SARS冠状病毒的流行演化分析

严重急性呼吸综合症(Severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)是21世纪初暴发的一种重症病毒感染疾病.病原体为一种以前未在人类或动物中发现过的新的冠状病毒--SARS相关冠状病毒(SARS-CoV).尽管SARS-CoV基因组结构与其他的冠状病毒相似,但SARS-CoV与其他冠状病毒的潜在关系仍未明确.文章简要地介绍了其生物学特性,回顾了SARS发生和发展过程,并根据SARS的流行传播特点和SARS-CoV的进化分析,推测了SARS-CoV可能的发源和衍变.     

SARS病毒与动物冠状病毒相关性的研究进展

2003年4月世界卫生组织宣布，严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)的病原是一种新的冠状病毒变种，从而引起了世界各国对人类和动物冠状病毒的极大关注。作者对SARS病毒与动物冠状病毒相关性的研究进展进行了综述。     

SARS冠状病毒与动物冠状病毒的分子生物学研究进展

冠状病毒是一类有囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒,经常引起动物和人群的感染。2003年,全世界多个国家和地区暴发了重症急性呼吸系统综合征,这也使冠状病毒的研究成为病毒学领域中最为关注的问题。文章主要叙述了动物冠状病毒和SARS冠状病毒的分子生物学特性及其最新研究进展。同时,也对SARS冠状病毒和其他冠状病毒的相关性进行了比较分析。     

SARS病毒来自野生动物,与家畜家禽和宠物无关

从农业部动物冠状病毒疫源调查组获悉,我国SARS病毒起源研究工作已取得突破,研究表明SARS病毒来自野生动物,与家畜家禽和宠物无关。调查组采集了59种动物共1700份动物样品,主要包括与人类有过接触或可能接触的各种家畜、家禽、野生动物、水生动物和宠物。专家们从蝙蝠、猴、果子狸和蛇等数种野生动物体内检测到冠状病毒基因,已测出的病毒基因序列与SARS病毒基因序列完全一致。据此,调查组认为SARS病毒或类SARS冠状病毒可能存在于部分野生动物体内。研究还确定,家畜家禽和宠物中的冠状病毒的基因组群与SARS病毒的基因组群不同。因…     

农业部调查组证实SARS病毒来自野生动物

我国SARS病毒起源研究工作取得突破 ,研究结果表明 ,SARS病毒来自野生动物 ,而与家畜家禽和宠物无关。这是记者从农业部动物冠状病毒疫源调查组获悉的。调查组采集了 5 9种动物共 170 0份动物样品 ,主要包括与人类有过接触或可能接触的各种家畜家禽、野生动物、水生动物和宠物。专家们从蝙蝠、猴、果子狸和蛇等数种野生动物体内检测到冠状病毒基因 ,已测出的病毒基因序列与SARS病毒基因序列完全一致。据此 ,调查组认为 ,SARS病毒或类SARS冠状病毒可能存在于部分野生动物体内。研究结果还确定 ,家畜家禽和宠物中的冠状病毒的基因组群…     

抗SARS对养猪保健的启示

SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)即严重急性呼吸系统综合征,在我国称为非典型肺炎。“非典”是21世纪第一种严重而容易传染的新疾病。病原是一种新的冠状病毒,虽然对它的特性、传播途径及其规律还没有完全研究清楚,但近日我国关于SARS病毒起源的研究,使人们知道了两件事,其一,SARS病毒可能来源于野生动物;其二,与家畜家禽及宠物无关。SARS病毒的起源与家养的猪和鸡无关,为什么又把SARS和猪联系起来讲呢?事实上,不论是野生动物,还是家养动物,都面临一个是否享有动物福利的问题。目前世界上已经有许多国家制定了比较完善的…     

