小麦microRNA167e的特征及表达模式分析

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在植物发育调控和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要功能的小RNA,为了探讨miR167e在小麦中的生物学功能,以小麦品种中国春、豫麦18和矮抗58为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆了小麦miR167家族基因新成员 MIR167e,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析了其时空表达特性及其对渗透胁迫的响应模式。结果将小麦 MIR167e基因定位在第5同源群染色体的短臂上,将该基因A、B和D基因组的三个部分同源基因分别命名为 TaMIR167e-5AS、 TaMIR167e-5BS和 TaMIR167e-5DS。序列分析显示,该miRNA前体区域在所检测品种间高度保守,3个部分同源基因间仅存在SNP差异,在成熟tae-miR167e对应区域完全一致。时空表达特性分析显示,tae-miR167e在籽粒发育过程中表达呈上调趋势,在不同组织间的表达差异较大,其中在3叶期,叶片和根系中表达量较高,种子中次之,穗下节中表达量最低;在干旱胁迫条件下,该miRNA受胁迫诱导而上调表达,与中国春相比,矮抗58根系中该miRNA的诱导表达启动更快,在叶片中的表达水平更高;在盐胁迫条件下,该miRNA在根系中呈下调表达趋势,而在叶片中上调表达。推测tae-miR167e在小麦发育调控和渗透胁迫响应过程中发挥重要功能。     

小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

非生物胁迫对小麦的生长发育具有不良影响,克隆与非生物胁迫相关的基因,并对其结构及表达特性进行分析,可以为进一步探索小麦的抗逆机制和抗逆育种奠定基础。本研究利用同源克隆技术从普通小麦品种中国春中克隆了水稻E3泛素连接酶基因OsHTAS的同源基因TaHTAS-5A(GeneBank登录号:MF967573),并利用生物信息学方法对其基因序列特征进行分析;利用qRT-PCR技术对该基因在小麦不同组织及不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析;同时,对该基因的表达产物进行了亚细胞定位。结果表明,小麦TaHTAS-5A基因含有220bp的5′UTR、1 242bp的ORF以及126bp的3′UTR,共编码413个氨基酸;基因组分析表明,该基因全长3 819bp,共包含4个外显子和3个内含子;缺体-四体定位表明该基因位于小麦5A染色体上;蛋白结构分析显示,TaHTAS-5A蛋白的N端包含四个跨膜结构域,C端包含一个E3泛素连接酶特有的RING finger保守结构域,具有植物E3泛素连接酶的结构特征;qRT-PCR结果显示,TaHTAS-5A对高温、低温和ABA都有响应,对干旱和盐响应不敏感;TaHTAS-5A在小麦的根、茎、叶和幼穗等不同组织中均有表达,但表达量有差异,在叶和穗中的表达量明显高于根部和茎部;亚细胞定位结果表明,TaHTAS-5A位于细胞膜上。本研究为进一步探究小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的功能奠定了基础,也为小麦非生物胁迫抗性改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

小麦HD2基因家族的全基因组鉴定及热胁迫下的表达模式分析

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)负责去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团,在生物体的生长发育和非生物胁迫响应方面具有重要作用。本研究根据其他植物中HD2基因家族序列,利用生物信息学方法对小麦中的HD2基因进行鉴定,并对其基本生物学特性和调控网络等进行分析。结果表明,有12个小麦HD2基因被鉴定,并根据蛋白质序列C端是否含有锌指结构将其分为Group1和Group2两个亚家族;这些基因的编码蛋白均定位于细胞核内。利用WheatExp数据和RNA-seq数据对小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境下均存在差异表达。同时,利用qRT-PCR技术对其在小麦12个生长发育时期的叶片中响应热胁迫的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,其在小麦挑旗期和抽穗期表达量明显上升。     

