试论拟除虫菊酯类农药在水稻田中的应用

拟除虫菊酯类农药具有高效、广谱、残留较低等特点,但由于其对鱼类等水生生物毒性高,以及可能导致稻飞虱再猖獗等原因,我国禁止其在水稻田使用。本文论述了拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用时对水生生物的毒性、稻飞虱再猖獗、害虫抗药性和天敌的影响,并对拟除虫菊酯类农药在水稻田中使用的可行性提出了建议。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留分析方法.样品采用固相萃取和加压流体萃取法分别作为水和沉积物的前处理方法,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)在选择离子扫描模式下进行检测,内标法定量.结果表明,13种拟除虫菊酯类农药在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.995);水中添加水平在0.50～50μg/L范围...     

几种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤拟谷盗的毒力测定及适应性评价

赤拟盗是一种重要的贮粮害虫。本文在室内条件下评价了６种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对赤拟合盗的毒性及其适用性。     

菊酯类农药在稻田使用初探（二）——拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田？…

本文研究拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对水生生物、天敌、稻飞虱再猖獗以及对施药人员健康的影响,并研究菊酯类农药在作物和土壤中的残留,从而评价拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对环境的安全性。     

气相色谱法检测辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立并优化了新鲜辣椒中甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的气相色谱(GC-μECD)分析方法。采用50 mL V(乙腈):V(水)=3:1的混合溶剂提取,二氯甲烷萃取, N-正丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,HP-1毛细管色谱柱分离,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测定。在添加水平为0.017~0.64 mg/kg下的平均回收率为74.0%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%~15%。该方法准确、灵敏,可同时测定辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量。     

降解菌株DG-S-01对菜薹和土壤中3种拟除虫菊酯类农药降解动力学的影响

通过室内盆栽和大田小区试验,测定了降解菌株苍白杆菌Ochrobactrum sp.DG-S-01对高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯在菜薹和土壤中的降解动力学的影响。结果表明,降解菌株DG-S-01可有效去除菜薹和土壤中3种供试农药的残留,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型,降解半衰期(t1/2)与未经该菌株处理的对照相比缩短1.5～53.2 h。在菜薹中,3种农药的残留量均随降解菌处理时间的延长而降低,处理72 h后,高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯的残留量均小于0.5 mg/kg的水平。在土壤中,高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量也随降解菌处理时间的延长而降低,处理72 h后,其残留量小于1 mg/kg的水平;而氰戊菊酯在土壤中的残留量则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。对照菜薹和土壤中3种农药的残留量均明显高于喷施降解菌株的处理。     

菊酯类农药在稻田使用初探（一）——拟除虫菊酯类农药防治水稻害虫药效试验

本文通过小区试验和大田示范,研究拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对防治稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟、三化螟的药效,并与甲胺磷的防治效果进行比较,为稻田取代高毒农药做有益尝试。     

菊酯类农药在稻田使用初探(二)——拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用的环境安全性研究

本文研究拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对水生生物、天敌、稻飞虱再猖獗以及对施药人员健康的影响 ,并研究菊酯类农药在作物和土壤中的残留 ,从而评价拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对环境的安全性     

漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱法测定液态奶中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取（DLLME-SFO）-气相色谱配电子捕获检测器（GCECD）,同时测定液态奶中甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法。样品经预处理后,加入25 μL十六烷（萃取剂）、600 μL丙酮（分散剂）及质量分数为6%的氯化钠,涡旋3 min,于–5℃、10 000 r/min下离心3 min后,去除水相,融化后经气相色谱测定。结果表明:在5.0～250.0 μg/kg范围内,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的峰面积与相应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0;在5～20 μg/kg添加水平下,平均回收率为90%～104%,日内相对标准偏差均低于5.9%（n=6）,日间相对标准偏差均低于7.8%（n=3）; 5种农药在液态奶中的检出限为0.75～2.17 μg/kg,定量限为2.52～7.22 μg/kg。该方法操作简便、溶剂用量少、定量准确、重现性好,适用于液态奶样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析。     

浓硫酸净化-气相色谱法检测茶叶中α-硫丹和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了一种茶叶中硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯)残留分析的新方法。样品以乙腈提取,浓硫酸-乙醇净化,毛细管柱气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:在0.005～0.5 mg/kg添加水平内,4种茶叶样品中α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药的添加回收率在81.6%～105.9%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.52%～13.0%(n=3)。α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药在4种茶叶中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.005 mg/kg。本方法杂质干扰少,准确度及灵敏度满足农药残留检测要求,对检测硬件要求低,适用于茶叶中α-硫丹及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的分析。     