农业部疫源调查组:人类SARS病毒可能来自野生动物

我国SARS病毒起源研究工作取得突破 ,专家们已从蝙蝠、猴、果子狸以及蛇等数种动物体内检测到冠状病毒基因 ,已测出的病毒基因序列与SARS病毒的基因序列完全一致。据了解 ,农业部和广东省联合组织了科技攻关小组 ,在广东省率先开展SARS病毒疫源调查工作。调查组由中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所、解放军军需大学、华南农业大学和广东省动物防疫监督总所、广东省疾病预防控制中心等兽医、卫生单位的专家组成。目前已采集 5 9种动物共计 170 0头 (只 )份动物样品。调查组认为 ,SARS病毒或类SARS冠状病毒可能存在于若干野生动物体内。…     

关于"非典"病毒与猪鸡

非典病毒(SARSvirus)是新的感染于人的病毒,是一种新的冠状病毒(coronavirus),其形态、结构、生长繁殖,与其他冠状病毒相似。其来源,有动物原之说,怀疑较多的是果子狸,因为从广东的果子狸分离到冠状病毒与SARS病毒相似。其实,在SARS未出现以前,禽、猪、人、鼠、犬、火鸡、牛、猫等都发现过多种冠状病毒相似,但不同;还有人的SARS病毒来自猕猴、雪貂之说,无定论。猪禽与SARS病毒的关系怎样?Weingartl等人做了一个试验(见2004年2月的EmergingInfectiousDiseases杂志10卷2期179～184页),将SARS病毒用细胞培养繁殖后,以静脉注射、口…     

我国SARS病毒起源工作取得突破

本刊讯:5月23日 ,从农业部动物冠状病毒疫源调查组获悉 :我国SARS病毒起源研究工作取得突破 ,专家们已从蝙蝠、猴、果子狸以及蛇等数种动物体内检测到冠状病毒基因 ,已测出的病毒基因序列与SARS病毒的基因序列完全一致。据了解 ,农业部和广东省联合组织了科技攻关小组 ,在广东省率先开展SARS病毒疫源调查工作。调查组由中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所、解放军军需大学、华南农业大学和广东省动物防疫监督总所、广东省疾病预防控制中心等兽医、卫生单位的专家组成。目前已采集59种动物共计1700头(只)份动物样品。调查组认为 ,SARS病…     

动物"身上"的冠状病毒

人类与SARS经历一场搏杀之后,科学家们揭开了SARS的层层面纱,宣告SARS的元凶是冠状病毒的一个变种,一时间冠状病毒成了沸点话题,动物身上的冠状病毒惊醒人类。动物身上到底有多少种冠状病毒?它与SARS病毒有着怎样的联系呢? 冠状病毒(Coronavirus)属于正股单链RNA病     

非典型肺炎冠状病毒与其他动物冠状病毒的亲缘关系

非典型肺炎即重症急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndromes，SARS)，其病原目前被普遍认为是一种冠状病毒。本试验利用分子生物学计算机软件，首先对已在GenBank中发表的17株SARS病毒的主要结构蛋白基因S、M、N进行了定位，然后分别与已发表的其他冠状病毒的S、M、N基因进行同源性分析。结果发现，我国内地的5个SARS毒株的主要结构蛋白基因与其他冠状病毒的相对应基因的同源性普遍较低，而且变化范围较大。香港及国外的SARS毒株的情况恰好相反。从总体上看，SARS病毒与已发表的其他冠状病毒的亲源关系均较远，相对而言，与牛冠状病毒(BCV)、小鼠肝炎冠状病毒(MHV)的亲缘关系最近。这一结果对于SARS病毒的起源及流行病学研究乃至该病的预防和控制研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Pathological and phylogenetic features of prevalent canine distemper viruses in wild masked palm civets in Japan

Ten wild masked palm civets infected with canine distemper virus (CDV), captured in Japan from 2005 to 2007, were histopathologically and phylogenetically analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of the H protein of two CDV isolates from masked palm civets revealed that the two isolates were classified into the clade of recent isolates in Japan. Histopathologically marked lesions of virus encephalitis were present in the brain, whereas gastrointestinal lesions were absent or at a mild degree. The distribution of the lesions resembles that of recent CDV cases in dogs. Therefore, recent CDV infections in masked palm civets could be caused by recently prevalent CDV in dogs. The possibility of the masked palm civet as a spreader of CDV among wildlife is also discussed.     

