关于我国节水农业技术研究的探讨

总结了我国近期节水农业技术研究在农用水资源的合理开发技术、输配水节水工程技术、田间节水灌溉工程技术、提高作物从农田土壤中获取水分形成产量的技术等方面的最新进展。指出了我国节水农业技术研究中存在的主要问题。提出了我国节水农业技术应研究的重点为 :适合我国国情的节水灌溉工程技术 ,研究新工艺、新配方加速节水农业新设备及新材料的产业化 ,节水高效灌溉制度与控制灌溉技术 ,研究开发多种可用于灌溉的水资源 ,研究提高灌溉用水管理水平。     

中国农业节水技术标准化建设现状与发展对策

农业节水技术标准不仅是规范农业节水工程建设与管理的重要依据,也是新时期全面节约、合理开发和高效利用农业用水的技术准则.大力开展农业节水技术标准化建设对于保证节水工程建设质量,提高管理水平,控制农业用水总量,提高农业用水效率,减少农业水资源浪费,改善中国水资源日益紧缺的现状具有重要意义.基于中国当前农业节水技术标准化体系建设的基本现状,总结分析了现行农业节水技术标准建设与发展中存在的主要问题和制约因素,提出了推进农业节水标准化建设工作的若干建议,力求为促进中国农业节水事业健康有序和可持续发展提供参考.     

Managing water by managing land: Addressing land degradation to improve water productivity and rural livelihoods

The premise of this paper is that the key to effective water resources management is understanding that the water cycle and land management are inextricably linked: that every land use decision is a water use decision. Gains in agricultural water productivity, therefore, will only be obtained alongside improvements in land use management. Expected increases in food demands by 2050 insist that agricultural production - and agricultural water use - must increase. At the same time, competition for water between agricultural and urban sectors will also increase; and the problem is further compounded by land degradation. A global survey suggests that 40% of agricultural land is already degraded to the point that yields are greatly reduced, and a further 9% is degraded to the point that it cannot be reclaimed for productive use by farm level measures. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion and other forms of land degradation reduce water productivity and affect water availability, quality, and storage. Reversing these trends entails tackling the underlying social, economic, political and institutional drivers of unsustainable land use. This paper is based on a review of global experiences, and its recommendations for improving water management by addressing land degradation include focusing on small scale agriculture; investing in rehabilitating degraded land to increase water productivity; and enhancing the multifunctionality of agricultural landscapes. These options can improve water management and water productivity, while also improving the livelihoods of the rural poor.     

黄土高原治沟造地水利设施综合配置与管理

治沟造地是我国解决耕地后备资源不足的重要举措。解决好用水、排水和防洪安全问题,是治沟造地流域农业产量提升、生态环境高质量发展的关键。在总结黄土高原流域水资源利用和水利设施防洪现有问题的基础上,提出了黄土高原治沟造地流域蓄（水）、排（水）、防（洪、盐渍化）、灌（溉）、管（理）为一体的水利综合配套技术,并推荐了两个适用于不同汇水面积的洪峰流量计算公式,为蓄排水工程设计提供依据。该技术有利于黄土高原治沟造地流域水资源的永续利用和治沟造地的土地安全。      

1旱作农业节水工程技术探讨

发展旱作农业节水工程技术,高效利用有限水资源,对于保障粮食作物稳产高产具有长远和现实的双重意义。阐述旱作农业工程节水技术的内涵,介绍目前应用较为普遍的少免耕覆盖机械化技术、农田耕作蓄水保墒技术、秸秆粉碎还田技术、节水灌溉技术、水改旱技术5种技术内容,为旱作农业工程技术推广提供借鉴。     

农业灌区用水管理机制探讨

农业用水管理对于提高农业生产效益具有重要的基础作用。阐述目前我国灌区农业用水管理在运行管理体制及运行机制、灌溉工程情况、水生态环境、灌区水管单位等方面存在的问题,提出建立健全农业水资源管理机制的建议,以推进灌区农业用水的可持续发展。     

山东省引黄灌区农业节水技术应用研究

针对山东省引黄灌区的农业用水状况 ,提出引黄灌区需遵循引黄补源、以井保丰 ,井渠结合的基本农业生产用水思路 ,在区域范围内合理规划调控地表水、地下水 ,以保证灌区有限水资源发挥最大效益。并通过工程及节水配套的应用与集成 ,总结出黄河下游灌区农业节水发展模式     

An empirical framework for scaling-out of water system innovations: Lessons from diffusion of water system innovations in the Makanya catchment in Northern Tanzania

