稻秸还田下播种密度与氮肥运筹对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为明确秸秆还田条件下稻茬小麦高产高效栽培的适宜播种密度和氮肥运筹方式,采用大田试验,以济麦22号为材料,研究了稻秸还田下不同播种密度(播量120kg·hm-2、180kg·hm-2)、施氮量(180、225和270kg N·hm-2)及氮肥基追比(基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为6∶3∶1、5∶3∶2和4∶3∶3)对小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,在施氮量180kg·hm-2(低氮)和225kg·hm-2(适氮)下,提高播种密度显著提高了小麦叶面积指数、开花期旗叶光合速率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量;而在施氮量270kg·hm-2(高氮)下,提高播种密度显著降低了小麦生育后期叶面积指数、开花期旗叶光合速率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量。提高播种密度、降低施氮量均降低了土壤中无机氮的盈余量,氮肥吸收效率和氮肥农学效率显著提高。产量、氮肥吸收效率及氮肥农学效率均在氮肥基追比为基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=6∶3∶1时最大。因此,稻秸还田条件下提高小麦播种密度、适当降低施氮量并提高基肥比例,可以实现小麦产量和氮素利用效率的同步提高。     

氮肥和密度对冬小麦光合生理和物质积累的影响

为给小麦高产栽培中氮肥和密度科学管理提供参考,以矮抗58和周麦22号为材料,研究了施氮量和播种密度对小麦植株光合生理、物质积累及产量性状的影响.结果表明,适量增施氮肥和增加密度能显著提高小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和群体干物质积累量,使植株在灌浆期仍能保持较高的光合能力,促进花后干物质的积累,有利于产量的提高.不同品种的籽粒产量对氮肥和密度的响应存在差异,周麦22号的平均籽粒产量高于矮抗58.在本研究条件下,矮抗58籽粒产量在375万基本苗·hm-2和360 kg·hm-2施氮量处理组合下最高;周麦22号籽粒产量在225万基本苗·hm-2扣240 kg·hm 2施氮量处理组合下最高.     

密肥组合对稻茬晚播小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响

为筛选适宜南方晚播稻茬中筋小麦高产高效栽培的密肥组合,以中筋小麦品种扬麦20为材料,研究了江苏淮南地区晚播(11月20日之后播种)条件下密度、施氮量、氮肥基追比对稻茬小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响.结果表明,晚播小麦密度与籽粒产量、效益均呈二次曲线关系,密度为315×104株·hm-2时,籽粒产量最高,达6 721.65～7 884.91 kg·hm-2,效益达3 783.6～5 111.55元·hm-2;施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量极显著高于施氯量210 kg· hm-2处理.在本试验条件下,基本苗为315×104株·hm-2、总施氮量270 kg·hm-2、基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶1∶3∶3时,晚播小麦的籽粒产量和效益最高.     

施氮量和灌水模式对小麦产量、品质和氮肥利用的影响

为探明河套灌区小麦实现高产、高效、优质相统一的施氮量范围,以中强筋小麦品种永良4号为供试材料,通过田间试验系统分析了不同施氮量和灌水模式对小麦产量、品质和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,节水灌溉较常规灌溉,小麦籽粒产量并未显著降低,籽粒品质显著提升;植株吸氮量明显降低,氮素生理效率和氮素生产效率显著提高。小麦产量随着施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,籽粒品质随施氮量增加呈增加趋势;多数氮素利用相关指标与施氮量均呈极显著负相关,过量施氮导致氮肥利用效率降低。河套灌区小麦高产、高效、优质相统一的适宜施氮量为:节水灌溉模式185.5 kg·hm~(-2)～209.5 kg·hm~(-2),常规灌溉模式212.5 kg·hm~(-2)～240.9 kg·hm~(-2)。     

甘蓝型早熟油菜直播高产栽培的适宜施氮量和密度研究

为探讨四川成都平原稻油轮作系统下早熟油菜直播高产的适宜氮肥用量及种植密度,以优质甘蓝型早熟油菜新品种‘重蓉油1号’为试验材料,开展了直播条件下不同施氮量(0、135、180、225 kg/hm~2)及种植密度(30×104/hm~2、60×104/hm~2)对农艺性状、产量和氮肥利用率的影响大田试验。结果表明:株高、主花序长度和一次分枝数均随氮肥施用量增多而显著增加,株高和一次分枝数则随种植密度加大而下降;籽粒产量(2766.5~3186.5kg/hm~2)随施氮量增加(135~225 kg/hm~2)而呈升高趋势,不同种植密度处理的籽粒产量并无显著差异;氮肥偏生产力(20.5~14.2 kg/kg)和氮肥农学利用率(9.3~7.4 kg/kg)均随施氮量增加呈下降趋势,氮肥贡献率(45.0%~52.4%)则随施氮量增加而呈升高趋势;在施氮量135~225 kg/hm~2范围内,籽粒含油量无显著差异。在成都平原稻—油轮作系统下,甘蓝型早熟油菜直播高产栽培的适宜施氮量为180 kg/hm~2,种植密度为30万株/hm~2。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响

为给稻茬小麦高产、优质栽培中合理施氮提供依据,以低蛋白小麦品种宁麦9号和高蛋白小麦品种豫麦34号为材料,设置不同施氮水平(0、150、225和300 kg·hm-2)及基追比(基肥∶追肥为1∶9、3∶7、5∶5和7∶3),研究氮肥运筹对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律、产量、蛋白质含量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量及追肥比例可同步提高两小麦品种籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。随施氮量和追肥比例的增加,两品种干物质转运量均呈先增后降的趋势,而干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量的贡献率则显著降低。营养器官氮素转运量随施氮量增加而增加,随追肥比例增加先增后降;氮素转运率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降。相关分析表明,提高花后干物质积累是提高小麦产量的重要途径,而促进花前营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运是提高小麦蛋白质含量的重要措施。增加施氮量和基肥比例显著增加了两品种氮素的表观损失量并降低了氮素利用效率。本试验条件下,增施氮肥至225 kg·hm-2,追肥比例宁麦9号≤50%、豫麦34号为50%～70%可同步提高两品种籽粒产量、品质和氮素利用效率,降低氮素损失。     