Towards our understanding of SARS-CoV, an emerging and devastating but quickly conquered virus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which has overwhelmed more than 30 countries claiming nearly 8400 cases with over 800 fatalities. Thanks to the unprecedented international collaboration, the whole-genomes of SARS-CoVs were successfully deciphered shortly after the identification of the causative pathogen for outbreak of SARS in southern China, in 2003. Hitherto, the SARS-CoV, as a viral paradigm of emerging infectious entities, has been extensively studied that has ranged from epidemiology, molecular virology/immunology to structural genomics. Also, several lines of breakthroughs have been record-brokenly obtained, that included the finding of ACE2, a functional receptor for the SARS-CoV, solution of the 3CL^pro structure, a first crystal structure of SARS-related macromolecules, revealing of bats as natural reservoirs for SARS-like viruses and the possible involvement of civet cats in the SARS emergence. This review intends to outline the major progress in the journey of SARS-related exploration, by emphasizing those inaugurated studies with milestone-like significance contributed by Chinese research groups.     

果子狸源细小病毒分离鉴定及VP2基因遗传进化分析

【目的】探究果子狸源细小病毒流行特点及其VP2基因遗传变异情况,为细小病毒防治提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】采用猫肾细胞(CRFK细胞)对患有肠炎的果子狸肠道组织样品进行病毒分离,通过血凝试验、免疫荧光试验鉴定分离的病毒,并对病毒VP2基因进行PCR扩增和遗传进化分析。【结果】分离到的毒株在CRFK细胞中培养出现细胞脱落、崩解和破碎等典型细小病毒细胞病变效应(CPE);血凝试验结果显示,此病毒可凝集猪红细胞,血凝效价为1∶512;免疫荧光试验结果显示,在接种分离毒株的CRFK细胞内可观察到亮绿色荧光,而对照细胞没有荧光。将分离毒株命名为MPCPV-SX。VP2基因进化树分析发现,其与犬细小病毒处于同一分支,位于CPV-2和CPV-2a型之间,同时VP2氨基酸的87和101位显示为CPV-2型,而300和305位氨基酸则与CPV-2a型一致。【结论】本研究成功从果子狸肠道组织样品中分离出1株细小病毒MPCPV-SX,其VP2基因是介于CPV-2和CPV-2a之间的中间型,表明细小病毒通过果子狸等野生动物跨越宿主流行传播,可能在细小病毒遗传进化方面起到一定的过渡作用。     

Prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan

To estimate the public and animal health risk that alien species pose, the prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor, n=459) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata, n=153), which are abundant alien species in Japan, was investigated in urban and suburban areas of Japan. Salmonella enterica was detected from 29 samples [26 raccoons, 5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8-3.5%; three masked palm civets, 2.0%, 95% CI 4.2-0%]. Many of the isolates belonged to serovars that are commonly isolated from human gastroenteritis patients (e.g. S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Thompson). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 26.9 % of the isolates from raccoons were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas none of the isolates from masked palm civets were resistant. Yersinia sp. was detected from 193 samples (177 raccoons, 38.6%, 95% CI 43.0-34.1%; 16 masked palm civets, 10.5%, 95% CI 15.3-5.6%). All virulent Yersinia strains belonged to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which was isolated from seven (1.5%, 95% CI 2.6-0.4%) raccoons and six (3.9%, 95% CI 7.0-0.8%) masked palm civets. According to the detection of virulence factors, all the Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates belonged to the Far Eastern systemic pathogenicity type. Campylobacter spp. was detected from 17 samples (six raccoons, 1.3%, 95% CI 2.3-0.3%; 11 masked palm civets, 7.2%, 95% CI 11.3-3.1%). Among these, three isolates from raccoons were identified as C. jejuni. These results showed that these pathogens can be transmitted by human activities, other wild animals, and the environment to feral raccoons and masked palm civets, and vice versa. As these animals have omnivorous behaviour and a wide range of habitats, they can play an important role in the transmission of the enteric pathogens.     