Scaling-out of water system innovations such as soil and water conservation is important for increased and sustainable agricultural production. A wealth of upgraded soil and water conservation technologies such as terraces has not been widely adopted in places vulnerable to land degradation and agricultural water stress. Much focus should be on rethinking approaches for scaling-out of well-proved innovations rather than on generation of new technologies. This paper presents an empirical framework for scaling-out water system innovations at catchment level. The framework is built based on findings from studies that were conducted in the Makanya catchment in Northern Tanzania. The empirical data and information were collected through inter-related research methods entailing farmers’ questionnaire surveys and consultations with key NGOs involved in the promotion of agricultural land and water management technologies. The data collection involved 234 and 294 farmers in the first and second rounds, respectively. The framework has four stages, which are technology and community strength evaluation, partnership building, scaling-out process and uptake evaluation. Stage 1 evaluates the technology efficacy in conserving soil and water and increasing benefits, and community strength mainly in terms of social capital. Stage 2 entails partnering with the target community and change agents to champion the scaling-out process in the target community. Stage 3 is concerned with the actual innovation scaling-out process through effective pathways such as field demonstration, lead farmers and appropriate channels of communication. Stage 4 evaluates the outcome of the innovation scaling-out process. Though the framework is developed using field evidences related to scaling-out of terraces, it could be adapted to enhance scaling-out of other water system innovations.     

浅析北京市农业节水发展方向

对北京市农业节水的发展现状及存在问题进行了分析 ,并从工程措施、管理措施、科研措施、农艺措施等多方面预测了北京市农业节水的未来发展方向 ,提出以科技为先导 ,节水为中心 ,走资源约束型道路 ,坚持多部门多学科协同综合发展的农业节水新思路     

山东高效农业模式下田间管理装备研究进展与对策

现代高效农业是追求经济、社会和生态综合效益最佳的现代农业产业,其发展面临着资源和环境双重压力.从产品设计与制造、机械除草、变量施肥和精准施药等角度深入分析国内外田间管理主要环节作业装备的研发现状,指出肥药资源的精准供给和农机资源的高效利用是山东省高效农业模式下田间管理装备发展面临的两大关键问题.对此,提出在田间管理全环...     

广泛实施集流节灌挖掘农业发展潜力

系统阐述了集流节灌对抑制水害（利于山区的水土保持和平原的雨季排水）、缓解水资源矛盾（水电的时空调节）、提高农作物品质方面的意义。进而提出大力推广集流节灌技术,开发利用农业用水资源,挖掘发展潜力,保证农业可持续发展     

Irrigation management under water scarcity

The use of water for agricultural production in water scarcity regions requires innovative and sustainable research, and an appropriate transfer of technologies. This paper discusses some of these aspects, mainly relative to on-farm irrigation management including the use of treated wastewater and saline waters. First, the paper proposes some concepts relative to water scarcity, concerning aridity, drought, desertification and water shortage, as well as policies to cope with these water stressed regimes. Conceptual approaches on irrigation performances, water use and water savings are reviewed in a wide perspective. This is followed by a discussion of supply management to cope with water scarcity, giving particular attention to the use of wastewater and low-quality waters, including the respective impacts on health and the environment as water scarcity is requiring that waters of inferior quality be increasingly used for irrigation. The paper then focuses on demand management, starting with aspects relating to the improvement of irrigation methods and the respective performances, mainly the distribution uniformity (DU) as a fundamental tool to reduce the demand for water at the farm level, and to control the negative environmental impacts of over-irrigation, including salt stressed areas. Discussions are supported by recent research results. The suitability of irrigation methods for using treated wastewaters and saline waters is analysed. Supplemental irrigation (SI) and deficit irrigation strategies are also discussed, including limitations on the applicability of related practices. The paper also identifies the need to adopt emerging technologies for water management as well as to develop appropriate methodologies for the analysis of social, economic, and environmental benefits of improved irrigation management.     

新疆内陆河灌区节水农业技术体系集成与示范

开展农业高效用水科技产业化示范研究，探索干旱地区规模化灌溉农业类型区农业高效用水技术及发展模式。提出流域水资源合理配置与优化调度方案，研究了抗冻胀防渗渠道的结构设计、田间节水灌溉技术。农业综合配套技术及相应的灌区管理技术，形成干旱地区规模化灌溉农业类型区农业高效用水综合技术体系。     

Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain: Current status and agronomic management options

Serious water deficits and deteriorating environmental quality are threatening agricultural sustainability in the North China Plain (NCP). This paper addresses spatial and temporal availability of water resources in the NCP, identifies the effects of soil management, irrigation timing and amounts, and crop genetic improvement on water use efficiency (WUE), and then discusses knowledge gaps and research priorities to further improve WUE. Enhanced irrigation and soil nutrient (mainly nitrogen) management are the focal issues in the NCP for enhancing WUE, which are shown to increase WUE by 10-25% in a wheat-maize double cropping system. Crop breeding has also contributed to increased of WUE and is expected to play an important role in the future as genetic and environmental interactions are understood better. Agricultural system models and remote sensing have been used to evaluate and improve current agronomic management practices for increasing WUE at field and regional scales. The low WUE in farmer's fields compared with well-managed experimental sites indicates that more efforts are needed to transfer water-saving technologies to the farmers. We also identified several knowledge gaps for further increasing WUE in the NCP by: (1) increasing scientific understanding of the effects of agronomic management on WUE across various soil and climate conditions; (2) quantifying the interaction between soil water and nitrogen in water-limited agriculture for improving both water and nitrogen-use efficiency; (3) improving irrigation practices (timing and amounts) based on real-time monitoring of water status in soil-crop systems; and (4) maximizing regional WUE by managing water resources and allocation at regional scales.     

