小麦赤霉病及其防治策略概况与展望

小麦的生产对保障中国粮食安全具有重要意义,而赤霉病多年来都是严重威胁小麦安全生产的主要病害。对国内外科学家在小麦赤霉病研究方面取得的成果进行总结,有助于进一步了解小麦赤霉病发生和流行的主要特点、影响因素,以及理解现有防治策略的优缺点。本研究从禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦全过程、小麦赤霉病非生物防治策略概况和小麦赤霉病生物防治策略概况等方面系统介绍了小麦赤霉病,并结合科学前沿知识,展望了小麦赤霉病防治的未来发展方向,为将来小麦赤霉病的防治提供参考依据。     

贵协3号小麦衍生品种（系）的赤霉病抗性评价及农艺性状分析

小麦赤霉病是一种对小麦生产危害很强的世界性真菌病害,利用抗赤霉病品种是减轻危害的有效手段之一,但是具有赤霉病抗性的小麦种质很少。本研究鉴定筛选出适合黄淮麦区中抗赤霉病的种质材料漯抗1号、漯抗4号和漯抗6号。3份材料的发病小穗率分别是19.0%、20.9%和20.2%,与苏麦3号（13.8%）差异显著,但与扬麦158（19.2%）差异不显著。从平均严重度和发病小穗率分析,漯抗1号、漯抗4号和漯抗6号的赤霉病抗性为中抗,与扬麦158相当。从耐寒性、株高、千粒重、穗粒数和小穗密度等方面对漯抗1号、漯抗4号和漯抗6号分析表明,漯抗6号与周麦22无显著差异,漯抗6号更适用于黄淮麦区小麦育种。     

小麦Fhb1基因定位、克隆及其在抗赤霉病育种中利用的研究进展

赤霉病已成为小麦第一大病害,严重影响小麦的产量和品质。目前,抗性品种结合化学防治的方法成为当前防治赤霉病的最有效途径。小麦赤霉病抗性受多种基因控制,其中,Fhb1基因抗性效应最大,且抗性稳定,在小麦赤霉病抗性方面具有重要作用。本文综述了赤霉病主效抗性基因Fhb1的定位、分子标记和克隆技术的最新研究进展。利用选择性回交技术和矮败小麦平台将Fhb1基因导入当地小麦中可提升赤霉病抗性,进而结合化学防治方法为我国小麦安全生产提供保障。     

小麦赤霉病发生规律及防治措施

介绍了小麦赤霉病的危害、发病条件,就安阳县小麦赤霉病发病现状提出了相应的防治方法,以期提高小麦产量和品质。     

黑粒小麦品种(系)农艺性状及抗病性鉴定

对10份黑粒小麦品种产量性状和抗病性进行了鉴定,筒述了各品种的特点。全部品种的生育期、株高、主穗粒数和穗长等性状变异丰富,同时发现其高感赤霉病、白粉病。因此黑粒小麦可作为优良的品种资源,用于长江中下游高营养小麦育种工作,但要在利用上注意抗病性问题。     

小麦赤霉病绿色防治技术

小麦赤霉病是一种严重威胁小麦生产的病害,传统的化学防治方法不仅存在环境污染和农药残留的问题,还会产生抗药性。为了寻找更加环保和有效的防治方法,绿色防治技术成为了相关学者研究的焦点之一。基于此,总结了近年来关于小麦赤霉病绿色防治技术的研究进展情况,探讨不同方法在控制小麦赤霉病方面的应用潜力以及存在的问题,分析各种绿色防治技术,希望为小麦赤霉病的有效防治提供科学依据,为确保粮食生产可持续发展作出贡献。     

小麦白粉病和赤霉病的发生与防治方法研究

白粉病和赤霉病是小麦生长过程中常见的病害,对小麦产量和质量影响较大,需引起重视。分析了小麦白粉病和赤霉病的发病症状、发病规律、发病原因和防治方法,以供参考。     

豫北地区小麦赤霉病的发生特点与防治

小麦赤霉病是我国长江中下游冬麦区及东北春麦区的主要病害.20世纪90年代以后,随着气候的变暖、生产条件的改善和产量水平的不断提高,田间小气候发生了变化,小麦赤霉病已经蔓延到豫北地区,目前已成为该地区小麦的常发性病害之一.小麦赤霉病不仅造成小麦严重减产,更重要的是降低小麦品质.赤霉病病粒含有致呕毒素和雌性毒素,国际卫生组织把小麦赤霉病列为自然污染中最严重的污染物.近几年小麦赤霉病的发生有逐年加重的趋势,应引起高度重视.     

