连栋温室地中热交换系统贮热加温的试验

为解决连栋温室冬季能耗大、费用高的问题,进行了采用地中热交换系统部分代替燃煤的贮热加温试验。测定了空气和管道周围土壤贮、放热前后的温度等参数变化,系统在夜间加温能力可达加温热流量６０Ｗ／ｍ^２,可有效保证夜间室内气温高于室外１１℃以上。     

轮作稻麦田水热通量及影响因素分析

轮作稻麦田水热通量及影响因素研究可为田间灌水管理和作物高效用水提供依据。该文利用波文比能量平衡监测系统测定的轮作稻麦田的水热通量数据及通径分析方法,分析了2种不同农田的水热通量变化规律及影响因素。结果表明轮作稻麦田的水热通量呈单峰曲线日变化。能量主要被潜热通量所消耗,全生育期小麦田潜热通量占可供能量的比例为71%,而2016和2017年水稻全生育期潜热通量占可供能量的比例分别为106%和122%,表明水稻冠层吸收了感热通量以进行水分消耗。净辐射对轮作稻麦田潜热通量的影响主要为直接作用,而1.5 m高气温、饱和水汽压差和风速主要通过净辐射路径对潜热通量产生间接影响。水稻田潜热通量受净辐射的直接作用小于小麦田,而受饱和水汽压差的直接作用大于小麦田。水稻田各影响因子对潜热通量影响的间接作用比小麦田更大。     

太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统热性能分析

为对太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统的推广应用和优化设计提供指导,试验研究了该型系统的热性能,对系统中真空管太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数与相关因素的关系进行了分析。试验表明,当日平均环境温度在-2.1~-8.6℃变化时,沼气池内料液温度可维持在(27±2)℃的范围内。得到了太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数的计算公式;研究发现沼气池内料液温度对热水-料液传热系数的影响很大,随着料液温度的提高,传热系数显著增加。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明，1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大，而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和MDA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明，生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R 含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质，采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明,1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大,而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和M DA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明,生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质,采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

Tomato productivity and the associated composition of the hydroponic or soil solution

The concentration and balance of nutrients in both the hydroponic or soil solution has been evaluated with relevance to tomato productivity. Yields of 200 mt/ha have been produced in greenhouse, hydroponic culture in a 9 to 10 month period. Yields of more than 100 mt/ha of field grown tomatoes have been produced in Florida in a 4 to 5 month period. Within the limitations of either culture, it is possible per unit of time to provide the nutrients required to produce equivalent yields. It is most significant that field grown tomatoes in Florida can be grown with minimal management and at a fraction of the cost of those grown hydroponically. The validity of the Florida fresh market tomato industry is based on the production efficiency of the field culture. There are annually 16,000 ha of tomatoes grown in Florida, perhaps less than 40 ha grown in hydroponic cultures.     

Response of potatoes to different nutrient solution management in a closed hydroponic system

Ion control of nutrient solutions to control nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) was developed for Superior (medium-to-early maturing) and Atlantic (mid-late) potato cultivars grown in closed hydroponic systems in which solutions were replenished and recirculated. Results were compared with conventional nutrient solution management strategies. In the “solution replacement” treatment, nutrient solutions were completely replaced each week. In the “electrical conductivity (EC) control” treatment, water use by potato plants was compensated by adding ground water to achieve the original volume (water replenishment) and the diluted EC of the solution was adjusted to the target levels using stock solution. In “ion control” treatment, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) were added to the EC-controlled nutrient solution. The amounts increased with plant age in both cultivars. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃), P, and K in the ion control nutrient solution could be maintained at target levels. In water replenishment, recycling of nutrient solution resulted in a progressive decrease in EC and an increase in pH. Root activity increased by 93% and 59% in the Superior and Atlantic cultivars, respectively, compared with the nutrient solution replacement. These changes decreased photosynthesis, plant growth, water use, and thus tuber growth in the Superior cultivar. Decreased growth of shoots and tubers occurred without affecting photosynthesis in the Atlantic cultivar. Although there were no significant differences in root activity, photosynthesis, or plant growth between the ion control treatment and the EC control treatment, increased tuber growth was observed in the ion control treatment, possibly as a result of the constant supply of nutrients. High tuber growth and the capability to maintain solution nutrient concentration in the ion control treatment are highly desirable for closed hydroponic systems.     