Changes in attitudes toward wildlife and wildlife meats in Hunan Province,central China,before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak

Two surveys of opinions about wildlife conservation were carried out in Hunan Province, China, before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. Hunan is the northern neighbor of Guangdong Province, where the first SARS case was reported. The custom of consuming wild meat was not common in Hunan 30 years ago. However, in recent years, consumption of wildlife such as snakes has spread to northern China. We handed out 1300 questionnaires between 22 February and 10 May 2002, before the SARS epidemic. Survey sites included the provincial capital, major cities, towns, and villages in Hunan. Another 1300 questionnaires were distributed between 10 March and 10 May 2004, after the SARS epidemic. The 2004 survey covered the same sites as the 2002 survey. Questionnaire recovery rates for the 2002 and 2004 surveys were 81.2% and 84.6%, respectively. The valid return rate was 73.0%. Frog, snake, hare, and pheasant were the wild meats most frequently eaten by local people. At the time of the first survey, more than 80% of interviewees claimed to have eaten frogs. That number had reduced to 60% by the time of the second survey. Monkey, Chinese pangolin, and bear paw were the wild meats least frequently eaten. Although palm civet was suspected to be the carrier of SARS, it was interesting to note that, after the SARS epidemic, the proportion of people surveyed who ate palm civets had declined only slightly. The results of the surveys indicate a low level of conservation consciousness; however, after the SARS and bird flu epidemics, there were obvious changes in the conservation consciousness of people in Hunan Province. We recommend some measures that could be taken to change the habits of people who consume wildlife.     

Production of specific antibodies against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein without cross reactivity with human coronaviruses 229E and OC43

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a life-threatening disease for which accurate diagnosis is essential. Although many tools have been developed for the diagnosis of SARS, false-positive reactions in negative sera may occur because of cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses. We have raised polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Abs) using a recombinant form of the SARS virus nucleocapsid protein. Cross-reactivity of these anti-SARS Abs against human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E and HCoV OC43 were determined by Western blotting. The Abs produced reacted with recombinant SARS virus nucleocapsid protein, but not with HCoV 229E or HCoV OC43.     

SARS,possible zoonosis in the area of conflict of pathogenic coronaviruses of animals

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging disease, which was first recognized in Guangdong Province, China, in November 2002. In the meantime, SARS has been recognized in patients on all five continents. A novel coronavirus, which is not related to the hitherto known coronaviruses, has been proven to be associated with the disease. Our genomic analyses strongly suggest that the new SARS-coronavirus did not emerge through mutation or recombination and that it has probably been transmitted from a so far not identified animal species to humans. Therefore, it is most likely that SARS virus is a zoonotic agent. A broad body of knowledge originating from research in veterinary medicine indicates that development of vaccines against the SARS-coronavirus may be problematic. The potential danger of such vaccines should not be neglected during the process of vaccine development.     

Potential of zoonotic transmission of non-primate foamy viruses to humans

The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human-to-human transmission pose a serious risk for world-wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well-documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.     

Characterization of bat coronaviruses: a latent global threat

It has been speculated that bats serve as reservoirs of a huge variety of emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) that have been responsible for severe havoc in human health systems as well as negatively affecting human economic and social systems. A prime example is the currently active severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV2, which presumably originated from bats, demonstrating that the risk of a new outbreak of bat coronavirus is always latent. Therefore, an in-depth investigation to better comprehend bat CoVs has become an important issue within the international community, a group that aims to attenuate the consequences of future outbreaks. In this review, we present a concise introduction to CoVs found in bats and discuss their distribution in Southeast Asia. We also discuss the unique adaptation features in bats that confer the ability to be a potential coronavirus reservoir. In addition, we review the bat coronavirus-linked diseases that have emerged in the last two decades. Finally, we propose key factors helpful in the prediction of a novel coronavirus outbreak and present the most recent methods used to forecast an evolving outbreak.