噻呋酰胺对河南省小麦纹枯病菌的抑制活性

为明确噻呋酰胺对河南省小麦纹枯病菌的抑制活性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了噻呋酰胺对2016年从河南省15个地市分离的98株病菌的毒力。结果表明,供试菌株对噻呋酰胺的EC_(50)值分布于0.009～0.405μg·mL~(-1),小麦纹枯病菌群体中存在对噻呋酰胺敏感性较低的亚群体,将其中呈连续单峰频次正态分布的大多数菌株的平均EC_(50)值(0.043±0.019μg·mL~(-1))作为病菌对噻呋酰胺的敏感性基线;方差分析及聚类分析显示,同一地市内的菌株对噻呋酰胺的敏感性(即EC_(50)值)差异较大,EC_(50)最大值和最小值之比为1.78～34.89,而不同地市的菌株对噻呋酰胺的敏感性差异不明显,噻呋酰胺EC_(50)平均值为0.035～0.155μg·mL~(-1),EC_(50)最大值是最小值的4.41倍,病菌对噻呋酰胺的敏感性与菌株的地理来源无明显相关性;噻呋酰胺对病菌的毒力与苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、井冈霉素及甲基立枯磷的毒力间无明显相关性。综上所述,河南省大部分小麦纹枯病菌菌株对噻呋酰胺较为敏感,可将其作为综合防控的备选药剂;生产中可将噻呋酰胺与苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、甲基立枯磷、井冈霉素4种药剂轮换或交替使用,以延长其使用寿命。     

离体叶段喷雾法建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的敏感基线及其监测技术

为建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮抗药性的离体叶段喷雾法监测标准,采用该方法测定了2013年采自河南、河北省部分麦区的101个小麦白粉病菌野生菌株对三唑酮的敏感性。结果表明,小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性的EC50范围为0.239 8~7.558 5μg·mL-1,平均为3.561 2±1.881 3μg·mL-1;其敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线分布,可作为喷雾防治时小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮杀菌剂的敏感性基线。     

油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为了明确油菜菌核病菌对新型杀菌剂嘧菌环胺的敏感性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的53个油菜菌核病菌菌株对嘧菌环胺的敏感性,并测定对嘧菌环胺不同敏感性的10个菌株对菌核净、异菌脲、腐霉利、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,菌株间对嘧菌环胺的敏感性差异显著, EC50（抑制中浓度）值在0.0342～1.087 6μg/mL之间;通过EC50值相关性分析,油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。 关     

2019年浙江省部分地区小麦赤霉病菌种群组成及其对杀菌剂的敏感性调查

为了解2019年浙江省小麦赤霉病菌的种群组成及其对杀菌剂的敏感性,调查了浙江省3个地区(杭州市萧山区、杭州市桐庐县、宁波市象山县)麦田的稻桩带菌率和小麦病穗率,利用PCR和DNA测序技术鉴定病菌的种群组成。结果显示,3月份3个地区田间稻桩的赤霉病菌子囊壳携带率为26.4%～55.4%,其释放的子囊孢子能正常萌发长出菌丝并快速形成菌落;小麦田间3月份空气中赤霉病菌游动孢子数量最多,4-5月份数量有所下降;田间小麦于4月份中旬开始出现病穗,4月下旬病穗率快速攀升;从386个分离菌株中随机选择的32个菌株均被鉴定为亚洲镰孢菌(Fusarium asiaticum);72个菌株被认定为多菌灵(10 mg·L^-1)抗性菌株,约占分离菌株的18.65%。采用菌丝生长速率法检测16个分离菌株对杀菌药剂的敏感性,发现75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂和30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂对分离菌株的EC₅₀值(有效抑制中浓度)均低于5.0 mg·L^-1,40%戊唑·咪鲜胺微乳剂和25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂对分离菌株的EC₅₀值均低于2.0...     

稻瘟病菌对稻瘟灵的敏感性检测和抗药风险分析

利用菌丝生长速率法,测定了黑龙江省不同地区的10个稻瘟病菌生理小种对稻瘟灵的敏感性.在所有测试的菌株中,稻瘟灵的抑制中浓度为1.8071～4.7542μg·ml-1最不敏感菌株和最敏感菌株的EC50值相差2.6倍以上,表明黑龙江省的稻瘟病生理小种对稻瘟灵敏感性已存在一定程度的差异;同时,在实验室条件下比较了供试菌株在药剂选择压力(8μg·ml-1)下连续传代10次的EC50值,发现随着选择代数的增加,EC50值有增高趋势,这表明供试菌株在药剂选择压力下敏感性在逐渐降低.     

戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌作用机制的探讨

为探明戊唑醇对油菜菌核病的防治效果及作用机制,采用生物测定方法,研究戊唑醇的室内毒力、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的菌丝干重、菌丝蛋白质含量、菌核萌发、菌核致病力和菌丝体细胞膜电导率。结果表明:戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌具有极强的抑菌作用,EC50和EC90值分别为1.3μg/mL和11.2μg/mL;用戊唑醇处理后,菌丝体干重差异显著,蛋白质含量、菌核萌发率和致病力均随处理浓度的提高而降低;戊唑醇对菌丝体电导率无影响,但对菌丝体的生长有抑制作用。表明戊唑醇通过抑制菌丝干重、菌核萌发率、蛋白质含量和致病力而控制病害发生。     

10种杀菌剂对橡胶树白根病菌的毒力测定

为了筛选有效防治药剂,在室内采用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂原药对橡胶树白根病菌的室内毒力。结果表明：戊唑醇、腈菌唑、丙环唑、抑霉唑、三唑酮、咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、十三吗啉8种药剂对橡胶树白根病菌均具有较高的敏感性,抑菌效果较好,其EC50在0.017 7～6.013 6 μg/mL,其中戊唑醇的毒力最强,EC50为0.017 7 μg/mL;腈菌唑、丙环唑、抑霉唑的抑制作用较强,其EC50分别为0.027 8、0.045 6和0.077 3 μg/mL。甲基托布津抑菌效果最差,EC50为41.299 0 μg/mL。     

芒果炭疽病菌对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性测定

采用生长速率法测定了采自中国芒果主产区、泰国、夏威夷等地的127个芒果炭疽菌对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性。结果表明,芒果炭疽菌株对甲基硫菌灵的EC50值范围为0.005 7~7.850 5μg/m L,最大EC50值是最小EC50值的1 377倍。不同地区、不同染病部位、不同年份的芒果炭疽菌株对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性不同,采自四川菌株敏感性最低,采自夏威夷菌株敏感性最高;不同分离部位敏感性程度依次为枝、果、叶;2011~2013年,菌株敏感性逐年降低,存在很大的抗药性风险。     

甘肃省玉米大斑病菌对啶酰菌胺的敏感性监测

为了明确啶酰菌胺对玉米大斑病菌的毒力水平,采用菌丝生长速率法测定甘肃省玉米大斑病菌对啶酰菌胺的敏感性。结果表明,甘肃省3个生态区160株玉米大斑病菌对啶酰菌胺的敏感性差异较小,平均EC₅₀为0.19μg/mL,EC₅₀范围在0.01～0.88μg/mL。平均EC₅₀高低顺序依次为南部湿润区>东部半湿润半干旱区>中部旱作雨养区,南部湿润区63株菌株的平均EC₅₀为0.21μg/mL,EC₅₀范围在0.02～0.88μg/mL;东部半湿润半干旱区52株菌株的平均EC₅₀为0.19μg/mL,EC₅₀范围在0.04～0.62μg/mL;中部旱作雨养区45株菌株的平均EC₅₀为0.16μg/mL,EC₅₀范围在0.01～0.54μg/mL。正态性检验表明,甘肃省3个生态区160株玉米大斑病菌对啶酰菌胺的EC₅₀值呈现连续性负偏态分布,曲线平坦。甘肃省玉米大斑病菌对啶...     

6种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病菌的室内毒力测定

采用菌落直径法测定了金雷多米尔、杀毒矾、克露、克霜氰、大生M-45和进富6种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病菌的毒力。结果表明供试的6种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病菌丝生长都有较好的抑制作用,克露对晚疫病菌毒力最强,其EC50值为0.16μg·mL-1,毒力最差的是大生,其EC50值为2.89μg·mL-1,其余4种药剂按毒力大小依次为克霜氰、金雷多米尔、进富和杀毒矾,其EC50值分别为0.24μg.mL-1、0.28μg·mL-1、0.43μg·mL-1和1.17μg·mL-1。根据室内毒力测定结果及药剂特性,供试的6种杀菌剂在生产上可视病害的发生情况交替使用,以避免或延缓抗药性的产生。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

B9601-Y2溶磷解钾固氮能力及促玉米生长效果研究

为了明确淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)的促生长机制,通过摇瓶培养,检测其溶磷解钾固氮活性;通过盆栽试验,探索Y2对玉米生长量和溶磷解钾量的影响。结果表明,在第7天时,Y2固氮量为2.9 mg/L,解钾量为13.5μg/mL;在第4天时,溶磷量达732μg/mL。与空白对照相比,Y2发酵液能增加玉米株高28.29%,根长27.21%,叶宽18.56%,鲜重80.93%,干重66.67%;提高土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.42%、111.01%和17.24%,提高植株氮、磷、钾含量45.46%、120.17%、68.45%。研究结果表明,Y2活化土壤中难溶性磷、钾和具有固氮能力,并能促进植株对氮、磷、钾营养的吸收利用。     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.