目标规划在沥青路面预防性养护策略选择中的应用

预防性养护策略选择是沥青路面预防性养护的关键决策方法之一,决定预养护措施选择的科学性和合理性。本文主要讨论如何利用数学方法解决网级和项目级预防性养护策略选择问题。通过分析,建立0-1型目标规划模型,并以某高速公路为例,详细分析和叙述了预防性养护对策选择的方法和过程。分析过程和结果可供具体工程应用参考。     

校园绿地边界空间存在的问题及解决措施

指出了绿地边界空间是构成完整和谐绿地的重要组成部分,然而屡遭破坏的现象与当代可持续发展的理念相违背,探寻其解决措施具有实践应用价值和广阔的研究前景.主要论述了校园绿地边界空间存在的问题及解决措施,为校园绿地的规划、设计和养护管理提供参考依据.     

浅谈北京地区如何降低园林养护成本

该文分析了园林养护过程中存在的盲目追求量化指标,规划、建设、养护脱节等问题,并介绍了健全园林管理体制,体现规划先行原则,养护中加强成本控制,使用与推广新技术等降低园林养护成本的措施,以实现园林的节约型发展,为城市的节能发展做出贡献。     

西安市城市公共绿地养护存在问题与对策

分析了西安市城市公共绿地养护中存在的分类管理不尽规范、经费无定额支持、管理部门职能不尽顺畅、规划整体性差、养护管理水平不高等问题,提出了制定和颁布养护定额、保障园林绿化维护专项资金、科学规划设计、建立长效监管机制、加强养护人员专业技能培训等应对措施。     

紫竹在千岛湖园林绿化中应用

紫竹具有自然美、色彩美、象征美、造型美等多种园林特性,可在千岛湖园林绿化中广泛应用。在应用中应注意科学规划,科学配置和科学养护。     

影响城市园林绿化养护质量的主要因素初步研究——以贵州省贵阳市观山湖区为例

采用参与式农村评估(PRA)和社会调查方法,对影响观山湖区城市园林绿化养护质量的因素进行调查。结果表明:日常养护、施工、规划与设计等技术因素以及管理、政策法规、经济、自然和社会等非技术因素对园林绿化养护质量均有不同程度的影响。通过评价排序和综合比较分析,初步确定了影响城市园林绿化养护质量的17个主要因素,并提出了影响绿化养护质量因素的控制措施。     

新时期营造林工作存在的问题及解决对策

笔者从林业数据统计误差较大、规划与设计不科学、缺乏资金投入、对后期养护和监管的重视程度不够、专业技术人才不足5方面探讨了当前营造林工作中存在的问题。根据问题,提出了科学规划、保护森林资源、提高养护管理水平、加大政策扶持力度等解决对策。     

城市建设中生态草坪的应用和作用

论述了在城市建设中生态草坪的生态效益和生态草坪的建植与养护管理,提出了生态草坪系统规划的原则和养护管理的生态观,力求把城市建设成为生态协调、可持续利用和良性循环的人居环境。     

黄浦区古树名木养护标准化管理初探

古树名木作为文化历史的见证,受到我国环境不断恶化的影响,衰老和死亡速度不断加快。鉴于此,本文以黄浦区为调研对象,首先阐述了相关背景,然后对黄浦区古树名木养护标准化管理的意义进行探析,最后从制度规划、项目资金与养护设施、养护要求与考核三个视角,对养护标准化管理展开研究,以点带面,旨在提升古树名木养护标准化管理的水平,提升工作效率。     

福州市城市行道树的现状与对策

分析了福州市行道树栽植、养护现状和存在问题,对福州市未来行道树栽植规划和养护管理等提出了建议和对策。认为强调科学配置,完善管理机制,关注良种的选育推广应用,建构合理的行道树体系,是当前福州市城市道路绿化的关键。     

The T'OLCHE', a Maya system of communally managed forest belts: the causes and consequences of its disappearance

The T'OLCHE' is a protected forest belt about 10–20 m wide that runs through the Mayan landscape on the limits of the maize fields of the farmers. This study explores its traditional use and management and traces how it has changed in the last 30 years in the study village in Yucatán, Mexico. A major change is in its extent; little remains of the 10–20% of the area it occupied in the past. Two of the causes of this are identified as being a credit programme of the local bank and 1973 state legislation concerning cattle. The causes and consequences of this decline are discussed in relation with other farmer-perceived changes in overall landuse, including a fall in maize yields. The ecological roles of the T'OLCHE' are examined. It is argued that the T'OLCHE' plays an essential role in the regeneration of the fallow vegetation and in the maintenance of biological diversity. The case of the T'OLCHE' suggests the need for a diversified and politicized look on Common Property Resource Management.     