Influence of surfactants on the leaching of bentazone in a sandy loam soil

BACKGROUND: Surfactants are very often used for more efficient pesticide spraying, but knowledge about their influence on the leaching potential for pesticides is very limited. In the present study, the leaching of the herbicide bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2, 1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] was measured in columns with sandy loam soil with or without the addition of a non‐ionic surfactant, octylphenol ethylene oxide condensate (Triton X‐100, Triton), and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and in the presence of both surfactants (SDBS + Triton). RESULTS: The mobility of bentazone (B) increased in the following order: B + Triton (slowest) < B + SDBS + Triton < B < B + SDBS (fastest). When Triton X‐100 was applied to the soil together with bentazone, the leaching of bentazone in the soil decreased significantly compared with leaching of bentazone without the addition of surfactant. SDBS and Triton X‐100 neutralised their influence on the leaching speed of bentazone in the soil columns when both surfactants were applied with bentazone. CONCLUSION: From the study it can be concluded that, depending on their properties, surfactants can enhance or reduce the mobility of bentazone. By choosing a non‐ionic surfactant, bentazone mobility can be reduced, giving time for degradation and thereby reducing the risk of groundwater pollution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

七种农药在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2,4-滴酸、丁噻隆、毒草胺、炔草酸、氟环唑、甲基磺草酮和烯啶虫胺7种农药在江西红壤、太湖水稻土及东北黑土3种不同理化性质土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性,探讨了农药性质及土壤理化性质对供试农药在土壤中吸附、淋溶行为的影响。结果表明:农药的水溶性越大,其在土壤中的吸附性越弱,淋溶性越强;农药在土壤中的吸附性与土壤pH值、有机质含量以及阳离子交换量之间有较好的相关性。土壤pH值、有机质含量以及农药性质是影响农药在土壤中淋溶及迁移的主要因素。     

Leaching of pesticides and a bromide tracer through lysimeters from five contrasting soils

In each of two seasons, undisturbed lysimeters 0.8 m in diameter and 1.05 m in length taken from five soil types were cropped with winter wheat. They received autumn applications of the pesticides isoproturon and linuron as well as a bromide tracer and spring applications of dimethoate and MCPA. Leachate was collected at regular intervals and concentrations of the various solutes determined. Rainfall from December to March was 290 and 191 mm in the first and second seasons, respectively. Both springs were exceptionally dry with less than 50% of the mean April‐to‐June rainfall of 138 mm. Total flow from the lysimeters ranged from 335 to 477 mm (and from 0.78 to 3.95 pore volumes) over the two seasons. Leaching to drainage of bromide highlighted soils where preferential flow was influential with total losses ranging from 24% of applied for a strongly structured, alluvial clay loam to 79% for an unstructured sand. Leaching to drainage of isoproturon (K_oc ≈ 100 ml g⁻¹) was observed from all but a peat soil with losses greater (0.31–1.01% of applied) from the clay loam and a deep medium loam, where patterns of leaching clearly indicated preferential flow mechanisms, than from the sand and a light loam over gravel (0.04–0.18% of applied) where a broad breakthrough curve indicated that matrix flow was more important. Linuron (K_oc ≈ 500 ml g⁻¹) was detected in occasional samples of leachate from the clay loam, the light loam over gravel and the medium loam during the first season only (maximum loss 0.12% of applied). The sandy soil, often considered most vulnerable to leaching, gave the smallest total losses of pesticide of the four mineral soils, whilst significant preferential flow in the deep, medium loam was believed to result from a compacted topsoil. Neither of the spring‐applied pesticides was detected in the leachate, as flow following application was very small and relatively slow. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

适用不同粒径含盐砂壤土水分扩散率的通用模式

针对土壤盐分较重的砂壤土确定土壤水分扩散率D（θ）的问题,采用室内非稳定流水平土柱法对新疆石河子121团灌区膜下滴灌棉田不同粒径砂壤土水分扩散率及土壤盐分运移进行了研究。结果表明：粒径为1.0~2.0 mm的砂壤土水分扩散率最大,而且变化比较迅速,其次是0.5~1.0 mm的砂壤土,最小的是<0.5 mm的砂壤土,随着土壤粒径的减小,土壤水分扩散率逐渐降低;随着土壤含盐率的增大土壤水分扩散率减少。得出以土壤体积含水率为变量而且还考虑土壤含盐率的综合通用模式,该通用模式较为符合实际情况,并能够较好地反映同一容重、相同水平距离情况下粒径不同时含盐砂壤土的土壤水分扩散率的变化。     

