什么是微冻保鲜，它有什么优点？

微冻，就是鱼体内部分冻结，如三分之一冻结。我们平常见到的冰鲜鱼，鱼体内部并未冻结；而用吹风冻结或平板冻结机冻结的冻鱼，由于采用低温冻结，鱼体内部绝大部分冻结了。据日本的资料，鱼在-5℃，洄游性鱼类的冻结率为70％，底栖性鱼类的冻结率为50％。而微冻是采用稍低于冰结晶的温度例如在-1℃至-3℃左右保鲜。     

鱼在冷冻冷藏中肌肉组织学的变化

几种经济鱼类在冷冻冷藏中组织学变化的研究,得到了以下结果: 1.鱼肉在低温下冷冻时,肌肉纤维的水发生内冻结,冰晶体小,可以较好地保持其组织结构的完整。考虑到冻鱼在冷藏中仍继续变化,采用-25°——35℃温度冷冻鱼品是适宜的。 2.快速冷冻可使鱼肉组织不受冰晶体的破坏。梭鱼片在104分钟以内的不同速度 (鱼肉中心温度由0°至-5℃所需的时间)冷冻的结果均较好,其中以27、40、72分钟者更能令人满意。试验表明,鱼肉的冷冻速度不是愈快愈好。鲵鱼片用60—1,500分钟八种速度单向冷冻时,除720、1,380和1,500分钟的较差外,其他速度冷冻的肌肉组织相似。 3.冰藏1、7和13天的小黄鱼在相同温度下冷冻后,肌肉组织结构有差异,冰藏了天以上者差异特别明显。三种冰藏期的冻鱼以相同温度冷藏时,冰藏13天后的冻鱼,其保藏期较前二种冰藏期的短2—3个月。 4.冻鱼的冷藏温度十分重要。用相同的和低于冷冻时的温度保藏鱼类,可以较好地保持肌肉组织不受破坏。在-18℃冷冻并冷藏和-10℃冷冻后、-18℃冷藏的大黄鱼的保藏期,较之在-29℃(鼓风)冷冻后分别在-18°和-10℃冷藏的延长1—2个月。 5.不同含脂量的鱼(小黄鱼、带鱼、鲐鱼)以相同温度冷冻(-29℃,鼓风)和冷藏(-18℃),其肌肉组织有明显差别,多脂鱼肉的组织结构受到的破坏比少脂鱼的轻得多。     

几种淡水鱼在冻藏过程中鲜度变化研究

本文以淡水养殖的鲢，鳙、罗非鱼为对象，利用ＩＱＦ冻结设备在－３０℃下冻结，并在－１８℃的冷藏冻中贮成．通过对鱼肉鲜度指标Ｋ值，ＶＢＮ、ＦＡＡ－Ｎ、ｐＨ值以及蛋后质变性指标的测定，探讨鱼肉在冷冻贮藏过程中质量的变化情况．实验结果表明，Ｋ值和ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性对反映淡水鱼低温冻藏过程中的鲜度变化有着良好的规律性。     

鲢、鳙、罗非鱼在冰温保鲜过程中的几个鲜度指标变化研究

冰温保鲜是近年来国外新兴的食品保藏技术。它保鲜食品的机理是,在0℃以下利用各种食品的冰点,在负温范围不结冰的状态下保藏或熟成食品。保藏温度介于冰藏和微冻之间,而经保鲜的食品品质比冰鲜或微冻保鲜更接近生鲜状态。本文通过鱼肉中几个鲜度指标的分析测定,探讨了鲢、鳊、罗非鱼在冰温保鲜中质量的变化情况。实验结果表明,利用冰温保鲜技术,3天后,鲢鱼、罗非鱼的K值均在20％以下,处在生鲜状态,可供生鱼片食用。12～15天内,鳙鱼及罗非鱼K值还都在60％左右,还处在一般鲜品(K=40-60％)水平。如果以VBN的指标来衡量,贮藏12天内,鲜度均还处于一纵鲜度(VBN<15％)。贮藏25天后,还均处于二级鲜度(VBN<25％)的水平。在贮藏中游离氮基酸态氨呈下降趋势、但变化不大。     

鲢在低温冻藏时的生化和质地特性研究

本试验旨在通过测定鲢在低温冻藏时的生化和质地特性参数之变化规律,来考察几种冻藏方法对其品质的影响,从而对鲢的冻藏提出合理的工艺。生化特性参数以K值和EPN值来检验。质地特性采用具有样品测定室为挤压剪切室的 Ottawa 质地测定系统。试验结果表明:①冻结前的去内脏等处理可很显著地影响肌肉的鲜度K值(P<0.01);②快冻比慢冻可减少质地的损失,快冻后冻藏的肌肉鲜度很明显地比慢冻的好(P<0.01);③-30℃冻藏比-18℃冻藏可显著地减缓蛋白质变性的速度(P<0.05);④冻藏时是否镀冰衣,其K值和EPN 值在半年内无显著性差异(P>0.10)。     

宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响

为探讨活鱼宰前预冷对后期鱼片冷藏保鲜品质的影响,将鲜活大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)置于不同温度(15℃、10℃、5℃)的水槽中暂养0.5 h后,宰杀并取鱼片冰藏,分析第0、第3、第6、第9、第12、第15、第18和第21天时的鱼肉感官、理化指标[pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、鲜度指标(K值)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA值)]及微生物[菌落总数(TVC)]变化情况,综合评价宰前预冷处理对大口黑鲈冰藏品质的影响。结果表明,15℃预冷处理可较好地保持大口黑鲈冰藏期间的品质,维持鱼肉感官品质,降低细菌的生长繁殖速度,延缓pH、TVB-N、K值、TBA值及菌落总数的上升,货架期较对照组延长约3 d。     

鲈鱼在微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化

以感官评价、细菌总数、T-VBN、pH、ATPase活性、K等作为鲜度指标,研究鲈鱼在微冻(-3℃)保鲜过程中的质量变化规律,评价鲈鱼微冻保鲜的可行性.结果表明,鲈鱼在微冻过程中,①感官评分变化在前、中、后3个10天内下降速度分别为0.07、0.09、0.12分/天,但差异不显著;②细菌总数变化第30天下降至初始菌数的1/100;③T-VBN变化第30天时为0.156 6 mg/g,远未达到2级鲜度指标上限;④pH变化前10天一直下降,第10天最低为6.3,而后缓慢上升;⑤ATPase活性下降速度很快,第20天下降至0.005 3μmol/(min@mg),基本丧失活性;⑥K变化前5天由5.2%迅速升到22.33%,此后上升速度趋于缓慢,第30天达到34.362%.微冻可以明显抑制其细菌总数的增长,并维持其较低的T-VBN和K值.但是,微冻条件下鲈鱼的蛋白质变性速度较快.     

速冻温度对罗非鱼片品质的影响

通过测定不同冷冻方式冻罗非鱼片的理化指标,试图找到最优处理方式,并为冻罗非鱼片工厂化生产提供参考。通过设置双螺旋冷冻机不同的冷冻温度(-35℃、-38℃、-41℃、)冻结新鲜罗非鱼片,将冻结后的鱼片置于-18℃的冷库贮藏,每隔7 d对鱼片样品的pH、水分活度(Aw)、质构参数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)等物理及化学指标进行检测并分析结果。数据表明,冷冻温度对鱼片色差值、失水率、硬度有较大影响,且冷冻温度越低,鱼片品质越好,对咀嚼性、弹性、TVB-N影响不大,对pH则无明显影响。综上,在现有加工工艺的冷冻温度波动范围内,选择较低冷冻温度,提高冻结速率可延缓冻罗非鱼片品质劣变速度,故建议企业加工时,将冷冻温度控制在-40℃,冷冻时间控制在40 min以尽可能保持鱼片品质。     

低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏生化特性的影响

以盐溶性蛋白质含量、ATPase活性、巯基含量、pH值、感观评定等为指标,研究鲻鱼在-20℃冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白质生化特性的变化情况。结果表明,无论是-20℃直接冻结还是-80℃低温速冻,随着贮藏时间的延长,鲻鱼的肌动球蛋白盐溶性、ATPase活性以及巯基含量均呈下降趋势;低温速冻处理对鲻鱼冻藏过程中肌动球蛋白盐溶性和巯基含量影响较大,而对其ATPase活性的变化影响不明显,此处理方法有利于提高鱼肉品质。     

冻制品的加工

冻制品加工，就是将新鲜的水产品或经过原料处理的初级鱼品（鱼片、鱼段等），在－２５℃以下的条件下子以冻结，再置于－１８℃以下的库内冷藏，借以阻碍、抑制微生物的生长、繁殖和酶的活动，从而延长保藏期，以保持水产品原有的生鲜状态的加工保藏方法。１原料要求一般应选取一级或二级的鱼货作为冻鱼原料，以保证再加工品的质量和保障消费者的身体健康。淡水鱼进冻，最好是用活鱼。已经冻结过的鱼货，一般不应再作为冻鱼制品的原料。已经开始腐败或已变质的鱼货严禁作为冻鱼原料。在鱼货到达冷冻加工厂后，就要及时按照鲜度等级，大小规…     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.