普通小麦DREB基因家族的全基因组鉴定及热胁迫下的表达模式分析

DREB基因家族在调控植物生长发育和响应多种逆境胁迫中起着至关重要的作用。为了全面分析小麦中DREB基因家族成员的特性,为小麦DREB家族基因的发掘和利用提供参考,本研究采用生物信息学方法进行了全面的全基因组范围搜索,共获得了204个TaDREB基因。利用系统发育分析将其分为6个亚组,并进一步进行了染色体定位、基因结构和保守蛋白基序以及基因复制事件分析,系统研究了这些TaDREB基因的进化特征。此外,基于同源性分析的方法,构建了小麦DREB基因与其他基因之间的调控网络,鉴定到13个参与网络调控的TaDREB基因,并确定了179对互作关系。通过分析现有的RNA-seq数据,研究了TaDREB在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达情况,并鉴定到11个组织特异表达和多个响应逆境的基因。最后选取5个TaDREB基因,通过qRT-PCR技术验证了它们在热胁迫条件下的表达,结果证实这些基因均能对热胁迫产生响应。     

乌拉尔图小麦WOX基因的克隆与表达分析

WOX基因家族是一类植物特有的转录因子基因家族,在植物的生长发育过程发挥重要作用。本研究通过同源克隆的方法,得到乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)WOX基因家族的6个成员: TuWOX1、 TuWOX2、 TuWOX3、 TuWOX4、 TuWOX5和 TuWOX3a。生物信息学分析表明, TuWOX2、 TuWOX3和 TuWOX3a属于WUS支/进化支, TuWOX4属于古老支, TuWOX5属于中间支。除这三个分支外, TuWOX1自成一支,说明在乌拉尔图小麦中可能出现了不同功能的WOX家族基因。利用qRT-PCR技术对得到的WOX基因在乌拉尔图小麦不同组织的表达模式以及幼苗在不同非生物胁迫处理下的表达情况进行了分析,结果表明,WOX基因在乌拉尔图小麦各组织中均有表达,但在不同组织中的表达量差异较大,说明WOX基因在不同的组织中发挥作用;非生物胁迫条件下WOX基因表达水平发生了变化,表明其可以响应外界的胁迫。     

小麦LACS基因家族的全基因组鉴定与表达分析

长链酰基辅酶A合成酶(long-chain acyl-coenzymeA synthetase, LACS)在脂肪酸代谢、角质层角质和蜡的合成中发挥着重要作用。为研究小麦中LACS基因的特征,以中国春为材料,进行全基因组鉴定和分析。结果共鉴定出148个小麦LACS基因(TaLACS),不均匀分布于21条染色体上,且有成簇分布的现象,编码蛋白大部分为中性、亲水的水溶性蛋白,性质稳定。系统进化分析结果显示,148个TaLACS基因聚为6组,有55对旁系同源基因。表达谱分析表明,TaLACS基因在不同组织和逆境胁迫下存在明显的差异表达,说明TaLACS基因具有组织特异性,在抗低温、干旱和赤霉病过程中TaLACS基因发挥重要作用。该家族中含有响应低温、干旱和脱落酸元件的基因分别占34.9%、46.0%和85.8%,揭示TaLACS基因参与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫过程。     

小麦GRAS基因家族的全基因组鉴定与分析

GRAS基因是一类转录因子基因,在植物的生长和发育中起关键作用。本研究利用最新的小麦基因组数据,对小麦GRAS基因进行了全基因组鉴定和分析。结果从小麦中鉴定出153个GRAS基因,这些基因不均匀分布在小麦21条染色体上。系统发育分析将这些基因分为12个亚家族,片段复制和串联重复是导致该基因家族扩张的主要原因。蛋白质序列分析发现不同亚家族间氨基酸数目、分子量存在一定差异;二级结构预测表明,小麦GRAS基因的氨基酸序列均以α-螺旋、随机卷曲为主要组成部分。通过对小麦GRAS基因在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析发现,GRAS基因在不同组织和逆境胁迫下存在明显的差异表达,表明GRAS基因具有组织或器官表达特异性,且可能在对逆境胁迫的响应中起重要作用。这些结果为进一步研究小麦GRAS基因的功能奠定了基础。     