新型杀菌剂苯菌酮在3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为

农药在土壤中的淋溶规律已成为研究热点之一,同时也是农药登记的必备数据。建立了土壤中苯菌酮残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,并通过土壤薄层层析和土柱淋溶试验,研究了苯菌酮在我国3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为。结果表明:苯菌酮在3种土壤中的平均添加回收率在81%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~13.4%,检出限(LOD)为0.29~0.30μg/kg。薄层层析试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤和黑龙江黑土中的比移值(Rf)分别为0.17、0.26和0.15。土柱淋溶试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤及黑龙江黑土第1段(0~10 cm)土柱中的含量比例(R1)分别为原始添加量的99%、80%和99%。根据我国化学农药环境安全评价标准,苯菌酮在3种土壤中的迁移特性均为不易移动,因此不易对地下水造成污染。研究结果可为苯菌酮在我国登记以及其安全使用提供基础数据。     

Formation and persistence of metabolites of imazamethabenz-methyl in a sandy loam soil

The fate of imazamethabenz-methyl was studied in a sandy loam soil after application in spring to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Imazamethabenz-methyl and its metabolite 2 (2-(4, 5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methylbenzoic acid, in mixture with the 5-methylbenzoic acid isomer) were further transformed into the metabolites 3 (2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-¹H-imidazol-2-yl)-l,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, in mixture with the 1,5-benzenedicarboxylic acid isomer), and 4 (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, in mixture with the 1,2,5-isomer). Meta-bolites 3 and 4 reached maximum concentration levels in the 0–13 cm layer corresponding to 14–17% and 9–14% of the imazamethabenz-methyl dose, respectively. These maxima were reached between 105 and 177 days after application. Imazamethabenz-methyl metabolism was slower in plots treated with organic fertilizers than in untreated plots. After 196 days the concentrations of all metabolites in the 0–13 cm layer had declined to, at most, 0.01 mg kg^?1. There was no carry-over of residues that could be phytotoxic to the next crop. Formation et persistance dés metabolites de l'imazaméthabenz-méthyl dans un sol sablolimoneux La métabolisation de l'imazaméthabenz-méthyl a étéétudiée dans un sol sablo-limoneux après application sur une culture de froment d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) L'imazaméthabenz-méthyl et son métabolite 2 (2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5-oxo-^?1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methylbenzoïque acide, en mélange avec 1'isomère 5-methylbenzoïque acide) sont trans-formés ultérieurement en métabolites 3 ((2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4- (l-methylethyl)-S- oxo -^?1H-imidazol-2-yl)-l,4-benzenedicarboxylique acide, en mélange avec l'isomère 1,5-benzenedicar-boxylique acide) et 4 (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxy-lique acide, en mélange avec le 1,2,5- isomère). Les concentrations dans la couche de sol de 0–13 cm de profondeur des métabolites 3 et 4 at-teignent des maximums qui correspondent re-spectivement à 1,4–17% et 9–14% de la dose initiate en imazamethabenz-methyl. Ces concentrations maximales sont atteintes entre les 105 et 177 jours qui suivent 1'application. La métabolisation de rimazaméthabenz-méthyl est plus lente dans les parcelles trailées par des fetilisants organiques, que dans les parcelles non traitées par ces fertilisants. Après 196 jours, les concentrations de tous les métabolites dans la couche de sol de 0–13 cm ont diminué jusqu' à 0.01 mg kg^?1 ou moins. Dans ces conditions, en fin de culture il n'est pas resté dans le sol de résidus qui auraient pu être phytotoxiques à la culture suivante. Bildung und Persistenz von Metaboliten des Imazamethabenz-methyl in einen sandigen Lehmboden Nach der Applikation von Imazamethabenz-methyl in Winterweizen (Triticum aestivum L.) wurde sein Abbau untersucht. Das Herbizid und seine Metaboliten 2, die isomeren 2-(4, 5-Dihydro-4-methyl-4 (1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-¹ Himidazol-2-yl)-und -5-methylbenzoesäure, wurden weiter zu den Metaboliten 3, die isomeren-1,4-und-l,5-benzendicaboxylsäure, und 4, die isomeren 1,2,4- und 1,2,5-benzentricarboxylsäure, transformiert. Die Metaboliten 3 und 4 hatten ihre höchste Konzentration in 0 bis 13 cm Bodentiefe und entsprachen 14 bis 17 % bzw. 9 bis 14 % der Imazamethabenzmethyl-Dosis. Diese Maxima wurden zwischen 105 und 177 d nach der Applikation erreicht. In organisch gedüngten Parzellen war der Abbau langsamer als in ungedüngten. Nach 196 d war die Konzentration aller Metaboliten in 0 bis 13 cm Bodentiefe auf höchstens 0,01 mg kg¹ zurückgegangen, so daß für die Folgekultur keine phytotoxischen Rückstände mehr vorlagen.     

农药污染土壤的植物修复研究

植物可以吸收、转移元素和化合物,可以积累、代谢和稳定污染物,具修复被污染土壤等作用值得关注。本文综述了植物修复被农药污染土壤的机理和研究现状,列举了修复各种有机污染物的典型植物,及对此方法存在的问题和发展前景作了相应的讨论。