抗赤霉病小麦新品种扬麦18的选育研究

小麦赤霉病是世界范围灾害性小麦病害。为了培育和推广抗赤霉病小麦品种,解决赤霉病对长江中下游地区小麦生产的危害。通过高产育种和抗赤霉病育种技术路线有机结合,运用“综合性状协调点”的观点,培育出了综合性状优良,多年表现既高产稳产又抗赤霉病（MR-R）小麦品种扬麦18,在生产上大面积推广应用。该品种的育成与推广应用初步实现了小麦抗赤霉病育种目标。     

小麦抗赤霉病的染色体工程育种研究进展

小麦赤霉病是世界范围内的破坏性疾病,选育小麦赤霉病抗病品种对小麦生产具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外小麦赤霉病抗病品种缺乏的现状,并认为难以解决的基因连锁冗余问题,是导致抗赤霉病育种没有突破性进展的关键;作者介绍了小麦染色体工程技术的研究进展,提出了多种染色体技术相结合来提高有利基因的获取效率,将给小麦赤霉病育种带来更大进步,本文为今后小麦抗赤霉病基因的定位以及相关种质资源的研究提供参考。     

Increased resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ustilago zeae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium verticilliodes</Emphasis> in maize inbred lines bred for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium graminearum</Emphasis> resistance

Preliminary field observations in our maize breeding nurseries indicated that breeding for improved resistance to gibberella ear rot (Fusarium graminearum) in maize may indirectly select for resistance to another ear disease, common smut (Ustilago zeae). To investigate this, we compared the disease severity ratings obtained on 189 maize inbreds, eight of which included our inbreds developed with selection for gibberella ear rot resistance after field inoculation and breeding for 8–10 years. No correlation was found between disease severities for the 189 inbreds but the eight gibberella-resistant lines were consistently more resistant to smut. To further examine this relationship and to determine if these eight inbreds would be useful for developing inbreds with either common smut or fusarium ear rot (F. verticilliodes) resistance, we conducted a Griffing’s diallel analysis on six inbreds of maize, four with high levels of gibberella ear rot resistance representing all of the pedigree groups in our eight gibberella lines, and two with very low levels. Our most gibberella ear rot resistant inbreds, CO433 and CO441, had the lowest disease ratings for all three diseases, the consistently largest general combining ability effects and several significant specific combining ability effects. It was concluded that some inbreds bred specifically for gibberella ear rot would also be useful in breeding for resistance to common smut and fusarium ear rot.     

Resistance to Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (telomorph =Gibberella zeae (Schw.)), is an important wheat disease world‐wide. Production of deoxynivalenol (DON) by F. graminearum in infected wheat grain is detrimental to livestock and is also a safety concern in human foods. An international collection of 116 wheat lines was evaluated for FHB resistance and concentration of DON in grain. Plants were inoculated with mixed isolates of F. graminearum in the greenhouse by injecting conidia into a single spikelet of each spike and in the field by scattering F. graminearum‐infected wheat kernels on the soil surface. FHB symptoms were evaluated by visual inspection in both the greenhouse and field, and DON was analysed by HPLC. Significant differences in FHB ratings and DON levels were observed among cultivars. In the greenhouse test, visual symptoms varied from no spread of FHB from the inoculated spikelet to spread throughout the spike, and DON levels ranged from trace levels to 283 mg/kg. In the field test, DON ranged from 2.8 to 52 mg/kg. The greenhouse test identified 16 wheat lines from various origins that accumulated less than 2 mg/kg DON. These lines may be useful as sources for breeding wheat cultivars with lower DON levels. Correlation coefficients were significant between FHB symptom ratings, seed quality traits, and DON levels. Thus, the percentage of scabbed spikelets and kernels can be generally used to predict DON levels in harvested wheat grain. In breeding programmes, selection for plants having few scabbed spikelets and scabbed kernels is most likely to result in low DON levels.     

利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析小麦成株抗条锈性差异基因表达特征

采用cDNA-AFLP技术,对成株抗条锈小麦品种兴资9104在成株期受条锈菌生理小种CY32侵染后5 d内9个时间点的基因表达谱进行了分析。共筛选64对引物,产生32 320个转录本(TDF);用37对引物检测到2 201个(6.81%)差异TDF,其中926个TDF诱导表达,1 275个下调表达。经大规模克隆、测序分析,最终获得330个差异TDF,聚类分析得到259个EST (unigenes),命名为aTaPST1至aTaPST259 (GenBank注册号：FL645754~FL646011和FL646262)。经BLASTX比对和功能分类分析,其中96条EST(37.07%)未找到同源性匹配,68条(26.25%)与未知功能蛋白同源性较高;其余95条ESTs主要涉及能量(11.20%)、基础代谢(4.63%)、转录调控(3.86%)、抗病与防御(3.86%)、蛋白质运输和储存(3.09%)、蛋白质合成和细胞生长(各2.32%)、以及信号转导(1.54%)等。选取抗病与防御、转录调控及信号转导类等相关的6个差异基因,qRT-PCR分析结果显示其表达模式符合cDNA-AFLP表达谱。小麦成株抗条锈性分子机制涉及植物多方面生理生化反应,包括抗病与防御、转录调控、蛋白质代谢、信号转导、以及非生物胁迫等多种途径相关基因的协同控制。     