小麦G6PDH基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是磷酸戊糖途径中的关键限速酶,在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。本研究利用生物信息学对小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员进行鉴定,并对该家族基因编码蛋白的理化性质、进化关系、亚细胞定位、基因复制事件以及在不同组织和不同胁迫下的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,在小麦基因组中共鉴定到14个 G6PDH基因家族成员,分布在小麦2A、2B、2D、4A、4B、4D、6A、6B和6D染色体上,其中5个基因编码的蛋白为胞质型,9个为质体型。亚细胞定位预测表明,胞质型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于细胞质上,而质体型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于叶绿体上。根据系统进化和保守结构域特征,可将14个小麦G6PDH蛋白分为Cy、P0、P1和P2四个亚组。共线性分析表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员存在17对片段重复基因。RNA-seq分析结果表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员在不同组织中存在明显的表达差异,其中 TaG6PDH1-2A/2B/2D基因在根中的表达量最高; TaG6PDH2-2A和 TaG6PDH2-2B基因在干旱胁迫后1 h以及热胁迫后6 h均上调表达。进一步利用qRT-PCR检测6个小麦 G6PDH基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达模式,发现分别有5个基因在小麦根中均上调表达,推测小麦 G6PDH基因在非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥着重要功能。     

六倍体小麦CBS基因家族全基因组分析

Cystathionineβ-synthase(CBS)基因家族在植物生长发育以及响应胁迫过程中具有重要作用,目前对CBS基因家族的研究报道较少。异源六倍体普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.,AABBDD)作为重要的粮食作物,其CBS基因尚未得到系统研究。为研究小麦中CBS基因的特征,本研究对小麦全基因组进行了分析,共发现136个属于32个同源组的CBS基因,系统发育树分析将其分为8组。将这些基因定位于小麦染色体上,并对它们的基因结构、保守基序以及结构域做进一步分析,发现三联体中的CBS结构域蛋白(CDCP)具有相似的结构。在不同温度下,大多数CBS基因的三联体具有相似的表达模式。在低温及冻害条件下CBS基因在小麦抗寒过程中发挥重要作用。     

小麦SPL家族基因在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein like(SPL)是一类在植物中广泛存在的转录因子家族,在调控植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥着重要作用。为解析小麦中SPL家族基因响应非生物胁迫的机理,本研究采用生物信息学的方法在全基因组范围内对小麦SPL基因家族成员进行鉴定,并对鉴定到的SPL基因进行表达模式分析。结果表明,在全基因组范围内共鉴定到56个小麦SPL基因,其中27个是miR156的靶基因;系统进化分析发现,56个小麦SPL基因聚类为7个亚家族。基于转录组数据对表达模式进行分析,发现36个小麦SPL基因与非生物胁迫响应相关,响应缺氮、缺磷、高盐、低温、干旱、高温胁迫以及热旱共胁迫的基因分别有12、16、22、6、13、14和21个,其中TraesCS3D02G425800同时响应7种非生物胁迫。qRT PCR验证结果与转录组数据基本一致。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

B9601-Y2溶磷解钾固氮能力及促玉米生长效果研究

为了明确淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)的促生长机制,通过摇瓶培养,检测其溶磷解钾固氮活性;通过盆栽试验,探索Y2对玉米生长量和溶磷解钾量的影响。结果表明,在第7天时,Y2固氮量为2.9 mg/L,解钾量为13.5μg/mL;在第4天时,溶磷量达732μg/mL。与空白对照相比,Y2发酵液能增加玉米株高28.29%,根长27.21%,叶宽18.56%,鲜重80.93%,干重66.67%;提高土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.42%、111.01%和17.24%,提高植株氮、磷、钾含量45.46%、120.17%、68.45%。研究结果表明,Y2活化土壤中难溶性磷、钾和具有固氮能力,并能促进植株对氮、磷、钾营养的吸收利用。     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.