减氮对不同氮效率小麦品种花后光合物质生产力和产量的影响

为明确不同氮效率小麦品种对减氮的响应特点,以前期筛选出的氮高效品种扬麦25、宁麦21和氮低效品种扬麦22、扬麦20为材料,研究减氮模式对产量、氮肥利用效率、光合生产能力和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明,氮高效品种扬麦25和宁麦21的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率显著高于氮低效品种扬麦22和扬麦20,氮高效品种的平均籽粒产量和平均氮肥利用效率较氮低效品种分别高10.9%和23.9%。与常规施氮处理(CK)模式相比,减氮20%并采用基肥和拔节肥各施氮90 kg·hm~(-2)(M4)模式下,氮高效品种开花期LAI、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率及乳熟期旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率均未显著降低,且乳熟期平均LAI提高16.0%,进而使花后干物质积累量增加,从而实现产量稳定和氮肥利用效率的提高;而氮低效品种花后光合生产能力、籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率随施氮量降低而出现不同程度的降低。这说明,氮高效品种较氮低效品种有着更多的减氮潜力,前者在适量减氮和合理施肥方式下,可通过延缓花后叶面积衰减、保持较强的花后光合能力和增加花后物质生产力,实现产量稳定和氮肥利用效率提高。     

氮密互作对淮北砂姜黑土区冬小麦冠层光合特性和产量的影响

为筛选出适合淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦稳产高产栽培的氮密配置,在大田条件下以安农0711(AN0711)和烟农19(YN19)为试验材料,采用裂区设计,设置150×10~4、210×10~4、270×10~4和330×10~4株·hm~(-2)4个种植密度(分别用D1～D4代表),以及135、180、225和270 kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮水平(分别用N1～N4代表),分析了氮密互作对冬小麦冠层结构、光合特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,氮密互作可改善小麦冠层结构,显著影响冠层光合特性。旗叶净光合速率和叶绿素相对含量随着种植密度的增加而降低,而随着施氮量的增加而增加,但施氮量超过225 kg·hm~(-2)时变化均不显著。随着种植密度和施氮量的增加,叶面积指数和冠层截获光合有效辐射显著提高,且在孕穗期和开花期均以D4N4处理最大,灌浆中期均以D3N3处理最大。氮密对籽粒产量有显著的互作效应。在D3N3处理下AN0711和YN19的冠层光合能力和籽粒产量均最高,其中产量分别达到7 866.67和7 400.00 kg·hm~(-2)。在本试验条件下,适宜的种植密度和施氮量分别为270×10~4株·hm~(-2)和225 kg·hm~(-2)。     

春性和半冬性小麦氮效率差异的群体特征比较

为了解小麦群体结构特征与氮利用效率的相关性,以江苏省推介使用的6个半冬性小麦品种和9个春性小麦品种为材料,研究两类型小麦间群体特征及氮利用效率的差异。结果表明,在施氮量相同时,半冬性小麦群体植株平均干物质积累量、叶面积指数在生育前期低于春性小麦,生育后期高于春性小麦,茎蘖数在全生育期均高于春性小麦,平均花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数、粒叶比均高于春性小麦。同一类型小麦中不同品种间群体干物质积累量、总结实粒数也存在显著差异;同一类型小麦各品种花后干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、总结实粒数、粒叶比与产量均呈显著或极显著线性正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与产量呈线性负相关。半冬性和春性小麦花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数与氮肥生产效率(NGPE)呈显著或极显著正相关;春性小麦的粒叶比与NGPE呈显著或极显著正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与NGPE呈显著或极显著负相关,茎蘖成穗率与氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)呈显著或极显著正相关;半冬性小麦粒叶比与氮肥农学效率(NAE)呈显著正相关。花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数是两种类型小麦群体NGPE的共性调控特征表现,粒叶比可作为春性小麦NGPE、半冬性小麦NAE差异的评价指标,茎蘖成穗率可作为春性小麦NUEa的调控指标。     

施氮量对小麦氮素利用的影响

为给小麦氮肥高效利用提供依据,采用大田试验,连续2个年度(2012~(-2)013、2013~(-2)014)分别在潮土(济南)和棕壤(淄博)两种土壤类型上观测了0kg·hm~(-2)(对照)、69kg·hm~(-2)、138kg·hm~(-2)、207kg·hm~(-2)、276kg·hm~(-2)(高氮处理)和345kg·hm~(-2)(富氮处理)纯氮对小麦产量、氮肥利用效率和耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,在0~276kg·hm~(-2)范围内,小麦叶面积系数(LAI)和植被归一化指数(NDVI)均随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,富氮处理下LAI和NDVI开始下降。施氮量在0~276kg·hm~(-2)范围内时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随着施氮量的增加而增加,说明在一定范围内增施氮肥有利于小麦"库"的建成。从低施氮量开始到207kg·hm~(-2)的用量时,肥料氮的利用效率持续增加,但是继续增加施氮量时,氮肥农学利用效率出现下降,此时小麦进入氮肥的"奢侈吸收"阶段。在黄淮海麦区气候条件下,在小麦季施入氮素过量与否,对耕层土壤的肥力提升作用不明显,因此小麦养分管理应以达到作物养分吸收和土壤供求同步、土壤无机氮没有显著积累为宜。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.