小麦品种慢叶锈性的研究

小麦慢叶锈品种具有侵染率低、潜伏期长、孢子堆小、产孢量少、严重度低、病害进展曲线下面积小和病害虽流行但产量损失不显著等特点.潜伏期和扬花期平均病害严重度与产量损失的关系最密切,因此测定某一小麦品种的潜伏期(x_1)和平均病害严重度(x_2)(田间感病对照品种发病达50%或95%时),可以作为衡量该品种慢(快)叶锈性的两个指标和选种的依据.用y=94.67-3.10x_1+0.51x_2估测由叶锈造成的小区产量损失(y)有一定可靠性(R=0.96).用聚类分析法把供试品种分为慢锈、中慢、中快和快锈品种类型.苗期和成株期慢叶锈性有一定的吻合性.     

基于冠层反射光谱的小麦白粉病严重度估测

明确小麦白粉病冠层光谱敏感波段并估算病情严重度,是大面积高空遥感监测小麦白粉病、实现精确防控的基础。采用人工诱发的大田、盆栽和病圃试验,测量不同生育时期对不同发病等级的小麦白粉病冠层光谱,并同步调查发病严重度。结果表明,可见光350~710 nm光谱反射率随病情加重呈上升趋势,580~710 nm为遥感监测白粉病的敏感波段,近红外波段光谱反射率在病害处理间变幅较大,且与病情严重度相关性较差。修正型病情指数较常规病情指数与对应光谱反射率的相关性显著提高。利用高光谱特征参数与白粉病严重度间的相关回归分析,红边宽度最适宜指示白粉病发生及发展态势,拟合精度(R²)为0.811,检验相对误差(RE)为17.7%,而mND705、SIPI、CTR2和TSAVI在相关分析中也表现相对较好(r>0.6),但由于试验间兼容性差, 不宜建立统一回归方程。以相对光谱指数ΔMSAVI和ΔmND705与白粉病严重度建立的模型决定系数较高(R²>0.76),RE分别为18.4%和19.4%,可较好反演冠层尺度病情严重度。可见,小麦白粉病冠层光谱特征明显,建立的病害反演模型精度高,对精确防控具有应用价值。     

Isolation, chromosomal location, and expression analysis of putative powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Special and degenerate primers are designed according to the conservative sequence of barley powdery mildew resistance genes Mla1, Mla6, and Mla13. Two wheat Mla-like orthologs, TaMla-2 and TaMla-3 are cloned and sequenced from the cDNA of wheat resistant-powdery mildew line TAM104R by RT-PCR method. TaMla-2 and TaMla-3 encode distinct but highly related coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat type (NBS-LRR) resistant disease proteins and both reveal about 74 and 81% identity with amino acid sequence of Mla1, respectively. They are multiple copies in wheat genomes, one copy of them is mapped on wheat chromosome 1AL and two on 1BL using Chinese Spring nulli-tetra-somic lines and ditelosomic lines of 1A, 1B and 1D in southern analysis. This result suggests that may be the two Mla-like genes originated from the two diploid ancestral genomes, respectively. The expression pattern analysis of semi-quantitative PCR shows the TaMla genes are mainly expressed in leaf and sheath, and expression level is enhanced in organs infected by Erysiphe graminis, suggesting that TaMla-2 and TaMla-3 are powdery mildew resistance related-genes in wheat. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