洪泽县蔬菜园区土壤养分变化与对策

通过调查分析20年来洪泽县蔬菜园区土壤养分的变化趋势,寻求提高蔬菜生产水平的合理施肥结构和用量。     

温室地下蓄热系统换热特性研究

针对现行温室地下埋管式换热系统结构的缺点，为充分利用地下蓄热，提高地温和夜间环境温度，设计了一种新型温室地下蓄热系统。测定了系统蓄热与放热时进出口空气温度、湿度与换热管道出口处空气的流速。试验结果表明，温室地下蓄热系统蓄热和放热时进口空气与出口空气的温度差、焓差较大，其差值随系统运行时间降低，白天蓄热量与夜间释放热量大于系统消耗的电能，蓄热时运行时间不宜大于4.5 h。     

Effects of nitrogen form of nutrient solution on uptake and concentration macro element and morphological trait in hydroponic tulip

Effects of nutrient solution composition ratio on (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cv, ?Apricot Parrot? and ?Daytona? growth and flowering were studied hydroponics. Plants were grown with five treatments respectively: S₁(0), S₂(0.01), S₃(0.02) S₄(0.03) and S₅(0.04) meq L^.-1 ammonium or 0,0.38, 0.74, 0.11 and 0.14 ammonium (NH₄⁺)/NH₄+nitrate (NO₃)^?ratios. Flowering was accelerated by increase of ammonium level for both cultivars. Nutrition solution was not significant on the stem length of Daytona cultivar, but maximum flowering stem length occurred S₂ solution for Apricot Parrot cultivar. Increasing ammonium level, decreased potassium concentration in the aerial parts. Total nitrogen of new bulbs decreased with increasing ammonium level for both cultivars. Maximum bulblet production rate occurred in plants that were fed with S₅ solution. Maximum flower longevity was in S₂ solution for both cultivars. growth and quality of tulip were affected by ammonium level in nutrient solution, so for obtain the best flower quality must added to nutrient solution.     

石蜡相变储热系统的放热效率

相变储热技术是节能的重要技术之一,对相变储热系统的换热系数以及放热效率的研究,有助于提高相变储热系统的放热效率,对相变储热系统的实际应用有着重要意义。该试验研究了叉排石蜡管束储热系统的整体放热性能,测定了该系统的换热系数及放热效率,并分析了管排数,风速等影响因素。研究表明,在小于3m/s的风速下,空气温度变化在20～55℃的范围内,该类储热系统的换热系数与使用现有准则关联式计算得到的理论值基本吻合;放热效率则随着风速的增大而下降,随管排数的增加而有所提高,最大可达83%;另外,延长放热时间,可以提高换热效率,最高可使放热效率提高62%。     

水培番茄、黄瓜营养液管理专家系统的构建

针对无土栽培的技术核心——营养液管理，构建了水培番茄、黄瓜的营养液管理专家系统，以促进无土栽培技术在中国大面积的推广和应用。该文详细介绍了该专家系统的设计目标、结构和功能设计的过程以及知识库的构成；构建了番茄、黄瓜在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾、钙等大量元素的吸收模型，组成动态模型库；优化了番茄、黄瓜在逆境(高温、低温、寡照等)生长条件下对营养液的管理。在大量搜集水培知识和营养液管理数据的基础上，基本实现了对水培番茄、黄瓜不同生育期的营养液浓度(EC)，酸碱度(pH)，氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)等营养元素浓度，以及营养液温度、溶解氧浓度的管理和决策。