetalous versus normal flowers, approximately 1 : 1. Thus apetaly is controlled by a recessive gene, for which the symbolape is proposed. Apetalous columnar apples may be useful for planting in very high density orchards, cropping without pollination and thus not dependent on bees, pollinator varieties and warm weather at flowering time; moreover, being seedless they may avoid biennial bearing tendencies that are attributable to developing seeds inhibiting fruit bud formation.     

Erratum to: Population genetics of self-incompatibility and developing self-compatible genotypes in niger (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Guizotia abyssinica</Emphasis>)

Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. (Asteraceae) is a strictly self-incompatible crop species with a sporophytic self-incompatibility mechanism. This characteristic presents a number of difficulties in plant improvement programs. The objective of this study was to determine the number and distribution of S-alleles in Ethiopian niger populations and to identify and develop self-compatible genotypes with various associated advantages. Several aspects of self-incompatibility in niger were compared in self- and cross-pollination experiments in which seed-set was considered to be a measure of compatibility. Our results indicate the presence of a minimum of ten self-incompatibility alleles and one self-compatibility allele at the S-locus in niger. Most of these alleles behave differently in the pollen and pistil. About two-thirds of the allelic interactions in both the pollen and pistil were dominant/recessive, and one-third were codominant. The reciprocal cross-pollinations (RCPs) resulted in progeny with similar levels of compatibility within and among populations because of a wide distribution of S-alleles in the populations and, consequently, low population differentiation at the S-locus. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that only 2% of the total genetic variation at the S-locus differentiates the populations. In conclusion, self-compatible genotypes from the Ethiopian niger gene pool have been identified and developed for the first time.     

The occurrence of self-incompatibility in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L. subvar. Cauliflora dc.) and the possibilities to produce uniform varieties

Summary From 30 varieties and strains of cauliflower the degree of self-incompatibility was tested. It was found that the early cauliflower varieties show a low level of self-incompatibility and most of the late cauliflower varieties a higher level of self-incompatibility. The possibilities of producing uniform varieties by means of hybrid breeding or line selection are discussed.     

芒果面包的研制

通过在普通面包原料中加入芒果浆的方法,研制具有芒果营养和保健功能的面包。结果表明,采用先添加芒果浆进行搅打的方法,制作出的面包在外观形状、内部组织结构及色泽与口感为好;通过正交试验,筛选出芒果面包的最佳工艺配方为：芒果浆添加量（以面粉质量计）40％,奶粉20％,白砂糖10％,水32％,再配以20％的黄油,经酵母发酵,可生产出营养丰富、色泽诱人、风味独特的芒果面包。     

芒果采后主要真菌性病害及防治方法研究进展

芒果是热带、亚热带重要经济作物之一,因其独特的口感和丰富的营养价值深受消费者喜爱。由于芒果采收期正值高温多雨季节、果实采后生理代谢旺盛、采收难度大,采后运输、贮藏过程中易遭受真菌的侵染,成为限制芒果产业发展的重要因素。为防治芒果采后真菌性病害,国内外学者对芒果采后防治技术进行了研究与开发。对炭疽病、蒂腐病和曲霉病3种芒果采后主要真菌性病害的症状、危害、病原菌和发生条件进行了综述,总结了芒果采后真菌性病害的防治方法,并对芒果采后病害防治方法进行了展望,为芒果采后真菌性病害防治技术的发展提供理论基础。