野生二粒小麦导入普通小麦的抗白粉病基因MlWE29分子标记定位

小麦白粉病是严重影响小麦生产的重要病害之一,培育和应用抗病品种是有效控制和减少病害的最经济有效的方法。野生二粒小麦是硬粒小麦和普通小麦的四倍体野生祖先种,是小麦抗病性遗传改良的重要基因资源。本研究利用来自以色列的野生二粒小麦WE29与普通小麦杂交,再用普通小麦连续回交和自交,育成高抗白粉病(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)小麦新品系3D258(系谱为燕大1817/WE29//5*87-1, BC₄F₆)。将3D258和高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品种薛早配制杂交组合,对其F₁、F₂代分离群体和F₃代家系进行白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明3D258携带抗白粉病显性单基因,暂命名为MlWE29。利用集群分离分析法(BSA)和分子标记分析,发现6个SSR标记(Xgwm335、Xgwm213、Xgwm639、Xwmc415、Xwmc289和Xwmc75)和5个EST-STS标记(BE494426、BE442763、CD452476、BE445282和BE407068)与抗白粉病基因MlWE29连锁。利用中国春缺体-四体系、双端体系和缺失系将抗白粉病基因MlWE29标记物理定位于5BL染色体的0.59–0.79区域。这一普通小麦抗白粉病种质资源的创制及其连锁分子标记的建立为小麦抗病基因分子标记辅助选择、基因积聚和分子育种提供了新的物质基础。     

野生二粒小麦导入普通小麦的抗白粉病基因MlWE29分子标记定位

小麦白粉病是严重影响小麦生产的重要病害之一,培育和应用抗病品种是有效控制和减少病害的最经济有效的方法。野生二粒小麦是硬粒小麦和普通小麦的四倍体野生祖先种,是小麦抗病性遗传改良的重要基因资源。本研究利用来自以色列的野生二粒小麦WE29与普通小麦杂交,再用普通小麦连续回交和自交,育成高抗白粉病(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)小麦新品系3D258(系谱为燕大1817/WE29//5*87-1, BC₄F₆)。将3D258和高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品种薛早配制杂交组合,对其F₁、F₂代分离群体和F₃代家系进行白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明3D258携带抗白粉病显性单基因,暂命名为MlWE29。利用集群分离分析法(BSA)和分子标记分析,发现6个SSR标记(Xgwm335、Xgwm213、Xgwm639、Xwmc415、Xwmc289和Xwmc75)和5个EST-STS标记(BE494426、BE442763、CD452476、BE445282和BE407068)与抗白粉病基因MlWE29连锁。利用中国春缺体-四体系、双端体系和缺失系将抗白粉病基因MlWE29标记物理定位于5BL染色体的0.59–0.79区域。这一普通小麦抗白粉病种质资源的创制及其连锁分子标记的建立为小麦抗病基因分子标记辅助选择、基因积聚和分子育种提供了新的物质基础。     

小麦-偃麦草杂种后代及小麦种质资源对纹枯病的抗性

为鉴定小麦-偃麦草杂种后代以及我国小麦品种和育种中间品系对纹枯病的抗性,并且解析偃麦草染色体与纹枯病抗性的关系,在徐州和南京两个试点,采用田间病圃法对321份普通小麦品种或品系和56份小麦-偃麦草杂种后代材料进行了纹枯病抗性鉴定。在徐州试点没有发现高抗纹枯病的种质,但是有52份材料表现中抗反应型,包括34份普通小麦材料,其中萧农8506-1、小偃81、冀植4001、农大195、徐州8913和京东3066A-3的相对抗病指数高于0.7。在南京试点,全部普通小麦材料都不抗纹枯病,只有5份小麦-偃麦草种质表现中抗反应型。部分小麦-偃麦草种质的病情指数不但显著低于感病对照品种苏麦3号和扬麦158,而且还低于抗病对照品种安农8455和宁麦9号,如小麦-中间偃麦草4Ai#2或4Ai#2S附加系、代换系和易位系材料TA3513、TA3516、TA3517和TA3519及小麦-长穗偃麦草第4部分同源群染色体代换系SS767,说明中间偃麦草4Ai#2染色体和长穗偃麦草4J染色体可能与纹枯病病情指数降低有关。基因组原位杂交分析结果表明,4Ai#2染色体属中间偃麦草的J^s基因组,而长穗偃麦草与纹枯病抗性相关的第4部分同源群染色体属J基因组。虽然纹枯病与眼斑病的发病部位和症状非常相似,但抗眼斑病基因Pch1 (Madsen)和Pch2 (Cappelle-Desprez)对纹枯病无效。     

An Improved Assessment Procedure for Breeding for Resistance to Septoria nodorum in Wheat

A yield-based assessment procedure for breeding for resistance to Septoria nodorum (SN) is presented. Artificially infected as well as fungicide-protected plots were analyzed for each genotype. Considerable increase in precision of disease scores was gained by using an assessment matrix for different plant organs and time intervals during disease development. This technique resulted in yield loss: disease attack correlations up to r = 0.85:** and raised coefficients of heritability (h²_b= broad sense heritability) with h²_b= 0.72 for % yield loss and h²_b= 0.86 for SN-attack, calculated for a 3-year replicated field experiment with 105 winter wheat cultivars.