Strengthening capacity for agribusiness in agroforestry and natural resources in tertiary agricultural education in Africa: African Network for Agriculture,Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE)

This paper highlights the main achievements of the programme on Strengthening Africa’s Strategic Agricultural Capacity for Impact on Development (SASACID) funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The programme is implemented by the African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE) through 16 Pilot Institutions (PIs). It focuses on supporting agribusiness development in tertiary agricultural education and research in Africa. Under the programme, ANAFE is working towards refocusing agricultural learning and development objectives, producing contextualized learning materials, managing risk and uncertainties in agriculture, developing and reviewing curricula, retooling lecturers in pedagogy and strategizing on how best to work more closely with the private sector. The paper build on the final SASACID (2012–2014) report jointly developed through the Results-Based Management logical framework with the 16 SASACID Pilot Institutions (PIs) that met in Nairobi November 11–13, 2014. Results show that even though the PIs are at different levels of achievement over 75 % have achieved 80 % of the expected outputs. Management of scholarships for BSc and MSc students working with the private sector on risk management-related issues is among the outputs achieved by all the Pilot Institutions. Formalizing engagement with private sector through signing of Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) was reported by 25 % of the PIs working in Agribusiness through which students were supported to undertake research or internship within selected private sector firms; about 15 % got employed while others initiated their own businesses. A major output from the programme is the development and sharing of Agribusiness and Risk Management curricula frameworks for all degree levels from Diploma, BSc, MSc and PhD. Four Pilot institutions have signed MoUs with ANAFE to test the Agribusiness curricula at various levels. They are Rongo University College, Taita Taveta University College and Strathmore University (all from Kenya) and (Kenya), Mulungushi University (Zambia). The objective of this paper is to highlight ANAFE’s key achievements in transforming tertiary agricultural education and research in Africa, with specific reference to the SASACID programme. The programme was implemented from 2011 to 2015. Sixteen (16) ANAFE member institutions from 14 countries, competitively selected, implemented the SASACID programme, which focused on Agribusiness and management of risks and uncertainties in agriculture.     

Participation and compensation claims in voluntary forest conservation: A case of privately owned forests in Finland

A new market-based voluntary programme aimed at preserving forest habitats on private land has been implemented in Finland. This scheme is based on conservation by fixed-term agreements between forest owners and a governmental authority. In this study we examine the characteristics of forest owners and their properties that indicate the owners' willingness to participate in the programme. In addition, we analyse factors affecting the real compensation claims. The study uses a dual set of data from the pilot project, i.e. one data set supplied by the authority and another collected from the owners involved in the project. The results suggest that to increase the participation rate, information on the conservation project should be targeted in particular to the forest owners who either emphasize financial investment as a motive for forest ownership, have positive attitudes toward nature protection, or own large amounts of forest property. Additionally, owners' positive environmental preferences would decrease and high harvesting value and high ecological quality of a preserved forest stand would increase compensation claims. The voluntary programme could not, however, circumvent owners' strategic behaviour with respect to the claims.     

湿地资源监测的方法构想

近 5 0年来 ,由于人口增长和经济快速发展的双重压力 ,中国湿地资源正以惊人的速度退化。在简单介绍湿地生态变化及其原因的基础上 ,提出了湿地资源监测的方法和步骤。指出在湿地资源监测中最为关键的是监测指标的选择 ,应根据监测目的和方法的设计进行指标和技术方法的选择     

竹材展开机框片有限元网格的自动形成

竹材展开机框 设计，采用三角形单元自动形成的程序ＸＳ，只需输入必需最少信息，计算机就能输出原来人工完成的各种数据和图形。既可提高工作效率和计算精度，又可与有限元法计算位移和应力的程序方便地衔接，通用性好。     

天保地区森林资源保护与社会经济发展的冲突及其成因

天保工程的实施对天保地区的生态、经济与社会产生了综合影响，同时与利益相关者也产生了一些矛盾和冲突，主要表现在：天然林保护与森林经营者之间，天然林保护与林业管理体制之间，天然林保护与林区干部、职工、林农观念之间等。形成这些冲突的原因是错综复杂的。但从主要层面分析，天然林保护的外部性是冲突产生的客观原因，天然林保护理念的绝对化是冲突产生的根源，国家采取的强制性制度变迁是冲突产生的制度原因。此外，林业管理体制僵化和产权交易机制不健全则分别是国有和集体天然林地区冲突产生的关键。     

Household participation in Payments for Ecosystem Services: A case study from Mozambique

The success of the PES programme in developing countries depends on the active participation and contribution of rural households. This paper investigates the factors influencing rural households' decision to participate in the PES programme in the N'hambita Community in Sofala Province, Mozambique, based on data collected through a survey of 115 households, using factor analysis and multiple regressions. Factor analysis has shown that the main factors influencing the household decision to participate in the programme are latent variables labelled as economic benefits, followed by social inclusion and forest conservation accounting, with 31%, 19% and 14% of the total variance respectively. Multinomial logistic regression demonstrates that the gender, marital status, household age, the educational level of the head, land area, distance from the project centre and source of income are important variables in explaining the level of participation of the three factors.     

Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.     

计算器在面积求算中的应用

利用５种常用的程序型计算器编程计算罗盘仪测量的面积，精度高、操作简单，该法已在开化县造林基地验收中采用。     

基于Mathematica的符号计算方法

介绍了M athem atica软件符号计算功能,并根据初值问题数值计算方法,运用了M athem atica进行符号运算,建立了一种解初值问题的符号计算方法,算例表明该方法计算简单,易程序化,计算结果比传统的数值方法优越.