Managing water in rainfed agriculture—The need for a paradigm shift

Rainfed agriculture plays and will continue to play a dominant role in providing food and livelihoods for an increasing world population. We describe the world's semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannah and steppe regions as global hotspots, in terms of water related constraints to food production, high prevalence of malnourishment and poverty, and rapidly increasing food demands. We argue that major water investments in agriculture are required. In these regions yield gaps are large, not due to lack of water per se, but rather due to inefficient management of water, soils, and crops. An assessment of management options indicates that knowledge exists regarding technologies, management systems, and planning methods. A key strategy is to minimise risk for dry spell induced crop failures, which requires an emphasis on water harvesting systems for supplemental irrigation. Large-scale adoption of water harvesting systems will require a paradigm shift in Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), in which rainfall is regarded as the entry point for the governance of freshwater, thus incorporating green water resources (sustaining rainfed agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems) and blue water resources (local runoff). The divide between rainfed and irrigated agriculture needs to be reconsidered in favor of a governance, investment, and management paradigm, which considers all water options in agricultural systems. A new focus is needed on the meso-catchment scale, as opposed to the current focus of IWRM on the basin level and the primary focus of agricultural improvements on the farmer's field. We argue that the catchment scale offers the best opportunities for water investments to build resilience in small-scale agricultural systems and to address trade-offs between water for food and other ecosystem functions and services.     

农机专业合作社规模经济效益产生机理

农机专业合作社的快速发展,不仅增加了农户的经济收入,还解决了“未来由谁种田”的大问题,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。农机专业合作社规模经济效益主要来源于提高土地使用率、降低生产成本、合理配置资源、推广新技术、抢占作业市场、节约运行成本和延伸产业链条等途经,但现实运行中仍存在着人力成本高,融资成本大,生产、管理及违约风险大,基础设施差,土地流转难以及社员素质低等问题。从缓解资金缺口、构建稳定发展环境和加强自身建设等方面提出促进农机专业合作社发展的对策建议。      

昌黎县农业水资源供需平衡及可持续性评价

运用趋势外延法、判断法及单位用水量法,以1999年为现状水平年,预测2020年的昌黎县农业用水供需状况;建立农业水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系,并对昌黎县2020年农业用水状况进行了可持续性评价,分析其中存在的问题,提出相应的对策,在促进当地农业水资源可持续发展的同时,为其他区域水资源的合理开发利用提供有益的参考。     

灌溉农田高效用水研究进展与发展趋势

为提高水资源的利用率,发展高效用水农业首先要发展节水灌溉,在农业水利灌溉领域,通过分析国际先进的节水模式及水资源高效利用技术,评价我国灌溉农业高效用水工程进展。针对我国人口与水、土地等资源的矛盾问题,论述我国水资源现状和农业用水状况以及我国节水灌溉进展,指出我国农业节水灌溉现状和推广中存在问题。提出了加提高节水意识,健全节水法规,发挥政府职能,提高资金投入,不断加强节水灌溉技术创新以及落实管护责任等改进建议,激发节水灌溉工程长效运行等方式以推进我国灌溉农田高效用水发展进程。     

农业水费管理制度透视与创新——基于交易成本分析视角

农业水费管理制度是农业水资源管理制度的重要组成部分和关键环节,农业水费管理制度能否正常运行必将最终影响到农业水资源管理制度能否正常运行.首先简要阐述交易成本与制度创新之间的关系:一方面,交易成本是制度创新与否的重要判定指标,另一方面,制度创新是降低交易成本的必要手段;其次,分析了农业水费管理制度运行的现状及其运行中的交易成本;最后,分别从两个方面提出了降低农业水费管理制度运行中交易成本的制度创新措施.     

浅埋区地下水--土壤水资源动态过程及其调控

分析了冬小麦生长期地下水-地下水资源量动态过程和地下水、土壤水分变化特征.结果表明,在地下水浅埋区地下水对土壤水的补给为农田蒸散的重要的水分来源,现行的灌溉制度不考虑这一作用,过多的灌溉量不仅会消弱地下术对土壤水的补给,而且多余的土壤水分还会下渗补给地下水,造成水资源的无效损失和动力能源的损耗.为了提高作物水分利用效率,提出了相应的地下水-土壤水资源调控措施.